五种动物粪便纯培养放线菌的多样性及生物活性

【目的】以资源利用为出发点,研究了五种动物粪便放线菌的多样性及生物活性。【方法】从云南野生动物园采集5种半野生动物的新鲜粪便样品,用5种培养基分离其中的放线菌,将放线菌鉴定到属,测定纯培养放线菌的抗菌活性,抗肿瘤活性等。【结果】结果表明,所试5种动物粪便放线菌的种类非常丰富,组成各不相同,以链霉菌和微球菌占优势,可能存在大量未知放线菌;粪便放线菌的抗菌活性,抗肿瘤活性,酶活性,分解纤维素、角蛋白的活性非常普遍,尤其是具有抗肿瘤活性的菌株比例较大;产生的具有生物活性的次生代谢产物也是多种多样的。【结论】因此,粪便放线菌与土壤,海洋及植物的放线菌一样,是开发药物、农药和其他产品的重要来源之一,应当加强粪便放线菌的研究和保护利用。     

布莱克韦尔虫草的生物活性评价及其子实体的人工培育

虫草在世界范围内广泛分布,具有多种生物活性及较高的食药用价值。为进一步丰富虫草真菌资源,本研究对从广东韶关丹霞山采集到的一份野生虫草样品进行了菌株的分离鉴定、生物活性评价和子实体的诱导培养。通过形态学和系统发育分析,将菌株ZYJ0835鉴定为布莱克韦尔虫草Cordyceps blackwelliae。利用5种不同的培养基进行液体发酵培养,发现该菌株的发酵上清液和菌丝体均具有抗氧化和纤溶活性。此外,该菌株还具有一定的抑菌活性。利用大米、小麦、柞蚕蛹3种培养基质,均成功诱导出子实体,并且人工培养的子实体也具有抗氧化和纤溶活性。本研究首次在中国境内报道布莱克韦尔虫草的分布,为进一步开发利用该虫草资源提供了理论依据。     

云贵川湖泊芽孢杆菌分离、鉴定及抗动物病原菌活性研究

为从湖泊沉积物中筛选出对动物病原菌具有抑菌活性的芽孢杆菌Bacillus,采用纯培养方法对云贵川地区9个湖泊样品中的芽孢杆菌进行分离、16S rRNA基因序列测定和发酵,以4株常见动物病原菌作为对象,对芽孢杆菌次级代谢产物进行活性检测,筛选有抗菌活性的菌株,并对活性菌株的发酵产物进行液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析。结果显示,在9个湖泊样品中共分离出47株芽孢杆菌,筛选出13株有抗菌活性的菌株,且其产生的脂肽类抗生素对动物病原菌显示出较好的抗菌活性。本研究不仅扩大了芽孢杆菌物种资源信息库,为后续开展芽孢杆菌次生代谢产物研究奠定理论依据。同时也为开发新型动物致病菌抗生素提供了新的途径。     

柳珊瑚共附生放线菌Streptomyces sp. SCSGAA0009中生物碱类化合物及其抗菌和抗附着活性

【目的】从南海柳珊瑚共附生放线菌的次生代谢产物中寻找具有抗菌和抗附着活性的先导化合物。【方法】应用化学与生物活性相结合的筛选方法,从柳珊瑚共附生微生物中筛选获得代谢产物丰富且具有生物活性的目标菌株并通过大发酵提取浸膏,利用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱和高效液相色谱等方法对发酵产物进行分离、纯化,运用波谱解析鉴定化合物的结构。【结果】从采自海南三亚的柳珊瑚(Muricella flexuosa)样品中分离到一株放线菌SCSGAA0009,鉴定为链霉属Streptomycessp.,从其改良ISP2发酵液中分离到新化合物N-(2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)propionamide(1)和已知化合物phenazine-1-carboxylic acid(2),其中化合物2对大肠杆菌和海洋细菌假单胞菌(Pseudoaltermonas piscida)具有较好抗菌活性,且有强抗草苔虫(Bugulaneritina)幼虫附着活性。【结论】首次从柳珊瑚共附生放线菌的次生代谢产物中获得新的生物碱化合物1,首次报道化合物2的抗海洋细菌活性和抗附着活性;从南海柳珊瑚共附生微生物的次生代谢产物中可以得到新化合物和活性化合物,这一来源的微生物资源值得深入研究。     

