菜心乙醇酸氧化酶二种催化功能的初步研究(简报)

乙醇酸氧化酶（glyCOlldtCOXid3SC,ECI．1．3．l,GO）是植物光呼吸代谢的关键酶,催化乙醇酸生成乙醛酸,但又有研究者报道其可能还具有进一步氧化乙醛酸生成草酸的能力。Richardson和Tolbert发现甜菜等一些植物的GO均能氧化乙醛酸生成草酸,并且两种催化活性的比值在酶...     

氧化磷酸化作用和有关問題的研究 Ⅴ.維生素K_3对鼠肝綫粒体腺三磷酶的激活作用

当有KCN存在时维生素K_3对鼠肝线粒体ATP酶活力有明显的激活作用。维生素K_3对ATP酶活力的这种抑制作用受Amytal抑制。我们认为维生素K_3的这种作用是由于构成了呼吸链与NADH之间电子循环传递,电子由细胞色素(或呼吸链上其他中间电子载体)逆传至NAD~+,利用高能磷酸链的能量使NAD~+进行需能还原生成NADH,生成的NADH再通过DT黄酶及维生素K_3重新又把电子传回呼吸链,这样电子继续不断循环,ATP即不断水解。维生素K_3激活的ATP酶可能仅牵涉NADH氧化偶联三步磷酸化作用的第一步磷酸化作用。本文结果支持我们前文中关于维生素K_3对NAD~+需能还原抑制作用的解释。     

荞麦与大豆叶片中草酸含量差异及其可能的原因

用1/5浓度Hoagland营养液培养荞麦和大豆幼苗l0 d后,荞麦叶片、根及其分泌物中的草酸含量均明显高于大豆,说明荞麦叶片的草酸形成能力强.荞麦叶片中存在少量的草酸氧化酶活性,而大豆中未检测到该酶活性,表明荞麦具有一定的降解草酸的能力.乙醇酸氧化酶(GO)催化乙醇酸氧化的活性两种植物之间虽差异不明显,但该酶催化乙醛酸氧化的活性荞麦显著高于大豆.荞麦GO对乙醛酸的Km值明显低于大豆GO,同时其乙醛酸含量也较高,因此其叶片中由乙醛酸形成草酸的速率应高于大豆.由此认为,由乙醛酸氧化生成草酸可能是植物草酸合成限速步骤之一,其反应速率高低可能导致不同种类植物叶片中草酸含量的差异.     

甘油醛-3-磷酸脫氫酶—还原輔酶 Ⅰ絡合物的光照分解产物NADH-X′

Krebs等发现在pH6左右,甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶能催化NADH转变成一个新的衍生物NADH-X。NADH-X的吸收光谱与NADH的酸分解产物相似,吸收高峰在265mμ,在340mμ没有光吸收,290mμ—300mμ附近的光吸收此NADH大。Hilvers等报告当用甘油醛作底物时,在甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶催化NAD~+还原的反应初期生成一个新的衍生物“340 mμ化合物”,此化合物在340 mμ有吸收高峰,但此化合物显然不是NADH,它在反应过程中能逐渐转变成NADH。     

乳酸发酵第2阶段能量释放生物学教学研究

高中生物学教学中,有教师对乳酸发酵第2阶段是否释放能量存在分歧。对乳酸发酵第2阶段反应研究文献进行综述,通过对乳酸脱氢酶催化机理、NADH/NAD~+电子传递和氧化还原反应的热力学分析,提出丙酮酸生成乳酸进程中,NADH转化成NAD~+过程释放能量,但不能产生ATP。为乳酸发酵第2阶段能量释放等问题讨论提供理论依据。     

