几种益生元制剂对肠道菌群作用效果的研究

目的探讨几种益生元制剂对肠道菌群作用效果。方法通过体外实验和体内试验。结果低聚果糖、水苏糖、低聚木糖、低聚异麦芽糖均能促进双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的增殖,并能够酸化肠道的pH;能够显著提高肠道的B／E值（肠道内双歧杆菌和肠杆菌数量log值的比值）,增加肠道中有益菌的比例,有益于稳定肠道的微生态平衡。结论这几种益生元制剂对肠道菌群有较好的调节作用。     

大豆多糖对双歧杆菌及人肠道菌群生长的影响

目的研究大豆多糖对双歧杆菌及肠道菌群生长的影响。方法替换Bs培养基中的碳源,分为不加糖、加葡萄糖2％、加大豆多糖2％、加大豆多糖5％、加低聚果糖2％五组,加3种双歧杆菌（长双歧、青春双歧、两歧双歧）菌液1％,测其24h后的活菌数,比较大豆多糖对双歧杆菌生长的影响;替换Bs培养基中的碳源,分为不加糖、加葡萄糖2％、加大豆多糖2％,加低聚果糖2％四组,加人体粪便菌液1％,模拟人体肠道环境厌氧培养24h后,用选择性培养基测其肠杆菌、肠球菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌的活菌数,观察大豆多糖对人体肠道菌群的影响。结果大豆多糖添加量为5％时对长双歧的促进作用明显优于不加糖组（P〈0．05）;大豆多糖对人体肠道各菌群的生长促进作用与低聚果糖差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论大豆多糖对长双歧杆菌的体外促进作用较明显;以粪菌群发酵糖试验表明,大豆多糖对乳杆菌和双歧杆菌均有促进作用,和低聚果糖作用效果相比差异无显著性（P〉0．05）,具有益生元的特性。     

益生菌体外增殖因子的初步研究

目的研究单糖、pH、温度及时间对青春双歧杆菌、长双歧杆菌和类干酪乳杆菌体外增殖的影响。方法用甘露糖、半乳糖、山梨醇及果糖代替MRS中的葡萄糖,筛选出每种细菌的最适碳源。以此为基础,选择其最佳初始pH、培养温度、碳源添加量及培养时间。结果青春双歧杆菌、长双歧杆菌和类干酪乳杆菌的最适碳源分别为葡萄糖、甘露糖和半乳糖;最佳初始pH为6.0、7.0和6.0;培养温度为42、30和30℃;碳源添加量为20、15和25 g/L;培养时间都为28-48 h。结论益生菌具有不同的最适增殖条件,本文研究结果为优化益生菌的生长条件提供了基础数据。     

功能性低聚糖生产工艺的研究现状

功能性低聚糖（functional oligosaccharides）是由2—10个单糖通过糖苷键连接形成直链或支链的一类寡糖,具有低热量、抗龋齿、抗肿瘤、防治糖尿病、防止腹泻和便秘等生理作用。因具有糖类某些共同特性,可作为甜食配料,但人体肠道内不具备分解消化功能性低聚糖的酶系统,所以不被人体胃酸、胃酶降解,不在小肠吸收,直接进入大肠内为双歧杆菌所利用,是一类优良的双歧杆菌增殖因子,故又名双歧因子。功能性低聚糖包括水苏糖、棉子糖、低聚果糖、低聚木糖、低聚半乳糖、大豆低聚糖和低聚异麦芽糖等。近年来,国外上市品种有10多种,生产批量较大,我国自1996年开始才有批量生产,主要以低聚异麦芽糖、低聚果糖和大豆低聚糖为主。本文综述了不同种类的功能性低聚糖及生产工艺的现状。     

猴头菇抽提物对乳酸菌生长的影响

猴头菇抽提物对乳酸菌生长的影响进行了研究,结果表明：猴头菇抽提物对乳酸菌的生长具有促进作用,即使猴头菇抽提物的添加量达到10％,也不会对乳酸菌的生长产生抑制作用。在离体条件下,猴头菇抽提物对双歧杆菌的促生长效果明显优于低聚异麦芽糖和低聚果糖等双歧因子,在TPY液体培养基中添加2％的猴头菇抽提物可以使双歧杆菌活菌数从108个／ml提高到109个／ml。     

低聚半乳糖对肠道益生菌产胞外多糖作用的研究

旨在研究低聚半乳糖对肠道益生菌产胞外多糖的作用。以低聚半乳糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖和乳糖4种碳源作比较,分别从碳源的利用、胞外多糖的产量和种类及其对有害菌的黏附作用进行研究。结果显示,低聚半乳糖不仅能促进长双歧杆菌和植物乳杆菌的增殖,而且有利于胞外多糖的产生,其含量分别为208.78μg/m L和192.78μg/m L,产生的胞外多糖种类较其他3种碳源更多,对肠道有害菌大肠杆菌具有明显黏附作用。结果证明,与其他3种碳源相比,低聚半乳糖能促进植物乳杆菌和两歧双歧杆菌生成更多的胞外多糖。     