自然界中难分离培养微生物的分离和应用*

采用在分离培养基中添加自然来源的抽提液,或加入一些特殊化合物,使其中处于Viable but non-culturable(VBNC)状态的微生物恢复其生长繁殖能力,从而得到分离。实验结果发现甜菜碱、丙酮酸钠、SOD以及过氧化氢酶可使分离到的微生物种类及菌落总数明显增加。还采用固液结合的方法来分离那些在普通平板培养基上不能形成肉眼可见菌落的那些微小菌落的微生物。采用这几种方法从4份土壤样品中共分离得到52株放线菌,103株细菌,17株真菌。对其中的放线菌和真菌进行了生物活性的测定,得到多株具有抗菌活性的微     

厦门杏林湾红树林根际真菌分离及活性分析

【背景】海洋微生物是天然药物资源宝库,海洋环境中的微生物能够产生很多区别于陆生微生物的天然产物。红树林生长于陆地与海洋交界带的滩涂浅滩,是陆地向海洋过渡的特殊生态系统,可能蕴含着丰富的微生物资源和潜在的大量结构新颖的代谢产物。【目的】以厦门杏林湾红树林根际海泥和海水为研究对象,探索其中可培养海洋真菌的多样性及其发酵提取物的抗细菌和抗真菌活性,以期为发现新的药物先导化合物提供菌株资源。【方法】样品预处理后涂布于GPY、PDA、Martin和MEA这4种培养基,28℃倒置培养,待培养基上长出合适大小的菌落后,挑取单菌落接种于PDA培养基纯化。利用纸片扩散法对发酵提取物进行抗菌活性筛选,通过高效液相色谱分析提取物的化学多样性,并采用形态观察结合rDNAITS序列分析对活性较好的4株真菌进行菌种鉴定。【结果】共分离出71株真菌,其中49株真菌对金黄色葡萄球菌有抗性,6株真菌对白色念珠菌有抗性,2株真菌对大肠杆菌有抗性,菌株HS5-MEA-4和HS6-MEA-10初步鉴定为土曲霉,菌株HS5-GPY-7和HS6-GPY-15分别为棘孢曲霉和Aspergillus templicola。【结论】初步认知了厦门杏林湾红树林环境真菌多样性及其发酵提取物的活性和化学多样性特征,为后续海洋真菌次级代谢产物研究提供了依据。     

Breeding of partricin prodcing strain, purification of antifungal metabolite and its structure verifcation

链霉菌SIPI-A.2020是本实验室分离保藏的一株可能产生帕曲星的放线菌,本文对此菌株培养与发酵、抗菌活性物质的分离纯化及其结构验证进行了研究.经过菌种选育与发酵条件优化,与出发菌株相比,主要发酵产物X的发酵效价提高89.3％;通过对发酵液的分离纯化,得到了HPLC纯度分别为96.3％和95.6％的两个组分,经进一步UV、MS、NMR等分析,验证其为帕曲星B和帕曲星A.     

鸟氨酸脱羧酶高活性微生物菌株的筛选

根据鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)催化底物L-鸟氨酸脱羧生成腐胺,从而引起培养基中pH升高的特点,设计了一种高效、经济的筛选方法,并以此作为初筛手段从土壤中快速分离可产生较高ODC活力微生物菌种。研究发现培养后pH的变化与微生物产酶能力存在着明显的正相关性,R2=0.914 2。对从土壤和活性污泥样品中分离得到的343株细菌进行有效初筛以及经过摇瓶发酵测定酶活的复筛试验后,筛选得到6株高酶活的菌株,其中菌株CJW07和CGW27的ODC活性分别达到了121.32 U/mL和109.25 U/mL。     

