基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理

流域生态风险评价是流域生态保护与环境管理的重要研究内容.开展以人类活动为风险源的生态风险评价,揭示流域生态风险的空间变化规律,对于促进流域生态保护和环境管理及社会发展具有重要的指导意义.本文基于景观格局指数和生态环境脆弱度构建了流域生态风险综合指数,以甘肃白龙江流域2010年土地利用数据为基础,以ArcGIS和Fragstats软件为平台,通过空间采样和地统计空间插值得到白龙江流域生态风险的空间分布规律.结果表明：白龙江流域生态风险空间分布差异明显,总体而言,白龙江流域西北部和北部的生态风险高于流域的西部和南部山区;在白龙江流域各县区中,武都和宕昌县的生态风险较高,迭部县和文县的生态风险较低.今后应加强流域土地利用综合管理和人类活动调控,开展植被恢复和生态重建,降低不合理人为干扰的生态风险和危害,实现流域经济、社会与生态保护的“多赢”,促进区域可持续发展.     

河流生态系统健康研究现状与展望——基于文献计量研究

河流生态系统健康是生态系统服务供给和流域可持续发展的基础,亟需从其内涵、影响、评价等方面进行系统归纳。运用文献计量梳理国内外文献,归纳了河流生态系统健康在河流自身、人类需求、管理目标3个方面的内涵;并从人类活动、土地利用、河流生境、水质、水量、气候变化等几个方面归纳了影响河流生态系统健康的主要因素和机理;明确了现有的河流生态系统健康评价方法,包括指示生物法、综合指标法、数学模型法等,总结了它们的优缺点和适用范围。最后,从河流生态系统健康的概念内涵、评价指标和水陆耦合等方面提出了存在的问题,建议进行流域整体的河流生态系统健康评价、跨区域的综合评价对比、多学科评价指标、河流廊道等几个方面的深入研究。     

流域景观类型及配置对大型底栖动物完整性的影响

通过对滦河流域66个河段大型底栖动物采集和生境指标监测,基于大型底栖动物完整性评价和13种景观指数构建,探讨了不同景观指数对于大型底栖无脊椎动物完整性的解释能力。景观指数类型包括流域及欧式距离缓冲区土地利用百分比、水流路径缓冲区土地利用百分比、局部区域土地利用百分比和基于水流路径的反距离权重指数。基于多元线性逐步回归模型,根据调整R2(Square of the coefficient)来判断不同指数的解释能力。研究结果表明基于水流路径的反距离权重指数对于大型底栖动物完整性的解释能力最好,其次为基于水流路径的缓冲区和局部区域的土地利用百分比指数,全流域及欧氏距离缓冲区内土地利用百分比解释能力最差。农田是影响大型底栖动物完整性最重要的景观类型,距离河流越近的农田对大型底栖动物完整性的影响越大,因此流域及河岸带农田的控制和管理对于滦河流域大型底栖动物完整性的恢复具有重要的作用。     

Demonstration of an integrated watershed assessment using a three-tiered assessment framework

Watersheds are useful templates for wetland protection and land use planning because they integrate cumulative effects that better inform site-specific management decisions. The goal of this study was to demonstrate application of a three-tiered assessment paradigm in the San Gabriel watershed (Los Angeles County, California) that incorporates monitoring at varying spatial scales and intensities. Data on wetland extent and distribution, habitat condition using rapid assessment, and intensive site monitoring were used to show how different levels of assessment can be used together to provide a deeper contextual understanding of overall wetland condition. Wetland sites in the less developed portions of the watershed were of higher overall condition compared to sites located in the more urbanized portions of the watershed. GIS analysis revealed that percent impervious surface is a useful landscape-scale indicator of riverine wetland condition. Furthermore, rapid assessment metrics were significantly correlated with stressors found at sites. Significant correlations also existed between riverine habitat condition, water chemistry, and benthic macroinvertebrate communities across streams in this watershed. This study highlights the following key concepts: (1) application of a multiple indicator approach at different spatial scales and sampling intensities promotes a better understanding of the causal relationships between land use, wetland condition, and anthropogenic stress, (2) a multi-tiered monitoring approach can provide a cost-effective means of integrating wetland status and trends assessments into routine watershed monitoring programs, and (3) a three tiered approach to monitoring provides wetland managers with an effective organizational tool that can be used to prioritize management activities.     