荞麦与大豆叶片乙醇酸氧化酶的纯化和性质比较研究

分别从荞麦与大豆叶片中部分纯化了乙醇酸氧化酶 (GO ,EC1 .1 .3 .1 ) ,并研究其部分性质。结果显示荞麦与大豆叶片中GO的催化特性有明显差异 :大豆叶片中GO对乙醇酸Km值为 0 .3 1mmol/L ,对乙醛酸Km值为 1 .98mmol/L。外源草酸对GO氧化乙醇酸活性影响很小 ,但对其氧化乙醛酸活性抑制明显 ,5mmol/L草酸可抑制 44%。而荞麦叶片中GO性质有所不同 :GO对乙醇酸Km为 0 .46mmol/L ,对乙醛酸Km为 0 .85mmol/L。草酸对荞麦GO氧化乙醇酸活性影响也很小 ,对其氧化乙醛酸活性的抑制作用明显小于大豆 ,5mmol/L草酸只抑制 2 4%。上述研究结果表明 ,荞麦GO对乙醛酸的亲和力明显强于大豆 ,并且草酸对其GO氧化乙醛酸活性影响较小。因此相对于大豆而言 ,GO可能在荞麦叶片草酸合成中起重要作用。     

一株螢光假单孢杆菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)中6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶对烟酰胺核甙酸辅酶的专一性

在一株萤光假单孢杆菌SM-102菌株中G-6-P脱氢酶能同时利用NADP~+和NAD~+作为氢递体,并非象以往文献所载在G-6-P脱氢酶催化G-6-P的氧化中所引起NAD~+的还原是由于烟酰胺核甙酸转氢酶的作用所致,这个结论是根据下列的试验结果: (一)经测定在细菌的无细胞抽提液中没有找到烟酰胺核甙酸转氢酶的存在。(二)电泳纯的酶制剂亦能同时利用NADP~+和NAD~+作为氢递体。(三)在酶的纯化过程中,G-6-P脱氢酶作用于NADP~+和NAD~+的还原速率比值始终保持在2左右。(四)G-6-P脱氢酶作用于过量辅酶的反应系统时,对NADP~+的还原速率约为NAD~+的二倍,但当NADP~+和NAD~+同时存在时,还原速率仍与NADP~+相等。作者对G-6-P脱氢酶能同时以NADP~+与NAD~+作为辅酶在糖代谢演化上的意义进行了讨论。     

水稻叶片中的草酸积累及其与抗白叶枯病的关系(简报)1

测定不同生长时期及感染白叶枯病菌前后,水稻叶片中的草酸含量、乙醇酸氧化酶活性变化的结果,进一步证实乙醇酸氧化酶同时具有氧化乙醛酸的活性,但叶片中的内源草酸含量变化与乙醇酸氧化酶活性变化无关。高感品种玉梅153和高抗品种中二占在染病前后内源草酸含量变化之间并无显著差异。     

氧化磷酸化作用和有关同题的研究 VI.可溶性因子在鼠肝线粒体碎片琥珀酸氧化偶联NAD~+需能还原中的作用

鼠肝线粒体经超声波处理得到的碎片在用适当量水洗一次后很不稳定,催化琥珀酸氧化偶联NAD~+需能还原的活力很低,此时加入线粒体经超声波处理后47,000×g离心的清液后线粒体碎片催化NAD~+需能还原的活力即显著地增大。由上清液所促进的NAD~+需能还原也同样地被Amytal与DNP所抑制。实验结果表明在上清液中合有线粒体催化琥珀酸氧化偶联NAD~+需能还原所必需的可溶性因子,上清液中可溶性因子甚不稳定,在25℃放置50分钟活力丧失60%,用pH沉淀及DEAE离子交换纤维素柱层析分离等方法可以将可溶性因子提纯约100倍。提纯后的可溶性因子ATP酶活力甚低。     

草酰乙酸—苹果酸穿梭系统对甘氨酸和α-酮戊二酸氧化的调节

草酰乙酸—苹果酸穿梭系统通过改变线粒体基质内NAD~+的可利用量或NADH/NAD~+比率对甘氨酸和α-酮戊二酸氧化进行调节。该穿梭系统利用不同来源的NADH的能力相近。     

Synthesis of oxalic Acid by enzymes from lettuce leaves

A rapid purification of lactate dehydrogenase and glycolate oxidase from lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves is described. The kinetics of both enzymes are reported in relation to their possible roles in the production of oxalate. Lettuce lactate dehydrogenase behaves like mammalian dehydrogenase, catalyzing the dismutation of glyoxylate to glycolate and oxalate. A model is proposed in which glycolate oxidase in the peroxisomes and lactate dehydrogenase in the cytosol are involved in the production of oxalate. The effect of pH on the balance between oxalate and glycolate produced from glyoxylate suggests that in leaves lactate dehydrogenase may function as part of an oxalate-based biochemical, pH-stat.     

