EB病毒LMP1在鼻咽癌细胞中调控核转录因子κB活性研究

为了探讨ＥＢ病毒潜伏膜蛋白１（ＬＭＰ１）的致瘤机制,对鼻咽癌细胞中ＬＭＰ１通过核转录因子ｋＢ（ＮＦｋＢ）介导的信号传导途径在鼻咽癌变中的意义进行了研究。利用ＬＭＰ１受四环素衍生物强力霉素诱导表达的鼻咽癌细胞Ｔｅｔ－ｏｎ－ＬＭＰ１ＨＮＥ２,通过ＮＦｋＢ报道基因分析法、凝胶迁移率分析（ＥＭＳＡ）及细胞集落形成率等方法,结合硫代磷酸反义寡核苷酸阻断技术,证实ＬＭＰ１增强鼻咽癌细胞ＮＦｋＢ的ＤＮＡ结合活性     

EB病毒LMP1在鼻咽癌细胞中通过NFκB促进Igκ表达

利用已建立的受四环素调控ＬＭＰ１表达的鼻咽癌细胞系,用受ＣＭＶ启动子调控的ＮＦκＢ报道基因质粒ｐＮＦκＢ－ｌｕｃ的荧光素酶表达分析ＮＦκＢ的活性,并以核蛋白的Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹方法观察ＬＭＰ１表达前后核内ＮＦκＢ组分ｐ６５量的改变,用全蛋白Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹分析Ｉｇκ蛋白质的表达等方法,探讨在鼻咽癌中,ＥＢ病毒ＬＭＰ１蛋白是否通过核转录因子ＮＦκＢ促进免疫球蛋白κ轻链（Ｉｇκ）基因的表达。结果显示     

鼻咽癌中Epetein－Barr病毒基因结构特点

鼻咽癌中感染的ＥＢＶ以潜伏态存在,只有少数基因得到表达。我们从分子生物学水平研究其潜伏机制。已知ＢＺＬＦｌ基因和ＢａｍＨＩＥＺ片段内部分基因对ＥＢＶ的复制激活起关键作用。我们用体外基因扩增（ＰＣＲ）法扩增ＢＺＬＦｌ基因外显子－１序列,并用序列分析法研究了该基因结构特点。此外,检测了ＢａｍＨＩＥＺ片段内缺失,结果发现２１例鼻咽癌（ＮＰＣ）组织中,ｌｌ例有ＢａｍＨＩＥＺ片段内缺失,长２．９９ｋｂ,与潜伏态存在的ＲａｊｉＥＢＶ类似。提示鼻咽癌小的ＥＢＶ以潜伏态存在,与ＮＰＣ发病有关。     

牛泡沫病毒反式激活因子在内部启动子上应答元件的研究

泡沫病毒的基因转录依赖至少两个不同的启动子：ＬＴＲ调节病毒结构蛋白的表达,而内部启动子（ＩＰ）则起始调节蛋白ｍＲＮＡ的转录。牛泡沫病毒（ＢＦＶ）在ｅｎｖ与３’ＬＴＲ之间有两个重叠的开放阅读框架ｏｒｆ－１和ｏｒｆ－２,分别编码ＢＦＶ ＯＲＦ－１、ＯＲＦ－２等多种调节蛋白。这此蛋白中ＢＦＶ ＯＲＦ－１为转录激活因子,称为Ｔａｓｏ Ｔａｓ对ＬＴＲ及ＩＰ均有反式激活作用。ＢＦＶ中第二类启动子ＩＰ的存在反映     

鼻咽癌组织中Epstein—Barr病毒潜伏感染膜蛋白基因片段的克隆及分析

从两例鼻咽癌（ＮＰＣ）病人的活检组织切片中,用ＰＣＲ方法扩增出ＥＢ病毒潜伏感染膜蛋白（ＬＭＰ）基因的Ｅｘｏｎｌ、Ｉｎｔｒｏｌ ＥｘｏｎΠ和ＩｎｔｒｏｎΠ共５００ｂｐ的片段,克隆入载体ｐＧＥＭ－３ｚｆ（＋）′,测定核苷酸序列,其中有一个样品所测序列段与台湾析相似,另一个样品则与Ｂ９５－８极为相似。由此可知。中国陆南方的ＮＰＣ组织中ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ基因存在不同的变异。     