低聚木糖对模拟失重大鼠肠道微生态的影响

目的 研究低聚木糖对模拟失重大鼠肠道微生态的影响。方法 采用大鼠尾部悬吊法模拟失重。32只雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组8只：FC组（地面对照组,饲喂基础饲料）,FS组（地面处理组,饲喂添加低聚木糖的饲料）,SC组（尾吊对照组,饲喂基础饲料）。SS组（尾吊处理组,饲喂添加低聚木糖的饲料）,实验21d,SC和SS组解除尾吊继续观察。实验21d。采用选择性培养基对大鼠粪便肠杆菌、肠球菌、类杆菌、双歧杆菌以及乳杆菌进行定量测定。结果 SC组与FC组相比,双歧杆菌数量减少,肠杆菌和肠球菌数量增加;FS组比FC组双歧杆菌数量增加显著,肠杆菌和肠球菌有不同程度的减少,SS组比SC组双歧杆菌数量增加显著,肠杆菌和肠球菌也有不同程度的减少。类杆菌和乳杆菌变化不明显。尾吊解除期,SS组双歧杆菌数量比SC组更快恢复到正常水平。结论 低聚木糖可促进尾吊大鼠肠道益生菌主要是双歧杆菌的增殖,一定程度上促进由于模拟失重造成肠道微生态失调的平衡,并对条件致病菌具有一定的抑制作用。     

嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM粘附宿主后对其粘附相关基因表达的影响

摘要：【目的】益生菌粘附于肠道上皮细胞上是它的一种益生作用。本研究通过体内外实验,分析嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM对粘附相关基因的影响。【方法】利用GO (Gene Ontolog) 分类筛选Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array基因表达谱芯片中的粘附相关基因,通过体外Caco-2细胞培养模型和体内小鼠粘附模型,采用Real-time PCR方法对粘附相关基因进行验证分析。【结果】经NCFM作用后,12个粘附相关基因呈上调表达。利用Real-time PCR验证,12个基因在体内和体外经嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM作用后亦均同样为上调表达,其中CCL2基因上调表达最为明显。【结论】经体内外研究表明,嗜酸乳杆菌NCFM粘附肠上皮细胞后能够引起宿主粘附相关基因出现特定表达变化,为今后深入揭示其粘附作用提供必要基础。     

益生元对人胃癌细胞株BGC-823细胞抑制作用的研究

目的 探讨益生元对胃癌细胞的作用效果,为开发安全、有效的预防和辅助治疗胃癌的药物奠定基础,并为益生元的有效应用打开新思路.方法 用MTT法研究不同浓度大豆低聚糖、低聚木糖、低聚果糖和低聚甘露糖在不同时间对BGC-823细胞的抑制作用.结果 大豆低聚糖、低聚木糖、低聚果糖和低聚甘露糖4种益生元对BGC-823细胞均有一定程度的抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制效果基本呈浓度时间依赖关系,但大豆低聚糖、低聚果糖的作用在48h和72h差别不大.在这4种益生元中,大豆低聚糖的抑制效果最强,低聚木糖次之,低聚果糖、低聚甘露糖的抑制效果较弱.作用48h、72h达到对BGC-823细胞半数抑制率的大豆低聚糖的浓度是100ms/ml左右;作用72h时达到对BGC-823细胞半数抑制率的低聚木糖浓度在100～125mg/ml;而125mg/ml低聚果糖和低聚甘露糖处理胃癌BGC-823细胞72h,均未达到50%的抑制率.结论 大豆低聚糖、低聚木糖、低聚果糖和低聚甘露糖对人胃癌细胞株BGC-823细胞有一定程度的抑制作用.     

多酶级联反应合成能够促进肠道益生菌生长的纤维寡糖

聚合度2–6的可溶性纤维寡糖是一种具有多种生物功能的低聚糖,它能够促进双歧杆菌(Bifidobacteria)、副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracei)等肠道益生菌的增殖,因此对人体肠道微生态具有调节作用。本研究通过在大肠杆菌中表达纤维寡糖磷酸化酶(cellodextrin phosphorylase,CDP),构建Cc 01菌株,并与之前构建的COS 01菌株联合使用,建立了基于COS 01、Cc 01的三酶级联反应催化底物葡萄糖和蔗糖合成纤维寡糖反应体系。经过优化后,最终可溶性纤维寡糖的产量达到97g/L,纯度约为97%,其中含有纤维二糖(16.8wt%)、纤维三糖(49.8wt%)、纤维四糖(16.4 wt%)、纤维五糖(11.5 wt%)和纤维六糖(5.5 wt%)。在纤维寡糖对益生菌株生长促进作用的测试中,以菊粉、低聚木糖、低聚果糖为基准,干酪乳杆菌(WSH004)、副干酪乳杆菌(WSH005)以及嗜酸乳杆菌(WSH 006)利用纤维寡糖(聚合度2–6)为碳源进行生长后,益生菌的生物量(OD600)相比对照增加约2倍。该研究证明了三酶级联反应能够高效合成纤维寡糖,并表明聚合度2–6的纤维寡糖是一类具有促进肠道微生物增殖的功能性碳水化合物。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.