不同产地松茸氨基酸与矿质元素的比较研究

以西南地区的三种松茸子实体为材料 ,用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法和原子吸收分光光度法分别对松茸子实体的氨基酸和矿质元素进行了测定 ,氨基酸的测定结果表明 :采自四川通江的松茸子实体的氨基酸总含量最高 ,为 10 .5 82 % ;其次为采自重庆的松茸子实体为 9.6 0 7% ;最低的为采自云南昌隆的松茸子实体 ,为 3.381%。矿质元素的测定结果表明 :所测定的七种元素中 ,含量较高的有三种 ,分别为K ,Ca和Mg ,平均含量分别为 3.1× 10 4mg/Kg ,1.6 2× 10 3mg/Kg和 5 .5 8× 10 2mg/Kg。在这三种松茸子实体中云南昌隆的Fe ,Mn含量最高 ,分别为 6 2 .2 82mg/Kg和 6 .0 6 4mg/Kg ;重庆的Cu含量最高 ,为 5 2 .84 5mg/Kg;Zn的含量在这三种子实体中差异不大。     

RNA复合物对松茸子实体的作用

施用核糖核酸和5,-核苷酸试验,其对生长于林间的松茸子实体的活化作用。在形成子实体之前将RNA关联物的水溶液直接洒入带有菌丝群落的松树林地表层。为了估计处于生长和形成子实体时期菌丝的状况对高菌根含量根中核苷、麦角固醇和磷脂的含量进行分析。与对照相比,RNA关联物的水溶液对提高核苷、麦角固醇和磷脂含量有作用,施用RNA关联物后9天磷脂含量迅速增加,RNA关联物有助于形成密集的菌丝群落。试验最后结果表明在形成子实体的两周时间内关联物使松茸子实体的产量和数量显著增加。     

四川5个产区松茸挥发性成分比较研究北大核心CSCD

为了解四川各产区鲜松茸挥发性成分的异同,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GCMS)分析了松茸的挥发性成分,在5个产地松茸子实体中分别确定出30、25、18、16和28个化合物,共计52种。C8类化合物及己醛、苯甲醛、壬醛、右旋萜二烯、肉桂酸甲酯是松茸的主要挥发性成分,也是五个产区松茸子实体中的共有成分,占检测到的挥发性成分含量的70%以上。不同产区松茸挥发性成分种类及含量具有显著差异,各个产区松茸均含有独特的挥发性成分,这导致了松茸香气呈现一定的地域性特征,并且研究发现松茸挥发性成分可能与共生树种及环境具有一定相关性。研究结果可作为鉴定及区分各个产区松茸的化学辅助手段,同时还可为提升松茸品质提供参考。     

四川5个产区松茸挥发性成分比较研究

为了解四川各产区鲜松茸挥发性成分的异同,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GCMS)分析了松茸的挥发性成分,在5个产地松茸子实体中分别确定出30、25、18、16和28个化合物,共计52种。C8类化合物及己醛、苯甲醛、壬醛、右旋萜二烯、肉桂酸甲酯是松茸的主要挥发性成分,也是五个产区松茸子实体中的共有成分,占检测到的挥发性成分含量的70%以上。不同产区松茸挥发性成分种类及含量具有显著差异,各个产区松茸均含有独特的挥发性成分,这导致了松茸香气呈现一定的地域性特征,并且研究发现松茸挥发性成分可能与共生树种及环境具有一定相关性。研究结果可作为鉴定及区分各个产区松茸的化学辅助手段,同时还可为提升松茸品质提供参考。     

利用松茸ITS特异性引物对松茸分离物进行鉴定

利用一对ITS通用引物(YIS4-ITS5)和一对松茸物ITS特异性引物(TMF-TMR)对来源于云南省不同地区的6个松茸(Tricholoma matsutake)子实体及其6株分离物,3个假松茸(Tricholoma bakamatsutake)子实体及其3株分离物、侧耳(Pleurotus astreatus)、金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)和双孢蘑菇(Agaricus bisporus)的子实体进行了PCR扩增,琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,结果表明ITS4-ITS5能将所有的样品扩增,并得到600bp左右的DNA扩增条带,TMFTMR扩增时,只有松茸子实体及其对应分离物有扩增条带,DNA片段大小在500bp左右。进一步对松茸子实体(TG25)及其分离物(TM25112．2)进行WS序列测定表明两者的DNA同源性为100％,从而证明所分离到的6个菌株确为松茸的纯培养物。     