Land Use/Cover Change in the Middle Reaches of the Heihe River Basin over 2000-2011 and Its Implications for Sustainable Water Resource Management

The Heihe River Basin (HRB) is a typical arid inland river basin in northwestern China. From the 1960s to the 1990s, the downstream flow in the HRB declined as a result of large, artificial changes in the distribution of water and land and a lack of effective water resource management. Consequently, the ecosystems of the lower reaches of the basin substantially deteriorated. To restore these degraded ecosystems, the Ecological Water Diversion Project (EWDP) was initiated by the Chinese government in 2000. The project led to agricultural and ecological changes in the middle reaches of the basin. In this study, we present three datasets of land use/cover in the middle reaches of the HRB derived from Landsat TM/ETM+ images in 2000, 2007 and 2011. We used these data to investigate changes in land use/cover between 2000 and 2011 and the implications for sustainable water resource management. The results show that the most significant land use/cover change in the middle reaches of the HRB was the continuous expansion of farmland for economic interests. From 2000 to 2011, the farmland area increased by 12.01%. The farmland expansion increased the water resource stress; thus, groundwater was over-extracted and the ecosystem was degraded in particular areas. Both consequences are negative and potentially threaten the sustainability of the middle reaches of the HRB and the entire river basin. Local governments should therefore improve the management of water resources, particularly groundwater management, and should strictly control farmland reclamation. Then, water resources could be ecologically and socioeconomically sustained, and the balance between upstream and downstream water demands could be ensured. The results of this study can also serve as a reference for the sustainable management of water resources in other arid inland river basins.     

Habitat integrity of running waters — assessment criteria and their biological relevance

Based upon well-known relations between abiotic and biotic components of river systems, habitat assessment can serve as an indirect procedure to evaluate the ecological integrity by demonstrating the degree of man-induced alterations of the physical environment. Detailed habitat analysis has been an integral part of aut- or synecological investigations in aquatic environments. In many countries, however, the assessment of the physical environment on a larger spatial scale has become a regular part of watershed management programmes. A primary methodological aspect of large-scale habitat assessment is the selection and definition of evaluation criteria specifically designed to identify key functions and processes of intact river systems. Therefore, special emphasis has to be given to integrative parameters, that reflect the spatial and temporal dynamics of running waters as well as the interactions between rivers and their wetlands. Four groups of evaluation criteria are discussed within the framework of their relevance for aquatic biocoenoses and their validity to identify severe human impacts on running water ecosystems: (1) discharge regime; (2) morphological character; (3) lateral connectivity and (4) longitudinal corridor. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于陆地-水生态系统耦合的海河流域水生态功能分区

水生态功能分区是针对水生态系统特征的陆地生态系统划分,是为流域水生态管理提供生态背景和基本单元。陆地-水生态系统的耦合是水生态功能分区的核心,但多停留在个别小流域进行理论探讨,大型流域的实际案例较少。针对海河流域独特的气候、地貌、水文和人类活动特征,提出了水生态功能分区的三级指标体系。一级二级区针对气候、地貌、水文背景进行"自上而下"的分区,三级区针对人类活动对水资源、水环境、生境影响,采用"自下而上"的分区方法。最终,海河流域划分了6个一级区、16个二级区和73个三级区。研究充分体现了"以水定陆、以陆控水"的基本原则,以及"自下而上"和"自上而下"分区方法的优点,结果可为海河流域水生态管理提供科学依据,为水资源空间调配与合理利用、产业结构布局与区域协调等服务。     

What is river health?