共培养海绵微生物诱导抗菌活性物质的研究*

从大连潮间带繁茂膜海绵中分离得到10株放线菌,对各菌进行抗枯草芽孢杆菌活性检测。结果显示：当各菌单独培养时,10株菌中有3株菌显示抗菌活性;当菌Hp-053与其余9株菌分别共培养时,9个共培养体系中5个显示出高于单培养的抗菌活性。进一步对部分共培养发酵液乙酸乙酯提取物进行薄层层析显色分析、生物自显影分析,证明共培养能诱导海绵相关微生物产生不同于单培养的代谢产物和抗菌活性物质。共培养可能是一条重新开发利用一些由于无活性或低活性而被忽视的海洋微生物菌种的新途径。     

杀松材线虫海洋放线菌HT-8的鉴定及培养条件的研究（英文）

松树萎蔫病(Pine wilt disease,PWD)是由松材线虫(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)引起的一种毁灭性疾病,该病对世界上许多国家和地区的针叶林资源造成严重破坏。为了寻找具有高杀松材线虫活性的海洋放线菌,对分离自海洋环境中的放线菌菌株进行杀线虫活性测定。选用稀释涂布平板法对采自青岛近海海域的样品进行放线菌分离,采用浸渍法测定菌株的杀松材线虫活性,并对所筛选出的高杀线虫活性菌株的形态学、培养特征和16S rD NA序列进行测定,运用单因素试验测定菌株产生杀线虫活性物质的最适培养条件。结果显示,从采集的样品中共分离到28株放线菌,经杀线虫活性筛选得到1株具有高杀线虫活性的放线菌HT-8。该菌株分离自海沙,其培养上清液处理松材线虫30 h时,线虫的校正死亡率高达88.30%。根据形态学、培养特征和16S rD NA序列测定及其系统发育分析结果,将菌株HT-8鉴定为Streptomyces termitum。单因素试验结果表明,该菌株产生杀线虫活性物质的最适培养条件为接种体菌龄48 h,接种量6%,培养基海水浓度100%,初始pH 7.5,培养温度25℃,培养时间7 d。该研究为海洋微生物资源的开发及其杀松材线虫天然活性物质的利用提供理论依据。     

Some results and prospects of studies in the area of marine biochemistry and biotechnology]

Recent studies on bioactive metabolites from marine macro- and microorganisms are reviewed with 83 refs. Structures of new sulphated and glycosylated secondary metabolites, which have been reported to have antifungal, immunomodulatory, and cytotoxic properties, are given. Some peculiarities of biosynthesis of natural compounds in marine organisms are revealed. It was shown that some natural products, isolated earlier from sponges, are produced by microbial symbionts. Different physiological activities associated with 8000 marine microbial (mainly symbiotic) strains are discussed as well as some prospects of marine biochemistry and biotechnology development.     

Exploring microbial bioactive molecules from Western Ghats,India

Western Ghats are designated as world heritage sites and global biodiversity hotspots. Microbial diversity in this forest area has been largely neglected and is getting attention since the end of the last millennium. In this review, we have studied and organized various microorganisms from Western Ghats and their diversity, important characteristics and potential biotechnological applications. Microorganisms from Western Ghats have been explored individually for potential bioactive molecules. While most of the microorganisms were analyzed for antimicrobial activities, there have been studies on microbial promotion of plant growth. The microbes analyzed included from aquatics, soil, rhizosphere, phyllosphere and even as endophytes. There have been microorganisms which have shown antioxidant and anti-cancerous activities. There are microorganisms capable of degrading plant wastes and also xenobiotics. Microorganisms capable of producing industrially important enzymes have also been reported. The present review explores largely neglected microbial diversity with respect to their ability to produce potential bioactive biomolecules.     

