不同基因型和发育阶段对费约果叶片生物活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

以‘胜利’、‘唯一’、‘毛象’和‘库立激’4个费约果品种叶片为试材,探讨基因型和发育阶段对费约果叶片总酚、总黄酮、原花青素、鞣花单宁含量和抗氧化能力的影响,以期深入了解费约果叶片的生物活性物质组成,为其深度开发提供理论依据。结果表明:费约果叶片富含酚类物质[8.27¹8.81 g·（100 g）^-1（FW）],特别是原花青素[0.43³.32 g·（100 g）^-1（FW）]和鞣花单宁[0.55⁰.79 g·（100 g）^-1（FW）]。基因型显著影响叶片的总酚和原花青素含量,而发育阶段则显著影响叶片的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素、鞣花单宁含量和抗氧化能力,尤以幼叶阶段（20%叶片）各生物活性物质含量和抗氧化能力最高。结果表明,费约果果树修剪时产生的叶片可搜集用于天然抗氧化剂或保健品的开发。     

欧李果实酚类物质及抗氧化活性特征研究

以内蒙古地区36种欧李优系资源果实为试验材料,分析欧李果实品质性状的9项指标含量差异及变异系数探究其多样性,通过相关性、主成分、聚类分析对其品质性状进行综合评价,筛选酚类品质优异的欧李优系资源,为内蒙古欧李种质资源创新利用提供理论依据。结果表明,(1)9项品质性状指标变异系数为5.91%~31.03%,总黄酮最高,可滴定酸最低。(2)欧李果实3种酚类物质与总还原力、·OH清除率、DPPH·清除率及果肉色泽多表现极显著正相关(P<0.01)。(3)通过主成分分析提取的3个主成分累计贡献率为73.54%,分别为酚类因子、酸度因子和总抗氧化因子;建立欧李种质综合评价数学模型:F=[10×(46.213×F_(1)+15.132×F_(2)+12.197×F_(3))/73.542]+60,综合得分最高为MY37(84.53),综合表现最差为MY9(29.61)。(4)系统聚类评价,将36份优系资源聚为4大类,其中第Ⅰ类群综合表现最优,分别为MY5、MY36、MY37、MY38、MY41、MY47、MY50,为酚类物质积累型,多为红色果肉,酸含量适中,同时这7份优系资源综合得分均在前10位,此类群可作为高酚类品质欧李种质资源。     

石韦提取物抗氧化及抑制亚硝化作用研究

研究石韦不同溶剂提取物的总酚、总黄酮含量和抗氧化及抑制亚硝化活性,并分析其相关性。采用福林酚比色法和硝酸铝络合分光光度法分别测定各提取物中总酚、总黄酮的含量,以DPPH法、ABTS法和普鲁士蓝法分别测定各提取物的自由基清除能力和铁离子还原力,采用盐酸萘乙二胺法和α-萘胺法分别测定石韦各提取物对亚硝酸盐的清除率和对亚硝胺合成的阻断率,采用Pearson法分析总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化及抑制亚硝化活性的相关性。结果表明:石韦不同溶剂提取物的总酚和总黄酮含量存在显著性差异,其中正丁醇提取物的总酚、总黄酮含量均最高,分别为29.85±2.15和37.23±2.41 mg/g。各提取物均具有较强的抗氧化和抑制亚硝化活性,以正丁醇提取物的效果最显著,其DPPH自由基清除能力(IC_(50)=44.14±1.21μg/mL)、ABTS自由基清除能力(IC_(50)=97.47±12.10μg/mL)和还原能力(822.08±24.82μmoL Vc/g),以及对亚硝酸盐的清除能力(IC_(50)=7.071±0.231 mg/mL)、对亚硝胺合成的阻断能力(IC_(50)=15.010±1.224 mg/mL)均最强,并显著强于其他提取物(P0.05)。相关性研究显示,石韦各提取物的抗氧化活性和抑制亚硝化活性与其总酚和总黄酮含量呈显著正相关(P0.05),表明总酚类和总黄酮类物质是石韦发挥作用的物质基础。通过对石韦不同提取物的总酚和总黄酮含量的测定、抗氧化和抑制亚硝化作用评价及相关性分析,为石韦的进一步开发利用提供实验数据和参考依据。     