1. Traditionally the assessment of river water quality has been based solely on the measurement of physical, chemical and some biological characteristics. While these measurements may be efficient for regulating effluent discharges and protecting humans, they are not very useful for large-scale management of catchments or for assessing whether river ecosystems are being protected. 2. Measurements of aquatic biota, to identify structural or functional integrity of ecosystems, have recently gained acceptance for river assessment. Empirical evidence from studies of river ecosystems under stress suggests that a small group of biological ecosystem-level indicators can assess river condition. However, physical and chemical features of the environment affect these indicators, the structure and function of which may be changed by human activities. 3. The term ‘river health’, applied to the assessment of river condition, is often seen as being analogous with human health, giving many a sense of understanding. Unfortunately, the meaning of ‘river health’ remains obscure. It is not clear what aspects of river health sets of ecosystem-level indicators actually identify, nor how physical, chemical and biological characteristics may be integrated into measures rather than just observations of cause and effect. 4. Increased examination of relationships between environmental variables that affect aquatic biota, such as habitat structure, flow regime, energy sources, water quality and biotic interactions and biological condition, are required in the study of river health.     

Identifying reference benthic diatom communities in an agricultural watershed (Guadiana River,SW Spain)

Determining the ecological status of river ecosystems should be based on reference (near-natural) conditions and on the use of their biological communities. Identifying reference conditions is particularly difficult in largely disturbed watersheds, such as those of agricultural landscapes. Ecotype reference sites and their characteristic diatom communities were identified in the Guadiana watershed. Three different ecotypes were defined: rivers with siliceous bedrocks, upper watershed calcareous rivers, and mainland watercourses. Thirteen key stressors divided in four categories (channel alteration, hydrological pressure, pollution pressure, and river habitat pressure) were used to select reference sites in each ecotype. Multivariate techniques were used to describe type-specific reference diatom community in each ecotype. Because of the difficulty to define reference sites in the mainland watercourses, some sites were selected under the criterion of minimum impacted sites. Diatoms inhabiting sites included species tolerant to high nutrient concentration and mineralized waters, like Nitzschia inconspicua, Gomphonema parvulum, and Navicula veneta. These taxa defined the best condition (near-to-reference) in an ecotype highly impacted by human activities, the best possible in the long-lasting impaired conditions in the large river watercourses in agricultural landscapes.     

景观对河流生态系统的影响

从景观的视角研究河流生态系统,是目前河流生态学中受到广泛关注且发展迅速的内容之一。流域内多尺度景观强烈影响河流的理化及生物特征,已成为共识,但有关量度、整合景观与河流生态系统二者之间联系的理论体系与方法的建立尚处于起步阶段。对景观组成与空间格局影响河流生态系统的机制与途径进行了系统总结,提出了该领域研究中的主要难题,即如何识别景观中人为因素和自然因素的协变现象,如何衡量多空间尺度景观对河流生态系统的交互影响,如何理解景观阈值的不确定性。为克服当前研究面临的困难与挑战,填补已有知识的不足,提出今后研究的重点方向:河流景观分类系统的改进;更具代表性时空数据的采集;新型景观指标的开发与应用;微观尺度数据与宏观尺度数据的整合等。     

Using Ecological Risk Assessment Principles in a Source Water Protection Assessment

It has become increasingly common to apply ecological risk assessment (ERA) principles to watershed and regional scale environmental management. This article describes the application of watershed ERA principles to the development of a source water protection assessment and a strategic watershed management plan. The primary focus was on the protection of drinking water quality, a concern typically addressed by human health risk assessors. The approach emphasizes adaptations to the problem formulation phase of ERA (defining assessment endpoints, developing conceptual models and an analysis plan) suitable for watershed management planning in a multi-objective, multi-stressor context. Physical, chemical, and biological attributes were selected for primary drinking water quality assessment endpoints, and coupled with additional assessment endpoints relevant to other environmental and social management objectives. Conceptual models helped the planning team to better understand and communicate the multiple natural and human stressors in the watershed and the causal pathways by which they affected drinking water. The article provides an example of the types of adaptations that can make ERA principles suitable for watershed management related to human health goals, and illustrates the efficiency of integrating health and ecological assessments.     