鼻咽癌组织中Epstein－Barr病毒潜伏感染膜蛋白基因片段的克隆及分析

从两例鼻咽癌（ＮＰＣ）病人的活检组织切片中,用ＰＣＲ方法扩增出ＥＢ病毒潜伏感染膜蛋白（ＬＭＰ）基因的ＥｘｏｎⅠ、ＩｎｔｒｏｎⅠ、ＥｘｏｎⅡ和ＩｎｔｒｏｎⅡ共５００ｂｐ的片段,克隆入载体ｐＧＥＭ－３ｚｆ（＋）′,测定核苷酸序列,其中有一个样品所测序列段与台湾株相似,另一个样品则与Ｅ９５－８极为相似。由此可知,中国大陆南方的ＮＰＣ组织中ＥＢＶ－ＬＭＰ基因存在不同的变异。     

内皮细胞基因的切应力反应元件

内皮细胞与血流直接接触,血流产生的血管壁切应力直接调节内皮细胞基因的表达,其调节机制就是通过切应力反应元件调节基因的转录。切应力反应元件有кＢ位点、ＴＲＥ（ＡＰ－１）位点、Ｅｇｒ－１位点和Ｓｐ１位点。相关的基因有：ＰＤＧＦ－Ｂ、（人、猫、鼠）、ｔＰＡ（人、猫、鼠）、ＴＧＦ－β１（人、鼠）、Ｅｎｄｏｔｈｅｌｉｎ－１（人）、ｅｃ－ＮＯＳ（人）、ｃ－ｆｏｓ（人）、ＩＣＡＭ－１（人）、ＭＣＰ－１（人）、Ｖ     

Epstein-Barr病毒BNLF-1基因的克隆及其在PA317细胞中的表达

本文报道以人Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒｒ病毒的潜伏膜蛋白基因ＢＮＬＦ－１作为目标基因,插入至逆转录病毒载体ｐＺｉｐＮｅｏＳＶ（ｘ）的克隆位点上,由此获得重组逆转录病毒载体ｐＺｉｐＮｅｏＳＶ（ｘ）－ＬＭＰ及其反义载体ｐＺｉｐＮｅｏＳＶ（ｘ）－ａｎｔｉ－ＬＭＰ,通过质粒ＤＮＡ的电转染和Ｇ４１８培养基筛选,然后对１０个抗性克隆进行基因整合分析,获得６个含ＭＬＶ－ＬＴＲ／ＢＮＬＦ－１融合基因的阳性克隆,采用Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交及Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹证明,在克隆细胞中表达了２．６ｋｂ的ｍＲＮＡ片段及相应的蛋白质分子,这是由ＢＮＬＦ－１基因的ＥＤＬ１启动子表达的产物。     

金属硫蛋白 - 潜伏膜蛋白融合基因的体外转录调控

ＥＢ病毒（ＥＢＶ）是一种与地区性伯基特氏淋巴瘤、鼻咽癌、何杰金氏病等多种人体肿瘤有关的疱疹病毒．已往的研究表明,潜伏膜蛋白（ＬＭＰ）基因是ＥＢＶ最可能的致瘤基因．为制备ＬＭＰ基因转基因小鼠,探讨ＬＭＰ的体内致瘤作用,首先构建了含鼠金属硫蛋白－１（ＭＴ－１）基因调控区和ＬＭＰ基因编码区的ｐＢＲ３２２－ＭＴ－ＬＭＰ质粒,并用电击法将该质粒与ｐＫＪ１－Ｎｅｏ质粒共转染人胃癌细胞株ＭＧＣ,对ＭＴ－ＬＭＰ基因在转染细胞中的整合、转录情况及重金属镉和镍对该融合基因的转录调控进行了研究．结果表明：（１）两质粒共转染效率为８６．７％;（２）ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析显示,完整的ＭＴ－ＬＭＰ基因已整合入转染的ＭＧＣ细胞基因组,且在不同的转染细胞克隆中,ＭＴ－ＬＭＰ基因整合的方式及拷贝数不同,拷贝数从１到１９不等;（３）ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ和Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析证实,ＭＴ－ＬＭＰ基因不仅在转染的ＭＧＣ中能够转录,而且在１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ镉诱导下,ＭＴ－ＬＭＰ基因转录增强,平均增高约１．４倍．结果说明,在ＭＴ－１基因调控区指导下,ＬＭＰ基因不但有ｍＲＮＡ水平的表达,而且其表达受重金属镉的调控,上述结果为制备ＭＴ－ＬＭＰ转基因小鼠     