Relationship between hydroxypyruvate and the production of oxalate in vitro.

Chicken liver lactate dehydrogenase (L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC1.1.1.27) catalyses the reversible reduction reaction of hydroxypyruvate to L-glycerate. It also catalyses the oxidation reaction of the hydrated form of glyoxylate to oxalate and the reduction of the non-hydrated form of glyoxylate to oxalate and the reduction of the non-hydrated form to glycolate. At pH 8, these latter two reactions are coupled. The coupled system equilibrium is attained when the NAD+/NADH ratio is greater than unity. Hydroxypyruvate binds to the enzyme at the same site as the pyruvate. When there are substances with greater affinity to this site in the reaction medium and their concentration is very high, hydroxypyruvate binds to the enzyme at the L-lactate site. In vitro and with purified preparation of lactate dehydrogenase, hydroxypyruvate stimulates the production of oxalate from glyoxylate-hydrated form and from NAD; the effect is due to the fact that hydroxypyruvate prevents the binding of non-hydrated form of glyoxylate to the lactate dehydrogenase in the pyruvate binding site. At pH 8, THE L-glycerate stimulates the production of glycolate from glyoxylate-non-hydrated form and NADH since hydroxypyruvate prevents the binding of glyoxylate-hydrated form to the enzyme     

植物中草酸积累与光呼吸乙醇酸代谢的关系

对几种C3 和C4 植物中草酸含量及相应的乙醇酸氧化酶活性测定结果表明 :叶片光呼吸强度及其关键酶活性大小与草酸积累量没有相关性 ;植物根中均能积累草酸 ,但未测出乙醇酸氧化酶活性。烟草根、叶中的草酸含量在不同生长时期差异明显 ,且二者呈极显著正相关 (y =2 .5 6 5lnx 2 .137,r =0 .749,P <0 .0 0 1) ,说明根中草酸可能来自叶片。氧化乙醇酸的酶的活性与氧化乙醛酸的酶的活性呈极显著线性正相关 (y =0 .2 41x 0 .0 0 6 ,r=0 .96 7,P <0 .0 0 0 1) ,进一步证实是乙醇酸氧化酶催化了两种底物的反应。烟草在不同生长期叶片中草酸总含量变化与相应的乙醇酸氧化酶活性变化亦没有相关性 ;低磷胁迫可显著诱导烟草根叶中的草酸形成和分泌 ,但并未影响乙醇酸氧化酶活性 ,进一步证明草酸积累与该酶活性大小无关     

Relationship between hydroxypyruvate and the production of oxalate in vitro

Chicken liver lactate dehydrogenase (l-lactate: NAD⁺ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) catalyses the reversible reduction reaction of hydroxypyruvate to l-glycerate. It also catalyses the oxidation reaction of the hydrated form of glyoxylate to oxalate and the reduction of the non-hydrated form to glycolate. At pH 8, these latter two reactions are coupled. The coupled system equilibrium is attained when the NAD⁺/NADH ratio is greater than unity.Hydroxypyruvate binds to the enzyme at the same site as the pyruvate. When there are substances with greater affinity to this site in the reaction medium and their concentration is very high, hydroxypyruvate binds to the enzyme at the l-lactate site. In vitro and with purified preparation of lactate dehydrogenase, hydroxypyruvate stimulates the production of oxalate from glyoxylate-hydrated form and from NAD; the effect is due to the fact that hydroxypyruvate prevents the binding of non-hydrated form of glyoxylate to the lactate dehydrogenase in the pyruvate binding site. At pH 8, the l-glycerate stimulates the production of glycolate from glyoxylate-non-hydrated form and NADH since hydroxypyruvate prevents the binding of glyoxylate-hydrated form to the enzyme.     

