opn1lw2基因在红光诱导斑马鱼皮肤 色素细胞形成中的作用

为了探究感红光视蛋白2基因opn1lw2在红光诱导斑马鱼(Danio rerio)皮肤色素细胞形成中的作用,针对AB品系野生型斑马鱼利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术敲除感红光视蛋白2基因opn1lw2,构建opn1lw2缺失的纯合opn1lw2~(-/-)品系。使用光强(800±100)lx的红光LED灯(每天光照24 h)对15日龄野生型斑马鱼和opn1lw2~(-/-)品系斑马鱼进行60 d水面照射,发现野生型斑马鱼背部皮肤黑色素细胞数量显著多于opn1lw2~(-/-)品系斑马鱼。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,黑色素细胞标记基因kit在野生型斑马鱼背部皮肤表达量显著高于opn1lw2~(-/-)品系,黄色素细胞标记基因csf1ra和虹彩细胞标记基因pnp4a在opn1lw2~(-/-)品系及野生斑马鱼背部皮肤表达无显著差异。表明红光能通过opn1lw2基因调控斑马鱼背部皮肤黑色素细胞的形成,但不影响皮肤黄色素细胞和虹彩细胞的形成;而且,调控黑色素细胞分化的α-MSH促黑激素的前体基因pomca在红光持续照射60d的opn1lw2~(-/-)品系斑马鱼背部皮肤中的表达显著低于野生型,表明红光通过opn1lw2基因调控pomca基因的表达从而诱导黑色素细胞的形成。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,野生型斑马鱼皮肤中视黄醛脱氢酶基因raldh3表达量显著高于opn1lw2~(-/-)品系,而视黄醛脱氢酶基因raldh2的表达,在两种类型斑马鱼中没有差异,表明opn1lw2基因可介导红光诱导视黄醛脱氢酶基因raldh3表达,进而调控黑色素细胞的形成。这些结果对于深入理解红光诱导鱼类皮肤色素细胞形成有重要帮助。     

lepr和mc4r基因突变斑马鱼的制备及表型分析

肥胖已经成为全球性的公共卫生问题,严重影响人类的身体健康和生活品质。本文运用CRISPR/Cas9技术,构建了肥胖相关基因——瘦素受体(leptin receptor,lepr)和黑素皮质素受体4(melanocortin-4 receptor,mc4r)的斑马鱼突变体,并对其进行形态和功能分析。结果显示,lepr~(-/-)和mc4r~(-/-)斑马鱼在胚胎和幼鱼期没有明显异常,但在成年期,lepr~(-/-)和mc4r~(-/-)斑马鱼相比对照进食增多、体重增加、体脂含量升高,呈现肥胖表型。血糖测定结果显示,饱食喂养条件可以诱导lepr~(-/-)和mc4r~(-/-)成年斑马鱼出现糖耐量受损的现象。进一步地,运用real time RT-PCR对76个能量代谢相关基因在lepr~(-/-)和mc4r~(-/-)斑马鱼肝脏中转录表达水平进行检测,并与Lep~(ob/ob)小鼠肝脏c DNA microarray的数据比较,发现胰岛素/胰岛素样生长因子信号转导通路(insulin/IGF signaling pathway,ISS)相关的基因在lepr~(-/-)斑马鱼和Lep~(ob/ob)小鼠肝脏中表达变化具有较高的正相关性,提示肥胖调控网络在进化中维持了一定的功能保守性。     

外源性视黄酸对斑马鱼心血管系统发育的影响

目的观察不同浓度外源性视黄酸对斑马鱼早期胚胎和心血管系统发育的影响,为进一步研究视黄酸影响斑马鱼心脏前后轴(A-P轴)发育的分子机制提供形态学依据。方法选择斑马鱼胚胎孵育的3,6,9·5,12h四个时间点,用不同浓度视黄酸(1×10-6,1×10-7,4×10-8,1×10-8mol/L)处理斑马鱼胚胎,在解剖显微镜下实时观察斑马鱼胚胎心脏发育的全过程和视黄酸对斑马鱼心脏发育的影响。并采用胚胎整体原位杂交技术观察flk-1mRNA在斑马鱼胚胎的表达。结果1×10-6mol/L视黄酸可导致斑马鱼胚胎表现出多系统的严重畸形,胚胎很快死亡。在胚胎孵育的9·5、12h给与10-7~10-8mol/L浓度的视黄酸,胚胎只表现出心血管系统的畸形,其他系统无明显异常。胚胎整体原位杂交显示视黄酸对flk-1mRNA在斑马鱼胚胎血管的表达没有影响。结论视黄酸影响斑马鱼胚胎心脏发育有剂量依赖性和严格的时间窗,视黄酸影响心脏前后轴发育的关键时间是原肠胚晚期。视黄酸处理组胚胎的循环缺陷主要为心脏发育异常所致。10-7~10-8mol/L浓度视黄酸在9·5、12h处理斑马鱼胚胎可以作为研究心脏发育调控机制的动物模型。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建tnnt2a基因突变斑马鱼及表型分析