不同品种草莓抗氧化能力的分析

为研究不同品种草莓酚类物质与抗氧化能力的相关性,以国内6种主栽草莓品种为原料,研究全果、果汁和果渣等不同部位中总酚、总黄酮含量及其抗氧化能力。结果表明：6种草莓不同部位中总酚、总黄酮含量以及抗氧化能力依次为果渣>全果>果汁,其中‘玫瑰香’总酚、总黄酮含量最高,抗氧化能力最强。草莓不同部位总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化能力呈显著相关,说明酚类物质是草莓抗氧化作用的主要物质基础。     

野生葡萄及葡萄酒抗氧化活性和抗菌性研究

选取广西、湖南等地野生葡萄,与经典酿酒葡萄比较,研究抗氧化活性和活性物质,同时监测葡萄酒发酵过程中各指标的动态变化,并对不同品种葡萄酒的抗菌性进行研究。结果表明:赤霞珠的酚类含量和抗氧化活性高于野生葡萄和玫瑰香葡萄,但野生葡萄酒的抗菌性能显著优于赤霞珠和玫瑰香葡萄酒。葡萄酒在发酵过程中其抗氧化活性和酚类物质含量均随发酵过程的进行而升高;总抗氧化活性与总酚含量、氧自由基清除能力与原花青素含量成显著正相关,相关系数均大于0.989;总花色苷含量在发酵初期上升,后期下降,葡萄酒颜色变浅。     

天山雪莲不同器官中黄酮、总酚含量和抗氧化活性分析

研究了天山雪莲不同部位的总黄酮、总酚含量及抗氧化活性。以天山雪莲根、茎、叶、花、花苞片为材料,测定其80%乙醇提取物的总黄酮含量、总酚含量、Fe3+还原力和对DPPH自由基的清除率。结果表明,天山雪莲中总黄酮和总酚的含量高低依次为叶花苞片≈花根茎;对Fe3+还原能力大小次序是叶花苞片花根茎;对DPPH的清除能力依次为叶≈花苞片花根茎。实验结果表明叶片可以作为天山雪莲采摘和药用的主要部位;天山雪莲花苞片中可能含有黄酮和酚类之外的抗氧化物质。     

桑椹醇提物清除亚硝酸盐及阻断亚硝胺合成的研究

为系统评价桑椹醇提物对亚硝化反应的体外抑制活性,在体外不同桑椹品种、浓度和作用时间条件下,实验研究了桑椹醇提物对亚硝酸盐的清除和二乙基亚硝胺(NDEA)生成的影响及其相关功能成分含量。结果显示,不同品种的桑椹总酚、原花青素和总黄酮含量差异显著,PR-01黑果桑的原花青素含量(155.41 mg/g)和总黄酮含量(3.05 mg/g)最高;随浓度提高和作用时间延长,桑椹醇提物清除亚硝酸盐和阻断NDEA合成能力增强。15种桑椹醇提物对亚硝化反应均具有一定的抑制作用,以PR-01黑果桑的效果最显著,其最大清除率和阻断率分别达到92.40%和87.25%,与抗坏血酸效果相当;桑椹醇提物对亚硝酸盐的清除率和对NDEA合成的阻断率与其总酚、原花青素、总黄酮含量呈一定的相关性。综上:桑椹醇提物具有较好的清除亚硝酸盐和阻断NDEA合成的作用,原花青素、多酚类、黄酮类物质可能是其发挥作用的物质基础。     