EB病毒DNA聚合酶基因的表达与纯化鼻咽癌病人诊断中的应用

以Ｅｐｓｔｅｉｎ－Ｂａｒｒ病毒（ＥＢＶ）ＤＮＡ聚合酶为抗原,建立了简便、快速、敏感和特异的鼻咽癌诊断方法。构建原表达载体ｐＲＳＥＴ－ＤＮＡ聚合酶及其亚克隆ＰＲＳＥＴ－Ａ１和ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中表达的产物,经Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ检测其抗原性并用于检测鼻咽癌（ｎａｓｏｐｈａｒｙｎｇｅａｌ ｃａｒｃｉｎｏｍａ,ＮＰＣ）病人血清中的抗体。在ＤＰＣ病人血清中存在抗ＥＢ病毒ＤＮＡ聚合酶的ＩｇＧ抗体,并证明     

Variable expression of latent membrane protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma can be related to methylation status of the Epstein-Barr virus BNLF-1 5'-flanking region.

Seven virus-coded proteins, the nuclear proteins EBNA-1 to EBNA-6 and the latent membrane protein (LMP), are regularly expressed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. In nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), only EBNA-1 is regularly expressed; LMP is detected in about 65% of the tumors. In Burkitt's lymphoma tumors only EBNA-1 is expressed. We have recently shown that the methylation patterns of the EBV genome varied between these cell types. In virally transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines of normal origin, the EBV DNA is completely unmethylated. In contrast, in the Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell line Rael and in a nude mouse-passaged NPC tumor, C15, there was an extensive methylation of CpG pairs. The methylation extended into the coding regions of the two expressed genes, EBNA-1 (in both tumor types) and LMP (in C15). Two presumptive control regions were exempted from this overall methylation: the oriP that contains both an origin of DNA replication and an EBNA-1-dependent enhancer and the 5'-flanking region of the BNLF-1 open reading frame that codes for LMP. The latter was only exempted in the LMP expressing NPC. We have now investigated the relation between expression of LMP and methylation of DNA in the 5'-flanking 1 kb region of BNLF-1, coding for LMP. LMP was methylated in 3 of 12 NPC biopsies that did not express LMP but was partially or totally unmethylated in the remaining 9 that expressed the protein. The three BNLF-1 exons were highly methylated in all the tumors. The oriP region was unmethylated in all the tumors, as in the previously studied Rael cell line and nude mouse-passaged NPC. Also, the BamHI W enhancer region involved in the expression of EBNA nuclear proteins was methylated. None of the biopsies expressed EBNA-2. Our data show that the EBV genomes are highly methylated in NPC tumors. The strong reverse correlation between the methylation of the putative control region of the LMP gene and the expression of LMP suggests that methylation has a role in the regulation of this gene.     

Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 transactivates latent membrane protein LMP1.