心肌肌钙蛋白T(cardiac troponin T,cTnT)作为心肌纤维细肌丝的结构蛋白,参与心脏兴奋收缩耦联过程。tnnt2a为斑马鱼cTnT基因的亚型。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术成功构建了可稳定遗传tnnt2a缺失突变斑马鱼。对tnnt2a缺失突变体进行表型分析,结果显示tnnt2a+/-斑马鱼心脏无明显异常,而tnnt2a-/-斑马鱼心脏在胚胎发育早期具有显著的突变表型,表现为心脏无搏动、心房和心室增大、心包积液,并于受精后6~7天死亡。运用real time RT-PCR检测tnnt2a、actc1a、tpm4a、myl7和vmhc基因在转录水平的表达情况,结果显示tnnt2a~-/~-(Δ2)斑马鱼tnnt2a基因在发育的各时间点表达水平均显著下降;而actc1a、tpm4a、myl7和vmhc基因在突变体胚胎发育早期表达增高,晚期则表达下降。进一步对心脏组织进行电镜观察和免疫荧光染色,结果显示tnnt2a~-/~-(Δ2)斑马鱼心脏无正常粗、细肌丝结构,同时F-actin与Tpm4的共染色也展示了心肌细胞肌丝结构的异常。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9构建的tnnt2a突变斑马鱼表现出了心腔扩张,停搏及粗、细肌丝形成障碍等与临床扩张型心肌病相似的表型,因此可为TNNT2缺陷相关心肌病的研究提供很好的工具。     

甲基转移酶set9缺失的斑马鱼低氧耐受能力增强

为了研究鱼类的甲基转移酶set9 [SET domain containing (lysine methyltransferase) 9, 也称作set7/setd7]在低氧耐受中的功能, 以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)作为模式生物, 利用CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9)基因编辑技术, 在斑马鱼set9基因的第一个外显子上设计了Cas9的靶位点, 对其进行基因敲除, 获得了缺失8个碱基的set9基因敲除的斑马鱼品系。对受精后3d的斑马鱼幼鱼和3月龄的斑马鱼成鱼进行低氧胁迫处理, 比较了野生型及set9基因敲除的斑马鱼的低氧耐受能力; 并对低氧胁迫处理后的3月龄的野生型及set9基因敲除的斑马鱼成鱼的脑组织取材、固定并进行TUNEL染色。结果显示: set9基因敲除的斑马鱼与野生型相比, 其低氧耐受能力显著增强, 脑组织中的细胞凋亡水平显著减少。研究为进一步揭示鱼类甲基转移酶set9在低氧耐受中的功能和分子机制提供了线索, 并为培育耐低氧鱼类新品种提供了候选靶标。     

Fus在斑马鱼生长发育及两性生长异形中的功能（英文）

为研究肉瘤融合基因(fus)在鱼类中的功能,在斑马鱼中利用CRISPR/Cas9基因突变技术使fus基因产生移码突变。fus~(-/-)纯合突变体斑马鱼发育正常并且完全可育,但体长和体重在幼鱼和成年阶段都小于野生型斑马鱼。此外,相较于野生型斑马鱼, fus~(-/-)纯合突变体斑马鱼不存在雌鱼身体比例大于雄鱼的性别异形现象。在fus~(-/-)纯合突变体斑马鱼早期幼鱼发育阶段,一些生长相关基因包括gh1、ghra、igf1、igf2a、stat5.1和socs6的表达水平显著低于野生型斑马鱼但其运动能力并未受到影响。因此,不同于fus基因在哺乳动物中的功能,它在斑马鱼中不参与运动神经元的发育,但在调节鱼类躯体生长发育与两性生长异形方面有着重要的功能。     