Oxalate accumulation from citrate by Aspergillus niger. I. Biosynthesis of oxalate from its ultimate precursor.

Carbon-14 was incorporated from citrate-1,5-14C, glyoxylate-14C(U), or glyoxylate-1-14C into oxalate by cultures of Aspergillus niger pregrown on a medium with glucose as the sole source of carbon. Glyoxylate-14C(U) was superior to glyoxylate-1-14C and citrate-1,5-14C as a source of incorporation. By addition of a great amount of citrate the accumulation of oxalate was accelerated and its maximum yield increased. In a cell-free extract from mycelium forming oxalate from citrate the enzyme oxaloacetate hydrolase (EC3.7.1.1) was identified. Its in vitro activity per flask exceeded the rate of in vivo accumulation of oxalate. Glyoxylate oxidizing enzymes (glycolate oxidase, EC1.1.3.1; glyoxylate oxidase, EC1.2.3.5;NAD(P)-dependent glyoxylate dehydrogenase; glyoxylate dehydrogenase, CoA-oxalylating, EC1.2.1.7) could not be detected in cell-free extracts. It is concluded that in cultures accumulating oxalate from citrate after pregrowth on glucose, oxalate arises by hydrolytic cleavage of oxaloacetate but not by oxidation of glyoxylate.     

The formation of oxalate from glycolate in rat and human liver

In this study, we attempted to elucidate the metabolic pathway and enzymes actually involved in oxalate formation from glycolate in rat and human liver. In rat liver, the formation of oxalate from glycolate appeared to take place predominantly via glyoxylate. The oxalate formation from glycolate observed with crude enzyme preparations was almost entirely accounted for by the sequential actions of glycolate oxidase and xanthine oxidase (XOD) or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Under the conditions used, no significant activity was attributable to glycolate dehydrogenase, an enzyme reported to catalyze the direct oxidation of glycolate to oxalate. Among the three enzymes known to catalyze the oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalate, glycolate oxidase and XOD showed much lower activities (a higher Km and lower Vmax) toward glyoxylate than those with the respective primary substrates. As to LDH, none of the LDH subunit-deficient patients examined showed profoundly lowered urinary oxalate excretion. Based on the results obtained, the presumed efficacies in vivo of individual enzymes, as catalysts of glyoxylate oxidation, and the in vivo conditions assumed to allow their catalysis of oxalate production are discussed.     

Evidence for the presence in tobacco leaves of multiple enzymes for the oxidation of glycolate and glyoxylate

The enzymic oxidation of glycolate to glyoxylate and glyoxylate to oxalate by preparations purified from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var Havana Seed) leaves was studied. The K_m values for glycolate and glyoxylate were 0.26 and 1.0 millimolar, respectively. The ratio of glycolate to glyoxylate oxidation was 3 to 4 in crude extracts but decreased to 1.2 to 1.5 on purification by (NH₄)₂SO₄ fractionation and chromatography on agarose A-15 and hydroxylapatite. This level of glyoxylate oxidation activity was higher than that previously found for glycolate oxidase (EC 1.1.3.1). The ratio of the two activities was changed by reaction with the substrate analog 2-hydroxy-3-butynoate (HBA) which at all concentrations inhibited glyoxylate oxidation to a greater extent than glycolate oxidation. The ratio of the two activities could also be altered by changing the O₂ concentration. Glycolate oxidation increased 3.6-fold when the O₂ atmosphere was increased from 21 to 100%, whereas glyoxylate oxidation increased only 1.6-fold under the same conditions. These changes in ratio during purification, on inhibition by HBA, and under varying O₂ concentrations imply that tobacco leaves contain at least two enzymes capable of oxidizing glycolate and glyoxylate.     

