新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii)超低温保存及其植株再生

以新疆野苹果（Malus sieversii（Lebed.）M．Roem.）无菌试管苗为试材,对其离体茎尖玻璃化超低温保存的影响因素进行研究。结果表明,新疆野苹果茎尖在含有5％二甲基亚砜（DMSO）的0．4mol／L蔗糖培养基上预培养3d,60％玻璃化溶液（PVS2）中室温装载30min,PVS：0℃下处理40min,经液氮保存至少24h后,转入继代培养基上再培养,成活率和再生率分别为93．3％和86．7％。再生植株生长和分化正常;同时对再生植株进行SSR标记检测,未发现超低温保存前后的DNA谱带存在差异。     

菊花茎尖的玻璃化超低温保存研究

本文建立了适合中国菊花种质资源长期保存的玻璃化超低温保存技术体系.在4℃下,把1～2mm的菊花茎尖放在含0.4mol/L蔗糖的MS培养基上暗培养2～3d,用预处理液在25℃下处理30min,再用玻璃化试剂PVS2在冰浴条件下处理15min,换新鲜的PVS2试剂并迅速投入液氮.液氮保存24h后,40℃水浴解冻2min,用含蔗糖1.2mol/L的MS液体培养基洗涤20min,滤纸吸干后接种到恢复培养基中,在25℃条件下弱光培养1～3d转入正常光照培养条件下培养,2周后成活率可达86%以上,成活的茎尖均可再生.     

药用植物黄芪离体培养茎尖的包埋脱水法和包埋玻璃化法超低温保存（英文）

为找出一条黄芪种质长期包埋脱水法保存和包埋玻璃化法保存的程序,以来源于黄芪离体生长腋芽的黄芪茎尖并包埋成海藻酸钙珠。随后,在MS+0.75 mol·L~(-1)蔗糖的液体培养基中25℃下预培养5 d后,放于干硅胶上无菌干燥5 h,直至含水量达23.1%(以鲜重为基础)时将材料投入液氮保存。保存1 d后,茎尖在40℃水浴中化冻2~3 min并转入固体培养基上进行再生培养,2周后大约50%的茎尖可再生出芽。黄芪茎尖包埋玻璃化法超低温保存程序也被优化,同样包埋成海藻酸钙凝胶珠的茎尖在MS+1 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.05 mg·L~(-1)NAA+0.75 mol·L~(-1)蔗糖的液体培养基中25℃预培养3 d,用2 mol·L~(-1)甘油+0.4 mol·L~(-1)蔗糖装载液25℃装载90 min并再用PVS2在0℃下处理120 min后直接投入液氮。保存1 d后,取出材料在37℃水浴中化冻2~3 min,并用MS+1 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.05 mg·L~(-1)NAA+1.2 mol·L~(-1)蔗糖的液体培养基进行10 min的洗涤后转入MS+1 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.05 mg·L~(-1)NAA的固体培养基上进行再生培养。茎尖的再生率接近80%。以上两种超低温保存方式均未造成再生植株形态学上的变化。因此,包埋脱水法和包埋玻璃化法两种常规方法对于黄芪茎尖超低温保存来说均具有重要的意义。     

小酸浆(Physalis minima L.)茎尖的玻璃化法超低温保存

用玻璃化法超低温保存小酸浆茎尖的结果表明,1 cm的小酸浆茎段放在改良MS培养基上室温预培养3 d后.切取2mm长的茎尖放在0℃条件下用100%PVS2溶液中处理70min.快速投入液氮保存,1 d后取出.于40℃恒温水浴中化冻2～3min后用含1.2mol·L-1蔗糖的改良MS培养液洗涤30min,接种于再生培养基上暗培养7d再转接至正常光照35μmol·m-2·s-1条件下,成活率可达36.0%,再生植株生长正常.     

香蕉离体茎尖超低温保存研究

以香蕉(Musaspp.)试管苗为试材,对其离体茎尖小滴玻璃化法超低温保存的影响因素进行了研究。小滴玻璃化法和玻璃化法超低温保存后再生率的差异表明,香蕉更适合用小滴玻璃化法进行超低温保存。香蕉小滴玻璃化法超低温保存的方案如下:试管苗在60g/L蔗糖的MS培养基上培养1~2个月,剥离带有1~2片叶原基的茎尖,室温下装载30m in(可延长至4h),0℃下PVS2处理40~50m in。6个基因型的14个品种的再生率平均为46.9%。通过SSR分子标记检测,再生植株的遗传稳定性没有发生改变。该结果为香蕉种质资源的长期保存提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