白蜡多年卧孔菌生物学特性及驯化栽培

白蜡多年卧孔菌生于白蜡树、檫木、杨树、柳树等阔叶腐木上,造成白色腐朽,药用具有抑肿瘤功效.该菌在山东省广泛分布.对采自山东省的子实体进行组织分离获取菌株作为实验材料对其生物学特性和驯化栽培进行研究,得出最佳的菌丝生长条件和子实体出菇培养条件.生物学特性研究中,首先对温度、pH值、碳源、氮源4个因素进行单因素实验.温度组选取15、20、25、30、35℃5个梯度,pH值组选取pH值4、5、6、7、8等5个梯度,碳源组选取葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、乳糖、果糖6种,氮源组选取酵母膏、蛋白胨、硫酸铵、牛肉膏、黄豆粉、亚硝酸钠6种,进行单因素实验.根据菌丝在培养皿中的日均生长速度和生长势综合比较,分别选取4个因素中最优的3个,温度组选取20℃、25℃、30℃3个;pH值组选取pH值5、6、7等3个;碳源组选取麦芽糖、可溶性淀粉、果糖3个;氮源组选取酵母膏、蛋白胨、牛肉膏3个.然后通过四因素三水平的正交试验,得出如下结论:4种因子对白蜡多年卧孔菌的影响程度为:温度＞pH值＞碳源＞氮源,各因素之间呈极显著差异,最终得出该菌菌丝生长的最佳培养条件为温度30℃,pH值为6,碳源为麦芽糖,氮源为酵母膏.出菇试验中,对驯化栽培过程按二级种制作、栽培袋制作、发菌、催蕾、出菇期管理、采收6个步骤进行实验.二级种选用液体菌种,其配方:每1000 mL的培养基成分为葡萄糖20 g、蛋白胨6 g、酵母膏5 g、MgSQ1 g、KH2PO4 2 g.培养条件温度25℃、摇床转速150 r/min,待培养6d后使用.出菇栽培采用棉籽壳、麸皮、石灰为主要原料,按棉籽壳79％、麦麸20％、石灰粉1％的配比进行出菇实验,每袋接种量5 mL.发菌阶段需要在清洁的环境中进行,以防止杂菌的污染.白蜡多年卧孔菌菌丝最佳培养温度为30℃,需要通风、避光.出菇时需要14-16℃的低温刺激.子实体生长温度为21-27℃,空气湿度80％-90％.需要一定的散射光光照.当出现乳白色子实层且子实体不再生长时可以进行采收,子实体形态和野生形态相同.     

钙对金针菇生长发育的影响

研究了CaCO3粉末对金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)生长发育的影响及子实体的富钙作用。结果表明,钙能显著刺激金针菇菌丝体和子实体的生长,缩短出菇时间,提高产量和子实体含钙量。这些生理生化变化与钙浓度密切相关,低质量分数(0~5%)和高质量分数(5.5~10%)的CaCO3粉末造成了相似的变化。初步分析认为,这可能与金针菇细胞内存在两种不同的钙信号转导途径有关。     

秀珍菇辐射新株系蛋白质营养价值的主成分和聚类分析

对18个秀珍菇辐射新株系子实体中的必需氨基酸指数、生物价、营养指数、氨基酸比值系数分、化学评分和氨基酸评分的6项蛋白质营养价值指标进行主成分分析.结果表明,必需氨基酸指数和生物价因子、氨基酸比值系数分和化学评分因子、营养指数因子,这3个主要因子对变异的累积贡献率达95.88%.依据主成分向量将18个秀珍菇辐射新株系聚为4类.     