A preliminary account of the properties of recombinant human Glyoxylate reductase (GRHPR), LDHA and LDHB with glyoxylate, and their potential roles in its metabolism

Human lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is thought to contribute to the oxidation of glyoxylate to oxalate and thus to the pathogenesis of disorders of endogenous oxalate overproduction. Glyoxylate reductase (GRHPR) has a potentially protective role metabolising glyoxylate to the less reactive glycolate. In this paper, the kinetic parameters of recombinant human LDHA, LDHB and GR have been compared with respect to their affinity for glyoxylate and related substrates. The Km values and specificity constants (Kcat/K(M)) of purified recombinant human LDHA, LDHB and GRHPR were determined for the reduction of glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate. K(M) values with glyoxylate were 29.3 mM for LDHA, 9.9 mM for LDHB and 1.0 mM for GRHPR. For the oxidation of glyoxylate, K(M) values were 0.18 mM and 0.26 mM for LDHA and LDHB respectively with NAD+ as cofactor. Overall, under the same reaction conditions, the specificity constants suggest there is a fine balance between the reduction and oxidation reactions of these substrates, suggesting that control is most likely dictated by the ambient concentrations of the respective intracellular cofactors. Neither LDHA nor LDHB utilised glycolate as substrate and NADPH was a poor cofactor with a relative activity less than 3% that of NADH. GRHPR had a higher affinity for NADPH than NADH (K(M) 0.011 mM vs. 2.42 mM). The potential roles of LDH isoforms and GRHPR in oxalate synthesis are discussed.     

The inhibition of oxalate biosynthesis in isolated perfused rat liver by DL-phenyllactate and n-heptanoate

Glycolate oxidase was isolated and partially purified from human and rat liver. The enzyme preparation readily catalyzed the oxidation of glycolate, glyoxylate, lactate, hydroxyisocaproate and α-hydroxybutyrate. The oxidation of glycolate and glyoxylate by glycolate oxidase was completely inhibited by 0.02 m dl-phenyllactate or n-heptanoate. The oxidation of glyoxylate by lactic dehydrogenase or xanthine oxidase was not inhibited by 0.067 m dl-phenyllactate or n-heptanoate. The conversion of [U-¹⁴C] glyoxylate to [¹⁴C] oxalate by isolated perfused rat liver was completely inhibited by dl-phenyllactate and n-heptanoate confirming the major contribution of glycolate oxidase in oxalate synthesis. Since the inhibition of oxalate was 100%, lactic dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase do not contribute to oxalate biosynthesis in isolated perfused rat liver. dl-Phenyllactate also inhibited [¹⁴C] oxalate synthesis from [1-¹⁴C] glycolate, [U-¹⁴C] ethylene glycol, [U-¹⁴C] glycine, [3-¹⁴C] serine, and [U-¹⁴C] ethanolamine in isolated perfused rat liver. Oxalate synthesis from ethylene glycol was inhibited by dl-phenyllactate in the intact male rat confirming the role of glycolate oxidase in oxalate synthesis in vivo and indicating the feasibility of regulating oxalate metabolism in primary hyperoxaluria, ethylene glycol poisoning, and kidney stone formation by enzyme inhibitors.     

Enzymes related to lactate metabolism in green algae and lower land plants

Cell-free extracts of Chlorella pyrenoidosa contained two enzymes capable of oxidizing d-lactate; these were glycolate dehydrogenase and NAD(+)-dependent d-lactate dehydrogenase. The two enzymes could be distinguished by differential centrifugation, glycolate dehydrogenase being largely particulate and NAD(+)-d-lactate dehydrogenase being soluble. The reduction of pyruvate by NADH proceeded more rapidly than the reverse reaction, and the apparent Michaelis constants for pyruvate and NADH were lower than for d-lactate and NAD(+). These data indicated that under physiological conditions, the NAD(+)-linked d-lactate dehydrogenase probably functions to produce d-lactate from pyruvate.Lactate dehydrogenase activity dependent on NAD(+) was found in a number of other green algae and in the green tissues of a few lower land plants. When present in species which contain glycolate oxidase rather than glycolate dehydrogenase, the enzyme was specific for l-lactate rather than d-lactate. A cyclic system revolving around the production and utilization of d-lactate in some species and l-lactate in certain others is proposed.