基于压力-状态-响应和物元可拓模型的城市河流健康评价

城市河流作为人类活动和自然过程相互作用强烈的区域,承受着人类资源开发利用和污染物排放的压力,但近些年来随着对河流健康的重视,针对城市河流实施了大量的生态治理措施。综合考虑人类正负面影响对河流健康状态的影响,进行河流健康状态的评价,对于城市河流的修复效果检验和管理保护具有重要意义。以南京市鼓楼区典型城市河流西北护城河为研究区,根据河流周边土地利用类型、物理形态差异及城市管网分布将其划分为6个河段,考虑人类修复措施对河流健康水平的影响,构建了基于压力-状态-响应(Pressure-State-Response,PSR)模型的城市河流健康评价指标体系,采用物元可拓模型确定了河段健康等级,并根据各等级综合关联度之间的距离判断河流健康水平的发展趋势。结果表明:压力、状态以及响应准则层的权重分别为0.458、0.311、0.231,压力指标为影响城市河流健康水平的主要因素;西北护城河6个河段的健康水平表现出较强的空间异质性,河段A-F的健康等级分别为中等、健康、亚健康、中等、亚病态和病态,流经公园绿地的河段健康水平明显高于流经居民住宅区的河段,河段B、C、D的健康水平有进一步提升的趋势,而河段A、E、F的健康状态则有进一步恶化的趋势,需要进行重点关注。     

东江下游流域突发性重金属复合污染生态风险评价

流域突发性重金属污染事件发生不确定性较高，难以预测和防控，严重威胁流域生态安全、人群健康乃至社会稳定。本研究以东江下游流域为研究区开展生态风险评价，基于“多风险源(危险性)-多胁迫因子(联合暴露)-多风险受体(脆弱性)-生态风险”的风险传递框架，运用贝叶斯网络，计算东江下游流域突发性Cr⁶⁺-Hg²⁺复合污染生态风险，概率化表征风险不确定性，进而提出流域风险防控与管理措施。结果表明：(1)东江下游深莞惠地区67家涉重金属风险源均会对其子流域造成生态风险，惠州市的生态风险明显高于深圳市和东莞市；(2)东江下游西枝江子流域的生态风险最为显著，其次是东江下游干流子流域和东江下游河网区子流域；(3)基于敏感性分析，“河流水体脆弱性”是造成东江下游流域生态风险的主导因子。研究结果可为东江下游流域生态风险防控与管理提供理论支持。     

Assessment and protective strategy of black muntjac habitat in Zhejiang, China

Habitat degradation and loss had been widely recognized as the main cause for the decline of wildlife population. Habitat assessment can provide essential information for wildlife refuge design and management. In this article, a systematic study on the black muntjac distribution, habitat quality, and spatial pattern was conducted. Initially, the main factors that influence the black muntjac habitat quality were identified, and habitat assessment criteria were set up. The vegetation, topographic, river, road, and village maps were then digitized by the geographical information system (GIS). Finally, the habitat distribution and quality were assessed based on the combination of vegetation, elevation, river system, and impact of human activities. The result showed that the potential habitat for black muntjac covered an area of 3172.6 hm2, and 501.5 hm2 of habitat in the Jiulong Mountain Natural Reserve was lost because of the degradation caused by human activities. The existing suitable habitat is 2671.1 hm2, mostly distributed in Shangliaokeng, Jiulongshan, Neibeiping, Waijiulong, and Dayanqian in Gutian, Zhejiang Province, China.     