红茶菌群中菌株相互作用影响菌体生长和代谢

【背景】红茶菌是一种由细菌和酵母菌共生发酵而成的传统茶饮料。该饮料中含有多种有益人体健康的营养物质,具有促进消化、消炎、抗菌、抗糖尿病等生理作用。这些有益的代谢物是以醋酸菌和酵母菌为主的微生物相互作用而产生的。因此,红茶菌是一个优良的研究微生物相互作用的体系。【目的】分析不同菌株单独培养和混合培养对菌体生长和代谢产物的影响,了解红茶菌群中不同微生物之间的相互作用关系。【方法】利用稀释分离法获得红茶菌优势菌株,并采用形态观察和分子生物学分析相结合鉴定菌株。设计不同的培养组合,考察菌株单独培养和混合培养对发酵液pH值、酸度、还原糖和总茶多酚含量的影响。【结果】不同菌株及其组合均能在茶糖水中生长,但生长能力存在显著差异。菌株生长能力与发酵产生还原糖的能力密切相关。葡萄糖醋酸杆菌发酵产生有机酸的能力强,从而影响发酵液的pH值。菌株发酵显著提升发酵液中总多酚类化合物的含量。与各菌株单独培养相比,3个菌株的混合培养有利于菌群稳定,显著促进发酵液中还原糖、有机酸的产生和pH值下降,一定程度上促进多酚类物质的含量。【结论】红茶菌群由多种微生物组成,菌株之间有着复杂的相互作用关系。不同菌株之间的混合有利于形成稳定的菌群,促进有机酸、还原糖和多酚化合物的代谢,是红茶菌饮料产生酸甜滋味和生理活性的生化基础。     

Comprehensive Analysis of Secondary Dental Root Canal Infections: A Combination of Culture and Culture-Independent Approaches Reveals New Insights

Persistence of microorganisms or reinfections are the main reasons for failure of root canal therapy. Very few studies to date have included culture-independent methods to assess the microbiota, including non-cultivable microorganisms. The aim of this study was to combine culture methods with culture-independent cloning methods to analyze the microbial flora of root-filled teeth with periradicular lesions. Twenty-one samples from previously root-filled teeth were collected from patients with periradicular lesions. Microorganisms were cultivated, isolated and biochemically identified. In addition, ribosomal DNA of bacteria, fungi and archaea derived from the same samples was amplified and the PCR products were used to construct clone libraries. DNA of selected clones was sequenced and microbial species were identified, comparing the sequences with public databases. Microorganisms were found in 12 samples with culture-dependent and -independent methods combined. The number of bacterial species ranged from 1 to 12 in one sample. The majority of the 26 taxa belonged to the phylum Firmicutes (14 taxa), followed by Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. One sample was positive for fungi, and archaea could not be detected. The results obtained with both methods differed. The cloning technique detected several as-yet-uncultivated taxa. Using a combination of both methods 13 taxa were detected that had not been found in root-filled teeth so far. Enterococcus faecalis was only detected in two samples using culture methods. Combining the culture-dependent and –independent approaches revealed new candidate endodontic pathogens and a high diversity of the microbial flora in root-filled teeth with periradicular lesions. Both methods yielded differing results, emphasizing the benefit of combined methods for the detection of the actual microbial diversity in apical periodontitis.     

海洋动物来源微生物的共培养研究进展

近年来,由于一些新疾病的发生和细菌耐药性的出现,微生物来源次级代谢产物的筛选重复率越来越高,微生物一些代谢基因在现有实验室条件下无法表达,所以需要发现新的微生物资源,同时找到激活微生物代谢产物基因的方法。海洋动物体内蕴含着大量的共附生微生物资源,可以产生很多具有生物活性的化合物,是潜在的药用资源。本文综述了近年来海洋动物(海鞘、海绵、珊瑚和海葵等)来源的微生物进行共培养的研究策略,包括共培养菌株的选择、共培养条件、群体感应和信号分子对共培养菌株的影响,以及不同种类微生物间的共培养实例。共培养与单培养相比,增加了次级代谢产物的种类,提高了次级代谢产物的生物活性或产量。共培养的研究有助于发现新的海洋动物来源微生物的活性天然产物,为海洋药物的开发提供新思路。     

Biologically active metabolites of marine actinobacteria

Data on the chemical structures and biologic activities of metabolites of obligate and facultative marine actinobacteria published between 2000 and 2007 are reviewed. The structural features of five groups of metabolites related to macrolides and compounds containing lactone, quinone, and diketopiperazine residues; cyclic peptides; alkaloids; and compounds of combined nature are discussed. The review shows the large chemical diversity of metabolites of actinobacteria isolated from marine ecotopes. In addition to metabolites identical to those previously isolated from terrestrial actinobacteria, marine actinobacteria produce compounds not found in other natural sources, including microorganisms. Probably, the biosynthesis of new chemotypes of bioactive compounds by marine actinobacteria is related to the chemical adaptation of microorganisms to the marine environment. The review emphasizes the importance of chemical studies of metabolites produced by marine actinobacteria. These studies will provide new data on marine microbial producers of biologically active compounds and the chemical structures and biologic activities of new natural lowmolecular-weight bioregulators.     

