‘津田芜菁’花色素苷生物合成相关基因的表达

利用黑暗、日光、人工恒定光处理花色素苷合成依光型的‘津田芜菁’试材。通过紫外．可见分光光度计测定恒定光处理下‘津田芜菁’块根皮中花色素苷的含量,结果表明,花色素苷含量与光处理时间成正相关。用从消减文库中筛选的花色素苷生物合成基因片段制备探针,Northern杂交结果显示,在所处理的48h之内,光可以诱导‘津田芜菁’中PAL、DFR、CHS、F3H和ANS基因的表达,这些基因的表达量随着光处理时间的延长而增加,而MYB基因的表达量在黑暗与光下基本相同。     

芜菁花青素合成酶基因的克隆、序列分析及表达

目的：克隆津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁花青素合成酶（ANS）基因并研究其表达特性。方法：用UV-A处理津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁块根24h后提取总RNA,通过RT-PCR方法克隆BrANS1和BrANS2基因并进行序列分析,通过Northern杂交检测BrANS1和BrANS2基因的表达。结果：BrANS1和BrANS2的开放读码框为1077bp,编码358个氨基酸残基;BRANS1和BRANS2与甘蓝ANS的同源性达97％,第211-307肽段具有20G-Fe（Ⅱ）加氧酶家族基因的结构域;BrANS1和BRANS2基因具有高度同源性,核苷酸序列在5个位置上存在差异,推导的氨基酸序列完全相同;uv-A可以诱导BrANS1和BrANS2表达,基因的表达量与处理时间相关。结论：克隆了津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁的BRANS1和BrANS2基因,这将为筛选依光型和非依光型花青素生物合成催化酶基因奠定研究基础。     

津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁查尔酮异构酶基因的克隆及表达特性

目的：克隆津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁查尔酮异构酶（CHI）基因并研究其表达特性。方法：利用UV-A处理2种芜菁未见光块根24h,提取总RNA后通过RT-PCR方法克隆津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁的BrCH11和BrCH12基因,通过Northern杂交检测BrCH11和BrCH12基因的UV-A诱导表达特性。结果：BrCH11和BrCH12的开放读码框为756bp,编码251个氨基酸残基;氨基酸序列分析显示,BrCH11和BrCH12与萝卜CHI的同源性达91％,第11-222的肽段具有CHI结构域;BrCH11和BrCH12,2的核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列分别在3个位点存在差异;BrCH11和BrCH12基因具有高度同源性;BrCH11和BrCH12基因的表达量与UV-A处理时间相关。结论：克隆了津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁的BrCH11和BrCH12基因,这2个基因的表达受UV-A诱导。     

津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁花青素合成相关基因的筛选

目的：确定赤丸芜菁块根花青素积累与光照时间的相关关系,筛选并鉴定依光型和非依光型花青素合成相关基因。方法：以不同时间的恒定光照处理赤丸芜菁块根,利用紫外-可见分光光度计测定块根花青素含量;利用芯片杂交和Northern杂交筛选并鉴定津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁花青素合成相关基因。结果：赤丸芜菁块根皮花青素的积累与光照时间无明显相关性;芯片杂交试验中,共有25个基因的表达发生明显变化,其中赤丸芜菁中表达上调的基因有6个,津田芜菁中表达上调的基因有19个;Northern杂交验证显示,津田芜菁中恒定光可以诱导细胞色素P450单加氧酶和一种假定的转运蛋白的编码基因表达,这些基因的表达量与处理时间存在相关关系。结论：筛选了部分花青素合成相关基因,为阐述依光型和非依光型花青素生物合成机制奠定了基础。     

芜菁的类黄酮3''羟化酶基因克隆和UV-A诱导表达特性

用UV-A处理'津田'芜菁和'赤丸'芜菁块根24 h后提取总RNA,以RT-PCR方法分别克隆到BrF3'H1和BrF3'H2基因.BrF3'HI和BrF3'H2的开放读码框为1 536 bp,均编码511个氨基酸.氨基酸序列分析显示,BrF3'Hl和BrF3H2与甘蓝型油菜F3tH的同源性达99%.在第45～476的肽段含有细胞色素P450家族基因的结构域.BrF3HI和BrF3'H2基因有高度同源性,核苷酸序列的17个位点处有差异,推导的氨基酸序列在5个位点处有差异.Northern杂交结果显示,UV-A可以诱导BrF3HI表达,基因的表达量与UV-A处理时间呈相关,UV-A不能诱导BrF3'H2基因表达.     