Several lines of evidence are compatible with the hypothesis that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) or leader protein (EBNA-LP) affects expression of the EBV latent infection membrane protein LMP1. We now demonstrate the following. (i) Acute transfection and expression of EBNA-2 under control of simian virus 40 or Moloney murine leukemia virus promoters resulted in increased LMP1 expression in P3HR-1-infected Burkitt's lymphoma cells and the P3HR-1 or Daudi cell line. (ii) Transfection and expression of EBNA-LP alone had no effect on LMP1 expression and did not act synergistically with EBNA-2 to affect LMP1 expression. (iii) LMP1 expression in Daudi and P3HR-1-infected cells was controlled at the mRNA level, and EBNA-2 expression in Daudi cells increased LMP1 mRNA. (iv) No other EBV genes were required for EBNA-2 transactivation of LMP1 since cotransfection of recombinant EBNA-2 expression vectors and genomic LMP1 DNA fragments enhanced LMP1 expression in the EBV-negative B-lymphoma cell lines BJAB, Louckes, and BL30. (v) An EBNA-2-responsive element was found within the -512 to +40 LMP1 DNA since this DNA linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene was transactivated by cotransfection with an EBNA-2 expression vector. (vi) The EBV type 2 EBNA-2 transactivated LMP1 as well as the EBV type 1 EBNA-2. (vii) Two deletions within the EBNA-2 gene which rendered EBV transformation incompetent did not transactivate LMP1, whereas a transformation-competent EBNA-2 deletion mutant did transactivate LMP1. LMP1 is a potent effector of B-lymphocyte activation and can act synergistically with EBNA-2 to induce cellular CD23 gene expression. Thus, EBNA-2 transactivation of LMP1 amplifies the biological impact of EBNA-2 and underscores its central role in EBV-induced growth transformation.     

Up regulation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded membrane protein LMP in the Burkitt's lymphoma line Daudi after exposure to n-butyrate and after EBV superinfection.

The Burkitt's lymphoma line Daudi carries a nontransforming Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) strain that has a deletion in the BamHI WYH region of the genome coding for the EBV nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2). Daudi cells fail to express the EBV-encoded latent membrane protein (LMP) (D. Ghosh and E. Kieff, J. Virol. 64:1855-1858, 1990). We show that LMP expression can be up regulated by exposure to n-butyrate and by superinfection with the B95-8 (B virus)- and P3HR1 (P virus)-derived EBV strains. Two LMP polypeptides of 60 and 48 kilodaltons (kDa) were detected in immunoblots of Daudi cells that had been exposed to 3 mM n-butyrate for 24 h. The intensity of the 48-kDa LMP increased during 72 h, in parallel with the appearance of early antigen-positive cells. The 60-kDa LMP was expressed at a low level and remained constant. Superinfection of Daudi cells with B and P virus induced the 60-kDa LMP within 3 h. In addition, P virus induced the 48-kDa LMP at a low level. The B virus-encoded EBNA-2 and EBNA-5 were detected 12 h after superinfection. The B virus-encoded 63-kDa LMP was coexpressed with the endogenous LMP after 48 h. Inactivation of the virus by UV illumination abolished the expression of the B virus-encoded antigens but did not affect the induction of the endogenous LMP. The B-cell activation marker CD23 was up regulated by B virus superinfection but not by n-butyrate exposure. CD23 was also expressed at a higher level in a stable B virus-converted subline, E95A-Daudi, that was EBNA-2 positive and coexpressed the Daudi virus- and B virus-encoded LMP. The results suggest that LMP expression is regulated by the interaction of cellular and viral factors. Binding of the virus to its membrane receptor might be involved in the triggering of cellular control mechanisms. Viral gene products are not directly involved in this function but may contribute to create a permissive cellular environment for LMP expression.     

Host cell-dependent regulation of growth transformation-associated Epstein-Barr virus antigens in somatic cell hybrids.

We have analyzed the expression of the three major known growth transformation-associated Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins, EBNA-1, EBNA-2, and latent membrane protein (LMP), in a series of somatic cell hybrids derived from the fusion of EBV-carrying Burkitt lymphoma (BL) lines with EBV-positive or EBV-negative B-cell lines. Independently of the cell phenotype, EBNA-1 was invariably coexpressed in all EBV-carrying hybrids. In hybrids between EBV-carrying, LMP-positive and LMP-negative Burkitt lymphoma lines, LMP was expressed, indicating positive control. Two EBV-negative lymphoma lines, Ramos and BJAB, differed in their ability to express LMP after B95-8 virus-induced conversion and after hybridization with Raji cells. BJAB was permissive while Ramos was nonpermissive for LMP, although both expressed EBNA-2. The EBNA-2-deleted P3HR-1 virus gave the same pattern of LMP expression in these two cells. Our findings indicate that the expression of EBNA-1, EBNA-2, and LMP is regulated by independent mechanisms.