基于生态系统多维特征的粤港澳大湾区国土空间生态保护修复分区研究

我国国土空间生态保护修复已进入“山水林田湖草”系统治理和建设阶段。开展生态保护修复的分区研究，正确认识生态系统的地域组合特征及其分异规律，可以为落实系统治理理念提供空间指导。当前生态保护修复分区研究逐渐重视生态系统的完整性，但对于生态系统表征维度相对单一，导致对国土空间系统性综合认知受限。基于此，基于生态安全理论以及生态系统综合评估框架，构建生态保护修复分区的多维度指标体系，以提升对国土空间的系统性综合认知。以流域为基本单元，在评估粤港澳大湾区生态现状本底和退化特征的基础上，采用空间聚类方法划分两级生态保护修复分区。结果表明：(1)各流域生态现状质量和退化程度空间分异较为明显。生态现状质量呈现出外部高、中部低的圈层式分异特征。而生态退化空间分布则相对分散。(2)以生态现状综合指数与一级分区指标数据的空间异质性为基础，可将研究区划分为5个在空间上连续的生态保护修复一级区。以生态退化综合指数与二级分区指标数据的空间异质性为基础，可在一级区内部划分出11类29个生态保护修复二级区。研究方案可为国土空间的“山水林田湖草”系统治理提供生态分区优化路径。同时也为研究区生态保护修复提供了空间决策支持...     

The Challenge of Planning Conservation Strategies in Threatened Seascapes: Understanding the Role of Fine Scale Assessments of Community Response to Cumulative Human Pressures

Assessing the distribution and intensity of human threats to biodiversity is a prerequisite for effective spatial planning, harmonizing conservation purposes with sustainable development. In the Mediterranean Sea, the management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is rarely based on explicit consideration of the distribution of multiple stressors, with direct assessment of their effects on ecosystems. This gap limits the effectiveness of protection and is conducive to conflicts among stakeholders. Here, a fine scale assessment of the potential effects of different combinations of stressors (both land- and marine-based) on vulnerable rocky habitats (i.e. lower midlittoral and shallow infralittoral) along 40 km of coast in the western Mediterranean (Ionian Sea) has been carried out. The study area is a paradigmatic example of socio-ecological interactions, where several human uses and conservation measures collide. Significant differences in the structure of assemblages according to different combinations of threats were observed, indicating distinct responses of marine habitats to different sets of human pressures. A more complex three-dimensional structure, higher taxon richness and β-diversity characterized assemblages subject to low versus high levels of human pressure, consistently across habitats. In addition, the main drivers of change were: closeness to the harbour, water quality, and the relative extension of beaches. Our findings suggest that, although efforts to assess cumulative impacts at large scale may help in individuating priority areas for conservation purposes, the fact that such evaluations are often based on expert opinions and not on actual studies limits their ability to represent real environmental conditions at local scale. Systematic evaluations of local scale effects of anthropogenic drivers of change on biological communities should complement broad scale management strategies to achieve effective sustainability of human exploitation of marine resources.     

A Regional Multiple Stressor Risk Assessment of the Codorus Creek Watershed Applying the Relative Risk Model

The relative risk model (RRM) used in Port Valdez, AK, and in Oregon's Willamette/McKenzie Watershed was applied to the Codorus Creek Watershed in south central Pennsylvania. The assessment evaluated the relative risk model for its applicability for ranking ecological risks within the Codorus Creek Watershed. The Codorus Creek Watershed approach included ranking stressors and habitats for regions within the watershed. Geographical Information Systems were vital in compiling and comparing stressor and habitat spatial data from regions in the watershed. The risk of ecological impacts to degrade assessment endpoints were calculated and ranked by quantitatively determining the interactions of the stressors and habitats as defined in the conceptual site model. Uncertainty assessment was conducted and the impact upon the relative ranks and risk conclusions evaluated. To determine regional risks, risk management information was gathered identifying areas to be protected, areas of high stress, and areas where additional information is needed. The results supported the applicability of the RRM and suggested areas and stressors for restoration efforts in the Codorus Creek Watershed. Two critical sets of conclusions were drawn from the assessment. First, in the Codorus Creek Watershed, the most significant stressor is agriculture land use, the most significantly impacted endpoint is water quality, and the most vulnerable habitats are those for macroinvertebrates and warm-water fish. Second, this risk assessment demonstrates the feasibility of using the RRM for assessing risk from multiple stressors on habitats with multiple assessment endpoints in an eastern watershed.     