2个石榴品种果皮花色苷合成相关基因表达分析

以2个不同红色石榴品种‘红宝石’和‘墨石榴’为试验材料,采用荧光定量PCR方法,分析花色苷合成相关基因CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、ANS、UFGT等6个基因在果实发育过程中的转录表达特性,同时分析基因表达量与果皮花色苷积累的关系。结果表明:(1)在整个果实发育期内‘墨石榴’花色苷含量明显高于‘红宝石’;随着果实的发育,‘红宝石’果皮中总花色苷含量不断增加,而‘墨石榴’中总花色苷含量初期很高,随后迅速下降,后期维持在较低水平。(2)‘红宝石’中CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、UFGT等5个基因均在果实发育的早期和晚期出现2个表达高峰,而ANS基因的表达量在整个果实发育期内不断升高;在‘墨石榴’中CHS、CHI、F3H、DFR、ANS等5个基因的表达高峰均出现在早期,随着果实的发育表达量均呈下降变化趋势,但UFGT基因在中期时表达量最高。(3)‘红宝石’石榴的ANS基因表达量与总花色苷含量呈显著正相关,‘墨石榴’中CHS和ANS基因的表达水平与总花色苷含量显著相关。研究认为,花色苷合成相关基因的初期和末期表达差异是2个石榴品种着色差异的主要原因,ANS在‘红宝石’着色中起关键作用,CHS和ANS可能在‘墨石榴’花色苷积累中起重要作用。     

芜菁消减文库特异基因片段功能的初步分析

目的：对4个消减cDNA文库中筛选到的特异基因片段进行功能分析,为筛选津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁花青素合成的特异基因和代谢途径奠定基础。方法：以不同处理的津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁块根为材料,采用抑制削减杂交构建4个消减cDNA文库并富集特异基因群体,同时对消减文库的特异基因片段进行初步的生物信息学分析。结果：通过功能聚类、代谢途径分析和基因注释等手段分析了消减cDNA文库的特异基因片段。结论：对消减文库特异基因片段的功能分析,为进一步分离和鉴定依光型和非依光型花青素合成相关基因奠定了基础。     

津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(PAL)的克隆和表达

以UV—A处理津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁块根24h后提取总RNA,再用RT—PCR方法分别克隆BrPAL1和BrPAL2基因的结果表明,BrPAL1和BrPAL2的开放读码框为2169bp,编码722个氨基酸。氨基酸序列分析显示,BrPAL1和BrPAL2与甘蓝型油菜苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的同源性达99％,第61～559的肽段具有PAL结构域。BrPAL1和BrPAL2的核苷酸序列在9个位置上存在差异,而推导的氨基酸序列仅在3个位置上有差异。BrPAL1和BrPAL2基因有高度同源性。Northern杂交结果显示,UV—A可以诱导BrPAL1和BrPAL2表达,基因的表达量与处理时间呈相关。     

不同红梨果皮类黄酮合成基因表达模式分析

采用半定量和荧光定量PCR方法,分析10个类黄酮合成基因在梨品种‘红星’和‘满天红’成熟果皮中的转录特性以及光照对基因表达的影响.结果表明:‘满天红’花色苷合成上游基因(CHS、CHI)的表达量高于‘红星',而下游基因(F3H、DFR、ANS)以及黄酮醇(FLS)和原花色素(LAR、ANR)合成相关基因的表达量却正好相反.套袋去除光照可使所有被检测基因的转录水平降低,F3GT和FLS最明显,表达量差异达20～30倍以上,且套袋‘红星’中PAL、F3H、DFR、ANS、LAR、ANR基因的表达量仍高于不套袋‘满天红’.研究认为,花色苷合成下游基因转录水平的差异是2个红色梨品种间着色不同的主要原因,而F3GT是光照调控‘红星’着色的关键基因.     

不同花色菊花品种花色素结构基因的表达特性

对红色、黄色、粉紫色和白色菊花品种不同开放度的花序舌状花中CHS、CHI、DFR、F3H、F3′H和3GT基因的表达量进行了相对定量分析。结果表显示:6个基因的表达因不同花色、不同发育阶段而异。‘钟山红鹰’(红色)中各基因的表达量均较高,且均在Ⅱ(松蕾期)或Ⅲ(半开期)期达到峰值,其中DFR、3GT基因的表达量远高于其他花色品种。‘金陵娇黄’(黄色)中CHS、CHI基因表达量较高,且Ⅰ(紧蕾期)、Ⅱ期表达量高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ(盛开期)期;3GT、DFR基因表达量分别高或低于‘金陵笑靥’(粉紫色)品种中相应基因的表达量,但均比红色品种低;F3H在4个品种中表达量最低,F3′H表达量接近或略低于红色或粉紫色品种,且各阶段表达水平较稳定。‘金陵笑靥’中DFR表达量仅次于‘钟山红鹰’,3GT和CHS表达量低于红色与黄色品种。‘钟山雪桂’(白色)中各基因仅有微量表达,除F3H外各基因的表达量明显低于其他花色品种。研究表明,花色素结构基因DFR、3GT是菊花花色素合成的关键基因,DFR很可能是限速关键基因,一定表达水平的CHS、CHI也是菊花花色素合成所必须的,F3H基因与花色素合成不存在直接相关。     