TCDD诱发斑马鱼胚胎shh基因表达降低及其对下颌发育的影响

2,3,7,8-四氯-二苯基-对-二恶英(2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin,TCDD)为毒性 很强的环境污染物质。用O-1．0μg／L的TCDD处理受精后24 h(24 hpf)的斑马鱼胚至观察时为止,进行了形 态学观察、基因阻断、原位杂交、TUNEL染色以及免疫学染色等实验。结果表明,TCDD处理后会引起斑马鱼 下颌短小,Shh基因在下颌部表达降低;而在芳烃基受体AhR功能阻断的胚胎中,TCDD并没有引起斑马鱼下 颌短小,同时也没有观察到Shh基因表达缺失;免疫学染色表明TCDD和Shh阻断物质Cyclopamine均可引起 斑马鱼下颌区域增殖细胞的减少。TCDD引起的下颌短小可能是首先引起以AhR为媒介的Shh表达缺失,进而 造成下颌部增殖细胞减少,最终引起下颌短小的发生     

氟唑菌酰胺对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)鱼鳔发育的影响

鱼鳔作为硬骨鱼类重要的功能器官,其发育对多种环境污染物都较为敏感。氟唑菌酰胺(fluxapyroxad)是琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂家族的一员,对鱼类具有神经、心血管和发育毒性。为探究氟唑菌酰胺对斑马鱼鱼鳔发育的潜在影响,将斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同浓度的氟唑菌酰胺后,记录斑马鱼幼鱼鱼鳔的表型,通过组织学切片染色手段检测幼鱼鱼鳔的形态差异,并采用整体原位杂交实验比较鱼鳔发育关键基因的表达图式变化。结果表明,氟唑菌酰胺暴露会引起斑马鱼幼鱼鱼鳔发育异常、鱼鳔充气受阻及鱼鳔发育标记基因elovl1a和anxa5b的表达水平显著降低。该研究对于评估氟唑菌酰胺对斑马鱼幼鱼鱼鳔发育的影响提供了有价值的参考,并可能有助于深入了解氟唑菌酰胺对水生生态系统构成的潜在风险。     

不同链长脂肪酸对斑马鱼的性腺脂肪酸组成、繁殖力与仔鱼成活率的影响

将体质健壮的4月龄斑马鱼(Danio rerio)亲鱼[雄鱼(0.36±0.05) g/尾, 雌鱼(0.59±0.06) g/尾]雌雄各180尾, 随机平均分配在室内斑马鱼循环系统的18个养殖缸中。在斑马鱼基础饲料(对照组)中分别添加7 g/kg n-3HUFA (高不饱和脂肪酸, Highly unsaturated fatty acid)(HUFA组)及10 g/kg MCFA (中链脂肪酸, Medium chain fatty acid)(MCFA组), 制成3组等氮等脂饲料, 饲养90d后, 探究不同链长脂肪酸对斑马鱼的性腺脂肪酸组成、繁殖力和仔鱼成活率的影响。结果表明: (1)3组雌鱼性腺的脂肪酸组成均受到所饲喂饲料脂肪酸组成的影响, 其相关系数均在0.8以上。HUFA组雌鱼性腺中EPA和DHA的相对含量显著高于MCFA组及对照组(P<0.05), 而MCFA组与对照组之间无显著差异; HUFA组油酸的相对含量显著低于MCFA组及对照组(P<0.05), 而MCFA组与对照组之间无显著差异; HUFA组及MCFA组亚麻酸的相对含量与对照组之间均无显著差异, 但MCFA组显著高于HUFA组(P<0.05)。(2)HUFA组及MCFA组雌鱼的成熟系数、绝对繁殖力、体重与体长的相对繁殖力均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 同时在雌鱼绝对繁殖力、相对繁殖力上, HUFA组显著高于MCFA组(P<0.05)。(3)将对照组雄鱼与各组雌鱼配对繁殖的结果显示, 分别与HUFA组及MCFA组雌鱼配对繁殖后的雌鱼的绝对产卵量、相对产卵量和仔鱼成活率均显著高于与对照组雌鱼的配对, 同时以上指标HUFA组雌鱼均显著高于MCFA组雌鱼(P<0.05)。将对照组雌鱼与各组雄鱼配对繁殖的结果表明, 与HUFA组雄鱼配对后其受精率均显著高于与MCFA组及对照组雄鱼的配对(P<0.05)。综上所述, 试验饲料显著影响斑马鱼雌鱼性腺的脂肪酸组成, HUFA及MCFA均可以促进斑马鱼雌鱼的繁殖性能和仔鱼成活率的提高, 在试验条件下, HUFA的效果更好。     