Rapid identification of elaiophylin and geldanamycin inStreptomyces fermentation broths using CPC coupled with a photodiode array detector and LC-MS methodologies

During the course of screening microbial broth extracts in various high through-put bioassays (eg receptor binding or enzyme inhibition), several actinomycete cultures were discovered to produce active metabolites. The natural products elaiophylin and/or geldanamycin are produced by severalStreptomyces violaceusniger strains, and the bioactivity of the extracts from these cultures was frequently associated with the fractions containing these metabolites. CPC coupled to a photodiode array detector and LC-MS techniques were applied to these broth extracts to ascertain rapidly when these natural products were present. These methodologies allowed us to identify the metabolites quickly in the crude extract, and the application demonstrated further the utility of CPC-photodiode array detection and LC-MS as powerful, initial analytical tools in analyses of the complex metabolite profiles produced by microorganisms.     

极地微生物 —— 新天然药物的潜在来源

微生物是极地生态系统的重要组成部分.由于极地独特的地理、气候及环境特点,极地微生物所具有的新颖性与多样性,在科学研究、应用开发等方面都具有重要价值,并逐渐受到人们的广泛关注.有关极地微生物的资源勘探与代谢活性产物研究,已成为国际微生物学研究的热点之一.结合笔者的工作实践,对近年来极地微生物资源的勘探与收集情况进行了介绍,并着重对以医药与生物农药等为目标的极地微生物产活性化合物的研究现状进行了概述,同时还对目前一些影响研究工作开展的限制因素进行了讨论.可以预见,针对极地微生物资源的研究开发工作,将会给新型天然药物的筛选与发现带来新的机遇与突破.     

Bioactive secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms associated with plants

In the past few decades groups of scientists have focused their study on relatively new microorganisms called endophytes. By definition these microorganisms, mostly fungi and bacteria, colonise the intercellular spaces of the plant tissues. The mutual relationship between endophytic microorganisms and their host plants, taxanomy and ecology of endophytes are being studied. Some of these microorganisms produce bioactive secondary metabolites that may be involved in a host-endophyte relationship. Recently, many endophytic bioactive metabolites, known as well as new substances, possesing a wide variety of biological activities as antibiotic, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, etc. have been identified. The microorganisms such as endophytes may be very interesting for biotechnological production of bioactive substances as medicinally important agents. Therefore the aim of this review is to briefly characterize endophytes and summarize the structuraly different bioactive secondary metabolites produced by endophytic microorganisms as well as microbial sources of these metabolites and their host plants.     

Metabolite induction via microorganism co-culture: A potential way to enhance chemical diversity for drug discovery

Microorganisms have a long track record as important sources of novel bioactive natural products, particularly in the field of drug discovery. While microbes have been shown to biosynthesize a wide array of molecules, recent advances in genome sequencing have revealed that such organisms have the potential to yield even more structurally diverse secondary metabolites. Thus, many microbial gene clusters may be silent under standard laboratory growth conditions. In the last ten years, several methods have been developed to aid in the activation of these cryptic biosynthetic pathways. In addition to the techniques that demand prior knowledge of the genome sequences of the studied microorganisms, several genome sequence-independent tools have been developed. One of these approaches is microorganism co-culture, involving the cultivation of two or more microorganisms in the same confined environment. Microorganism co-culture is inspired by the natural microbe communities that are omnipresent in nature. Within these communities, microbes interact through signaling or defense molecules. Such compounds, produced dynamically, are of potential interest as new leads for drug discovery. Microorganism co-culture can be achieved in either solid or liquid media and has recently been used increasingly extensively to study natural interactions and discover new bioactive metabolites. Because of the complexity of microbial extracts, advanced analytical methods (e.g., mass spectrometry methods and metabolomics) are key for the successful detection and identification of co-culture-induced metabolites.