金刺梨果实和叶中酚类、Vc含量及其抗氧化能力分析

为了解贵州金刺梨（Rosa sterilis D.Shi）果实和叶片中的活性成分及其抗氧化活性,以贵州普定县金刺梨种植基地的果实和叶片为试材,测定其活性成分含量及其抗氧化活性,并对各项指标进行相关性分析。结果显示：没食子酸、芦丁、槲皮素、儿茶素、鞣花酸、绿原酸、阿魏酸是供试金刺梨果实和叶片的主要酚类成分,金刺梨果实和叶片中活性组分差异显著（P<0.05）,果实中p-香豆酸、总黄酮和抗坏血酸的含量相对较高,而叶片中没食子酸、儿茶素、绿原酸、表儿茶素、阿魏酸、鞣花酸、芦丁、槲皮素和总酚含量均高于果实;金刺梨果实抗氧化活性值均显著高于叶片（P<0.05）;相关性分析发现：总黄酮对总还原力（TRPA）值的贡献极强,抗坏血酸对Fe³⁺还原抗氧化能力（FRAP）值贡献最强,槲皮素对ABTS值的贡献最强,说明金刺梨果实和叶片是一种具有较高开发价值的药食同源资源。     

外源ALA对克瑞森无核葡萄叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

以日光温室栽培的欧亚葡萄品种克瑞森无核为试验材料,在果实膨大期和始熟期采用不同浓度(50、100和150mg·L~(-1))5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)喷施叶片和果穗,研究外源ALA处理对葡萄叶片光合特性、果实着色效果及果实品质的影响。结果表明:(1)各浓度ALA处理后葡萄叶片胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、净光合速率(Pn)都有不同程度的增加,并以100mg·L~(-1) ALA处理效果最好。(2)50~150mg·L~(-1) ALA处理均能不同程度提高葡萄果皮花青素、叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量,且各ALA处理的果实可溶性糖含量显著高于对照,但可滴定酸含量低于对照。(3)100和150mg·L~(-1) ALA处理能够显著改善果实成熟期的着色参数,且果实着色指数(CIRG)与花青素的积累呈现出良好的一致性。研究发现,在葡萄果实膨大期及始熟期喷施适宜浓度(100mg·L~(-1))ALA能够有效提高叶片光合性能,同时促进果实着色,显著改善果实外观色泽和果实品质。     

文冠果新梢发育过程酚类物质及相关酶活性变化特性

以文冠果新梢为试验材料,通过分析文冠果新梢生长发育过程中的茎尖、茎段、叶片的多酚、类黄酮、单宁及相关酶(苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶)活性,研究了文冠果新梢枝条发育过程中不同部位酚类物质的积累规律及相关酶活性的变化规律。结果显示:(1)文冠果新梢生长期内(4~9月)随着季节的变化,多酚、类黄酮、单宁等酚类物质含量总体上呈现上升趋势,新梢同一时期不同部位的多酚、类黄酮、单宁等酚类物质含量的分布情况相似,皆为:叶茎尖茎段。(2)文冠果不同发育时期的茎叶苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性大小为:新梢幼嫩茎段及相应叶片半木质化茎段及相应叶片木质化茎段及相应叶片;新梢叶片的多酚氧化酶活性显著高于茎段,茎尖的最低;文冠果叶片有着极强的抗氧化能力,对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基(DPPH·)的清除率最高可达98.13%。(3)在4月29日前后,文冠果新梢各部位多酚、类黄酮和单宁含量上升趋势有显著差异,各部位苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性最低,而多酚氧化酶活性最高,木质化程度不同的茎段DPPH·清除率均降至最低,表明4月29日是文冠果新梢生长期的一个重要过渡生长阶段。(4)文冠果的新梢多酚、类黄酮、单宁之间呈极显著正相关关系;多酚、类黄酮、单宁与DPPH·清除率存在极显著正相关关系,与多酚氧化酶活性呈显著正相关关系,与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性之间相关性不显著。研究表明,酚类物质含量是影响文冠果无性繁殖的主要因素,酚类物质含量越低,文冠果的扦插、嫁接、组培的成活率越高;新梢多酚、类黄酮、单宁等酚类物质含量在生长初期最低,后随着新梢的生长呈现显著上升趋势;文冠果无性繁殖最好在新梢生长初期进行,最佳时间为4~5月中旬。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.