珊瑚礁生态脆弱性评价--以泰国思仓岛为例

珊瑚礁生态系统受到环境变化、人类活动等各种因素的严重威胁,保护珊瑚礁生态系统是目前全球海洋生态保护的热点,对珊瑚礁开展定量的生态脆弱性评估能够为保护管理对策的制定提供重要科学依据。本研究选取泰国思仓岛作为研究区域,结合空间分析技术建立了具有通用性的珊瑚礁生态脆弱性评估方法。基于ESA模型构建了珊瑚礁生态脆弱性综合指数和评价指标体系,系统分析了思仓岛珊瑚礁脆弱性的来源、构成,并直观展现了脆弱性的区域空间分布。结果表明:思仓岛研究区东北侧的珊瑚礁生态脆弱性大于西南侧,当地珊瑚礁的关键影响因子分别为驳船排污、港口码头、水体透明度等。根据脆弱性评价的结果,提出了当地珊瑚礁保护与修复的空间分区管理对策。本研究为印度-太平洋区系珊瑚礁生态脆弱性评价提供了可行的示例,也为中国的珊瑚礁可持续管理研究提供了借鉴和参照。     

Regional Risk Assessment of a Brazilian Rain Forest Reserve

The objective of this study was to identify subareas inside and near an Atlantic Rain Forest reserve, the Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR), most likely to be affected by land use in the vicinity of the area. In addition, the study aimed to compare risks per stressor source (agriculture, human settlements and mining) to both epigean (surface) and hypogean (subterranean) aquatic fauna. The methodological approach included the relative vulnerability of endpoints to the stressors (pesticides, metals, nutrients, and particles) and ranking of stressor sources and habitats (epigean and hypogean streams) based on their relative distribution in 14 subareas within the catchment areas of the main rivers that cross PETAR: Pilões, Betari and Iporanga. Four subareas presented high risk for both epigean and hypogean fauna. Three of those areas were located inside the Betari catchment area, where most of the settlements and abandoned lead mines are located. The fourth area was situated in the headwaters of the Pilões River, where agricultural activities are intense. Agriculture and human settlements were the activities most likely to cause impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Uses of risk assessment results include management of the PETAR and communication to stakeholders by the Park Administration.     

Assessment and protective strategy of black muntjac habitat in Zhejiang, China

Habitat degradation and loss had been widely recognized as the main cause for the decline of wildlife population. Habitat assessment can provide essential information for wildlife refuge design and management. In this article, a systematic study on the black muntjac distribution, habitat quality, and spatial pattern was conducted. Initially, the main factors that influence the black muntjac habitat quality were identified, and habitat assessment criteria were set up. The vegetation, topographic, river, road, and village maps were then digitized by the geographical information system (GIS). Finally, the habitat distribution and quality were assessed based on the combination of vegetation, elevation, river system, and impact of human activities. The result showed that the potential habitat for black muntjac covered an area of 3172.6 hm², and 501.5 hm² of habitat in the Jiulong Mountain Natural Reserve was lost because of the degradation caused by human activities. The existing suitable habitat is 2671.1 hm², mostly distributed in Shangliaokeng, Jiulongshan, Neibeiping, Waijiulong, and Dayanqian in Gutian, Zhejiang Province, China.