smc5基因敲除斑马鱼肝脏转录组学分析

摘要 目的：探讨smc5基因敲除对斑马鱼肝脏基因表达谱的影响,进一步明确smc5突变对斑马鱼代谢的影响。方法：用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建smc5基因敲除斑马鱼模型,取3个月的smc5^-/-和野生型斑马鱼肝脏进行转录组测序,创建基因表达谱文库,观察smc5基因敲除后斑马鱼肝脏基因表达谱的变化,将筛选出的差异表达基因进行功能富集,并运用荧光定量PCR对KEGG通路中显著的差异表达基因进行验证。结果：成功构建出7号外显子上2碱基缺失造成移码突变的smc5基因敲除斑马鱼模型。RNA-seq发现smc5^-/-斑马鱼的肝脏基因表达谱变化显著,包含p53的多个通路激活,如细胞周期和凋亡。糖酵解、脂肪酸降解与代谢、丙酮酸代谢等相关通路显著下调。荧光定量PCR结果与RNA-seq结果一致。结论：smc5基因敲除下调斑马鱼肝脏糖脂代谢。本研究结果为进一步研究SMC5基因在糖脂代谢调控中的潜在机制奠定基础。     

Distinct developmental expression of two elongase family members in zebrafish

Despite the known importance of long-chained polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) during development, very little is known about their utilization and biosynthesis during embryogenesis. Combining the advantages of the existence of a complete range of enzymes required for LC-PUFA biosynthesis and the well established developmental biology tools in zebrafish, we examined the expression patterns of three LC-PUFA biosynthesis genes, Elovl2-like elongase (elovl2), Elovl5-like elongase (elovl5) and fatty acyl desaturase (fad) in different zebrafish developmental stages. The presence of all three genes in the brain as early as 24 hours post fertilization (hpf) implies LC-PUFA synthesis activity in the embryonic brain. This expression eventually subsides from 72 hpf onwards, coinciding with the initiation of elovl2 and fad expression in the liver and intestine, 2 organs known to be involved in adult fish LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Collectively, these patterns strongly suggest the necessity for localized production of LC-PUFA in the brain during in early stage embryos prior to the maturation of the liver and intestine. Interestingly, we also showed a specific expression of elovl5 in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of the zebrafish pronephros, suggesting a possible new role for LC-PUFA in kidney development and function.     

Energy response and fatty acid metabolism in Onychostoma macrolepis exposed to low-temperature stress

Temperature is a key environmental factor, and understanding how its fluctuations affect physiological and metabolic processes is critical for fish. The present study characterizes the energy response and fatty acid metabolism in Onychostoma macrolepis exposed to low temperature (10 °C). The results demonstrated that cold stress remarkably disrupted the energy homeostasis of O. macrolepis, then the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) could strategically mobilize carbohydrates and lipids. In particular, when the O. macrolepis were faced with cold stress, the lipolysis was stimulated along with the enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation for energy, while the fatty acid synthesis was supressed in the early stage. Additionally, the fatty acid composition analysis suggested that saturated fatty acid (SFA) might accumulate while monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in storage lipids (mainly containing non-polar lipid, NPL) could be utilized to supply energy during cold acclimation. Altogether, this study may provide some meritorious for understanding the cold-tolerant mechanism of fish in the viewpoint of energy balance combined with fatty acid metabolism, and thus to contribute to this species rearing in fish farms in the future.     

The fatty acid chain elongase,Elovl1, is required for kidney and swim bladder development during zebrafish embryogenesis

Very long chain fatty acids are required for sphingolipid synthesis, lipid homeostasis, myelin formation, epidermal permeability, and retinal function. Seven different enzymes are known to be involved in the elongation cycle of fatty acids, with different chain-length specificities. Elovl1 is one of those enzymes whose function has been linked mainly to the synthesis of sphingolipids and the epidermal barrier. However, the role of Elovl1 in organogenesis is not clear. In zebrafish, 2 Elovl1 genes, elovl1a and elovl1b, are highly expressed in the swim bladder, and elovl1b is also expressed in the kidney. We found that both elovl1 knockdown embryos contain increased levels of long chain fatty acids from carbon number 14 to 20 as compared to control embryos. Oil-Red-O staining shows that yolk lipid consumption is greatly reduced, whereas lipid droplets accumulate within the swim bladder. Notably, knockdown of either elovl1a or elovl1b affects the expression of genes involved in swim bladder development and impairs inflation of the swim bladder. Consistent with its expression in the pronephros, knockdown of elovl1b alone affects the expression of genes required for kidney development and reduces renal clearance. Our findings strongly suggest that both elovl1 genes are a key determinant of swim bladder and kidney development in zebrafish, which may be comparatively applicable to lung and kidney development in humans.