姬松茸在两种培养基上生长期间九种胞外酶活性变化

栽培在棉籽壳和麦草培养基上的姬松茸具有完整的胞外纤维素酶系;胞外CMC酶、FP酶、HC酶和蛋白酶活性呈周期性变化,其活性高峰对应于子实体的成熟期;胞外淀粉酶、漆酶和过氧化物酶在菌丝生长阶段活性较高,以后逐渐下降;胞外果胶酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在整个栽培过程中变化不大;棉籽壳和麦草两种培养基中的九种胞外酶的活性变化趋势差异不大。     

姬松茸在两种培养基上生长期间九种胞外酶活性变化*

栽培在棉籽壳和麦草培养基上的姬松茸具有完整的胞外纤维素酶系;胞外CMC酶、FP酶、HC酶和蛋白酶活性呈周期性变化,其活性高峰对应于子实体的成熟期;胞外淀粉酶、漆酶和过氧化物酶在菌丝生长阶段活性较高,以后逐渐下降;胞外果胶酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在整个栽培过程中变化不大;棉籽壳和麦草两种培养基中的九种胞外酶的活性变化趋势差异不大。     

Growth performance of Ganoderma lucidum using billet method in Garhwal Himalaya,India

Medicinal mushrooms have been used in various treatments from a very long time, among which, Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most important medicinal mushroom. It is cultivated worldwide to meet its ever-increasing demand in the market. It is generally cultivated by bed log (Sawdust) and wood log (billet) method. This study was an attempt to observe the growth performance of G. lucidum on poplar billets (Populus deltoides) in the Sherpur Village (Dehradun) and Manjgaun village (Tehri Garhwal) of Garhwal Himalaya, India. The farmers’ field with empty house/ rooms having proper growing conditions especially humidity and light were used for the cultivation of G. lucidum. The G. lucidum spawn was inoculated in poplar wood billets and these billets were installed in well prepared soil. The results demonstrated that cropping cycle of G. lucidum was shorter (132–136 days) in Sherpur Village (Dehradun) as compared to Manjgaun village (141–145 days) in Tehri Garhwal. Further the results also revealed that yield was decreased in the subsequent flushes. In Village Sherpur, the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum were harvested between 64-66 days, 100-101  days and 135-136  days during first, second and third flush after the installation of billets, respectively. However; in village Manjgaun, the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum were harvested between 69 and 71 days, 107-108  days and 144-145 days in first, second and third after the installation of billets respectively. Warmer temperature in Village Sherpur resulted in the early emergence and development of the fruiting bodies as compared to village Manjgaun where pinhead and fruiting body development was delayed due to the lower temperature during cropping cycle.     

Advances in the cultivation of the highly-prized ectomycorrhizal mushroom Tricholoma matsutake

Matsutake, the fruiting body of Tricholoma matsutake, is among the most economically important edible ectomycorrhizal (EM) mushrooms worldwide. This EM fungus develops “shiros”, which are mycelial aggregations that develop in association with the roots of EM coniferous trees and soil particles in well-drained and nutrient-poor forest soil. The fruiting bodies occur on the periphery of the outward-growing shiro. In spite of vast research, the cultivation of matsutake has been mostly unsuccessful. Commercial demand is therefore met by harvesting the fruiting bodies that naturally occur in forests of EM coniferous trees, mainly Pinus densiflora. Recent inoculation studies have produced mycorrhiza and shiro structures, and the host range of Tr. matsutake and associated species has been clarified. It has also become possible to identify strains of Tr. matsutake by DNA sequencing, which has also been useful to determine the origins of matsutake species in Asia and to elucidate the genetic structure of shiro. In this review, basic research and the outcomes of various trial of matsutake cultivation are discussed.     

食用菌子实体分化发育研究进展

概述了温度、光照、CO2浓度以及湿度等环境因子对食用菌子实体分化、发育的影响和外源添加物、有益微生物与食用菌子实体分化、发育的关系,并对食用菌子实体发育相关酶学研究进展以及食用菌子实体发育的分子生物学研究进展进行了阐述。     

沪农灵芝一号生长过程中子实体各部位糖醇和海藻糖积累及其代谢酶的表达变化

食用菌子实体通常会在生长过程中积累较高含量的糖醇及海藻糖,这些碳水化合物的积累能够促进食用菌的生长,而在灵芝中的同类研究较少,本研究通过高效阴离子-脉冲安培法对沪农灵芝一号子实体发育过程中不同部位的糖类成分的含量变化进行分析,发现灵芝子实体中主要的可溶性糖类成分是阿拉伯糖醇、甘露醇和海藻糖,甘露醇在子实体成熟时的菌盖中的含量达到最高值,阿拉伯糖醇在产孢子期的子实体中含量较高,两种糖醇的含量呈现相反的变化趋势,一种糖醇积累的同时会消耗利用另一种糖醇,而海藻糖在灵芝子实体的整个生长过程中含量处于较低水平,仅在子实体初期的菌基部位检测到较高的含量;同时通过qRT-PCR技术检测灵芝子实体不同部位中这几种糖类的主要代谢酶基因的表达变化,发现这些代谢酶在子实体的菌基部位的表达水平相对其他部位较高,且随着子实体生长这一差异更加显著,这一结果表明灵芝中的糖醇和海藻糖分布差异可能是先由菌基的菌丝体中合成产物并转运到子实体不同部位,再经过一段时间的积累和代谢之后产生。     