Ultraviolet A-specific induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in the swollen hypocotyls of turnip (Brassica rapa)

Ultraviolet A (UV-A)-mediated regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis was investigated in swollen hypocotyls of the red turnip 'Tsuda'. The shaded swollen hypocotyls which contained negligible anthocyanin were exposed to artificial light sources including low fluence UV-B, UV-A, blue, red, far-red, red plus UV-A, far-red plus UV-A, and blue plus red. Among these lights, only UV-A induced anthocyanin biosynthesis and co-irradiation of red or far-red with UV-A did not affect the extent of UV-A-induced anthocyanin accumulation. The expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5), chalcone synthase (CHS; EC 2.3.1.74), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H; EC 1.14.11.9), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR; EC 1.1.1.219), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS; EC 1.14.11.19) genes was increased with time during a 24 h exposure to UV-A. In contrast, irradiation with red, blue, UV-B, and a combination of blue with red failed to induce CHS expression. Microarray analysis showed that only a few genes, including CHS and F3H, were induced significantly by UV-A, while a separate set of many genes was induced by low fluence UV-B. The UV-A-specific induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis and the unique gene expression profile upon UV-A irradiation as compared with blue and UV-B demonstrated that the observed induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in red turnips was mediated by a distinct UV-A-specific photoreceptor, but not by phytochromes, UV-A/blue photoreceptors, or UV-B photoreceptors.     

Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Genes in Germinating Arabidopsis Seedlings

Many higher plants, including Arabidopsis, transiently display purple anthocyanin pigments just after seed germination. We observed that steady state levels of mRNAs encoded by four flavonoid biosynthetic genes, PAL1 (encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1), CHS (encoding chalcone synthase), CHI (encoding chalcone isomerase), and DFR (encoding dihydroflavonol reductase), were temporally regulated, peaking in 3-day-old seedlings grown in continuous white light. Except for the case of PAL1 mRNA, mRNA levels for these flavonoid genes were very low in seedlings grown in darkness. Light induction studies using seedlings grown in darkness showed that PAL1 mRNA began to accumulate before CHS and CHI mRNAs, which, in turn, began to accumulate before DFR mRNA. This order of induction is the same as the order of the biosynthetic steps in flavonoid biosynthesis. Our results suggest that the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is coordinately regulated by a developmental timing mechanism during germination. Blue light and UVB light induction experiments using red light- and dark-grown seedlings showed that the flavonoid biosynthetic genes are induced most effectively by UVB light and that blue light induction is mediated by a specific blue light receptor.     

Photocontrol of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in barley seedlings treated with pyridazinone inhibitors of chloroplast development

Seedlings imbibed for 48 hr in aqueous solutions of the pre-emergent herbicide Sandoz 6706, or its presumably active conversion product Norflurazon, grow into albino plants in white light. Neither herbicide has any effect on PAL in dark grown barley shoots. In white light, however, pretreatment with 100 μM herbicide causes an increase in barley shoot PAL of about 50% over that found in untreated plants. Barley root PAL is stimulated by 0.1 μM Sandoz 6706 but inhibited by higher concentrations. Mung bean primary leaves show dose responses similar to barley roots. The herbicides have no effect in continuous red light, yet blue light is as effective as white light in eliciting PAL responses. The results are discussed in relation to the subcellular distribution of PAL.     

White-fruited Duchesnea indica (Rosaceae) is impaired in ANS gene expression

? Premise of the study: Duchesnea indica is a wild strawberry-like species that has red fruits. In a recent survey in the highlands of Tucumán (Argentina), a plant of D. indica with white fruits was discovered. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the white-fruited character was due to a phenotypic or genotypic change. The stability and heritability of the character and the expression of genes involved in anthocyanins synthesis were studied and compared with red-fruited genotypes. This study contributes to understanding the molecular basis of some factors involved in fruit pigmentation, a horticulturally and taxonomically important trait. ? Methods: Stability and heritability of the white-fruited character were evaluated in plants obtained by asexual propagation or by sexual crosses between the white- and red-fruited genotypes. Asexual multiplications were carried out by stolon rooting and sexual multiplications by germination of achenes obtained from crosses. The expression level of the genes involved in the synthesis and regulation of the anthocyanins pathway (CHS, F3H, DFR, ANS, and MYB10) were evaluated by RT-PCR using specific primers. ? Key results: Plants with the white-fruited character always yielded white-fruited progeny when propagated asexually, whereas in sexually propagated plants fruit color depended on the mother. Red-fruited mothers yielded red-fruited progeny, and white-fruited mothers yielded fruits ranging from dark pink to white. Molecular analysis suggested that the white-fruited character was due to the low expression of the ANS gene. ? Conclusions: Results obtained indicate that the white-fruited character was stable. Mother progenitors exert a strong influence on the expression of the white-fruited character. The white-fruited phenotype is due to the impairment or downregulation of the ANS gene.