猴头菌‘川猴菇2号’的选育报告

‘川猴菇2号’是从黑龙江海林市采集到的野生猴头菌子实体（HT015）,通过驯化系统选育而成的新品种。成熟新鲜子实体单体近椭圆形,乳白色,重量120-150g;菌丝生长最适温度18-22℃,出菇适宜温度12-20℃;生育期50-55d;生物学效率达83%。适宜四川省凉山彝族自治州及其相似生态区栽培。     

不同径级红松径向生长对气候变化的响应

运用树木年轮气候学方法,研究原始阔叶红松林分布区内白石砬子自然保护区(40.9° N)、长白山自然保护区(42.4° N)、凉水自然保护区(47.2° N)和胜山自然保护区(49.4° N)4个纬度样地的2个径级红松径向生长对气候变化的响应,分析不同径级红松对气候因子响应的异同,以及影响不同纬度红松径向生长的关键气候因子,探讨气候变化显著的40多年中红松径向生长的变化动态.结果表明: 2个径级红松对气候因子的响应具有很大的相似性,但是小径级(胸径为10～20 cm)红松对当年生长季的平均最低气温以及上一年的气候因子更敏感,而大径级(胸径>40 cm)红松对当年生长季的平均最高气温和平均相对湿度更敏感.影响4个纬度样地红松径向生长的关键气候因子存在一定差异:在最南端的白石砬子自然保护区是当年生长季的季均气温和季均最高气温;最北端的胜山自然保护区是低温因子,包括所有季节的平均最低气温、冬季的平均最高气温,以及除上一年生长季末期和当年生长季以外所有季节的平均气温;中间纬度的长白山自然保护区是当年生长季和生长季末期的帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI)和当年生长季的降水量;凉水自然保护区是当年生长季的平均气温.在气温不断上升的40多年,最南端的2个径级红松径向生长均显著下降,最北端均显著上升,中间2个纬度样地变化均不显著.     

太行山南麓低山丘陵区栓皮栎直径变化及其与环境因子的关系

使用周长传感器(Circumference DC2)研究了太行山南麓低山丘陵上栓皮栎人工林树干直径的日变化及其影响因子.结果表明:在季节性干旱期间,栓皮栎树干的直径变化周期性明显,直径收缩与液流启动时间基本一致,直径最小值滞后于液流速率最大值3 ～4 h;栓皮栎直径日最大收缩量(MDS)呈现低-高-低的变化趋势,与累积液流通量和叶片水势日差值极显著相关,与土壤含水量呈显著的二次方程关系.MDS值受气象因子变化的影响,与温度日差值、蒸汽压亏缺日差值和相对湿度日差值显著相关,而与太阳辐射日差值的相关性不显著.连续降水后,土壤水分不再是栓皮栎直径变化的限制因子,MDS值与累积液流通量、叶片水势、土壤含水量和气象因子差值的相关性均不显著.季节性干旱期和雨季的土壤含水量和温度是影响树干直径日变化的主要因子.     

Effects and interaction of meteorological factors on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome incidence in Huludao City,northeastern China, 2007–2018

BackgroundHemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), a rodent-borne disease, is a severe public health threat. Previous studies have discovered the influence of meteorological factors on HFRS incidence, while few studies have concentrated on the stratified analysis of delayed effects and interaction effects of meteorological factors on HFRS.ObjectiveHuludao City is a representative area in north China that suffers from HFRS with primary transmission by Rattus norvegicus. This study aimed to evaluate the climate factors of lag, interaction, and stratified effects of meteorological factors on HFRS incidence in Huludao City.MethodsOur researchers collected meteorological data and epidemiological data of HFRS cases in Huludao City during 2007–2018. First, a distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) for a maximum lag of 16 weeks was developed to assess the respective lag effect of temperature, precipitation, and humidity on HFRS incidence. We then constructed a generalized additive model (GAM) to explore the interaction effect between temperature and the other two meteorological factors on HFRS incidence and the stratified effect of meteorological factors.ResultsDuring the study period, 2751 cases of HFRS were reported in Huludao City. The incidence of HFRS showed a seasonal trend and peak times from February to May. Using the median WAT, median WTP, and median WARH as the reference, the results of DLNM showed that extremely high temperature (97.5^th percentile of WAT) had significant associations with HFRS at lag week 15 (RR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.04–2.74) and lag week 16 (RR = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.31–5.95). Under the extremely low temperature (2.5^th percentile of WAT), the RRs of HFRS infection were significant at lag week 5 (RR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01–1.67) and lag 6 weeks (RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01–1.57). The RRs of relative humidity were statistically significant at lag week 10 (RR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.00–1.43) and lag week 11 (RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02–1.50) under extremely high relative humidity (97.5^th percentile of WARH); however, no statistically significance was observed under extremely low relative humidity (2.5^th percentile of WARH). The RRs were significantly high when WAT was -10 degrees Celsius (RR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.02–1.76), -9 degrees Celsius (1.37, 95% CI: 1.04–1.79), and -8 degrees Celsius (RR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.03–1.75) at lag week 5 and more than 23 degrees Celsius after 15 weeks. Interaction and stratified analyses showed that the risk of HFRS infection reached its highest when both temperature and precipitation were at a high level.ConclusionsOur study indicates that meteorological factors, including temperature and humidity, have delayed effects on the occurrence of HFRS in the study area, and the effect of temperature can be modified by humidity and precipitation. Public health professionals should pay more attention to HFRS control when the weather conditions of high temperature with more substantial precipitation and 15 weeks after the temperature is higher than 23 degrees Celsius.     

Artificial shiro formation of Tricholoma matsutake

One type of soil collected from Maoer-shan in Heilongjiang Province,China was selected to induce hyphal growth of Tricholoma matsutake by a soil screening experiment.It was confirmed that hyphal growth of all the tested T.matsutake isolates was significantly stimulated in soil by supplemented with 0.5%～2.0% olive oil.The aggregation of hyphae and soil resembled natural Shiro.The biomass of hyphae in the soil increases with increasing olive oil concentrations.Moreover,seedlings of Pinus densiflora grew well in the soil containing 0.5%～1.0% olive oil and were also successfully infected by T.matsutake isolate A in the soil containing 1.0% olive oil.This study established a culture system of artificial Shiro formation and also provided a premise for formulation of culture substratum for fruit body formation of T.matsutake.     

四川省生态系统土壤保持功能空间特征及其影响因素

土壤保持是生态系统通过其结构与过程减少由于降水所导致的土壤侵蚀的作用,是生态系统重要调节服务之一。四川省位于长江上游,是我国重要的生态安全屏障区域,对其生态系统土壤保持功能的保护和土壤侵蚀的控制是维持长江中下游生态安全的重要保障。研究采用通用土壤流失方程(USLE)和统计学方法,对四川省生态系统土壤保持功能的空间特征以及影响因素展开分析,结果表明:(1) 2015年,四川省生态系统土壤保持总量为199.01亿t,平均土壤保持强度约409.43 t hm-2a-1,森林和灌丛生态系统是土壤保持功能的主体,农田生态系统仍发挥了相当数量的土壤保持作用,但农业活动中需注意采取水土保持措施;(2)空间上,土壤保持功能较强的区域主要位于地形起伏明显的盆周山地区(包括龙门山、邛崃山、大凉山和米仓山等),以巴中市、雅安市、达州市、广元市、攀枝花市、乐山市等地的平均土壤保持强度较高,以凉山州、阿坝州、甘孜州、雅安市、巴中市、达州市等地的土壤保持极重要区分布较广;(3)自然因素中,气候和地形是影响研究区生态系统土壤保持空间格局的主要因素,土壤因素在区域尺度上也表现出一定的影响,植被因素则可能在局域尺度上发挥作用。研究从土壤保持功能角度揭示了保障生态安全的重要区域,研究结果可为四川省的生态保护和侵蚀控制提供科学指导。