拟南芥幼苗超低温保存后DNA甲基化的遗传变异

运用MSAP技术分析了拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）幼苗超低温保存后DNA甲基化的遗传变异情况。结果表明,在扩增的662条带中,对照和2个处理及其第2代间完全一致的带型有598条：发生变化的带型有64条,其中能遗传给第2代的有48条,占变异条带的75％。与对照相比,经超低温保存的样品新产生的甲基化位点有14个,而去甲基化的位点有22个。经过处理但未冷冻的与冷冻处理组之间带型一致的有624条,差异条带有38条,占5.7％,而对照与未冷冻处理组的差异率是7．45％,对照与冷冻处理组之间的差异率是6。63％。可见,拟南芥在超低温保存中,无论是经液氮冷冻还是未经冷冻处理,对材料的甲基化状态均有影响,而这种甲基化变化大部分是可以遗传的。     

红芽芋茎尖的包埋玻璃化法超低温保存（英文）

对红芽芋(Colocasia esculenta var.cormosus ‘Hongyayu’)茎尖的包埋玻璃化法超低温保存技术进行了研究。茎尖从培养8周的试管苗上切下并包埋成海藻酸钙凝胶珠,并在MS+3.5 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.5 mg·L~(-1)IBA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)GA_3+0.3 mol·L~(-1)蔗糖的液体培养基中预培养24 h,随后用2 mol·L~(-1)甘油+0.4 mol·L~(-1)蔗糖的混合物在25℃下装载30 min,并用PVS2在25℃脱水20 min后将包埋的茎尖直接投入液氮保存。保存1 d后取出材料在40℃水浴快速复温3 min后,吸去冷冻管中PVS2,并用MS+3.5 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.5mg·L~(-1)IBA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)GA_3+1.2 mol·L~(-1)蔗糖的液体培养基在25℃洗涤3次,每次10 min。最后将茎尖接种于MS+3.5 mg·L~(-1)6-BA+0.5 mg·L~(-1)IBA+0.1 mg·L~(-1)GA_3的固体培养基上,暗培养3 d后转入正常的光周期中培养。红芽芋茎尖冻后成活率约为80%,其再生植株没有发生形态学的变化。这种包埋玻璃化法程序有望成为红芽芽茎尖超低温保存的常规方法。     

红花石蒜茎尖的玻璃化超低温保存

2～3mm的石蒜茎尖放在MS+0.4mol·L-1蔗糖的培养基上预培养5d,在25℃下用预处理液处理20min,接着用冰浴的玻璃化保护剂PVS2在冰浴中处理80min后,换新鲜PVS2并迅速投入液氮。液氮保存24h后,于40℃水浴中快速解冻2min,用MS+1.2mol·L-1蔗糖的液体培养基洗涤20min,滤纸吸干后接种到恢复培养基中,在25℃下暗培养7d后,转入光照强度为36μmol·m-2·s-1和光暗周期12/12h条件下培养。2周后的成活率最高可达90%,植株再生率达53%。     

小滴玻璃化法脱除蝴蝶兰种苗建兰花叶病毒的研究

以感染建兰花叶病毒(Cymbidium mosaic virus,CymMV)的蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis aphrodite)品种‘满天红’为试材,通过筛选蔗糖预培养浓度、预培养时间、PVS2(Plant vitrification solution 2,PVS2)处理时间三个关键因素,建立蝴蝶兰茎尖小滴玻璃化超低温脱毒体系,将再生的茎尖诱导类原球茎,再分化成苗,经RT-PCR检测CymMV的脱除情况,阴性结果的再生植株进行增殖和诱导生根。结果显示:最佳预培养为:BM+0.6 mol·L-1蔗糖处理1~2 d,超低温茎尖的成活率为70%~76.7%,再生率为53.3%~56.7%;PVS2最佳处理时间为60~90 min,超低温茎尖的成活率为73.3%~76.7%,再生率为50.0%~56.7%。再生植株经RT-PCR检测,CymMV的脱除率为50%。该研究为兰科植物脱除CymMV提供了理论和技术基础。     

拟南芥幼苗超低温保存后DNA甲基化的遗传变异

运用MSAP技术分析了拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)幼苗超低温保存后DNA甲基化的遗传变异情况。结果表明, 在扩增的662条带中, 对照和2个处理及其第2代间完全一致的带型有598条; 发生变化的带型有64条, 其中能遗传给第2代的有48条, 占变异条带的75%。与对照相比, 经超低温保存的样品新产生的甲基化位点有14个, 而去甲基化的位点有22个。经过处理但未冷冻的与冷冻处理组之间带型一致的有624条, 差异条带有38条, 占5.7%, 而对照与未冷冻处理组的差异率是7.45%, 对照与冷冻处理组之间的差异率是6.63%。可见, 拟南芥在超低温保存中, 无论是经液氮冷冻还是未经冷冻处理, 对材料的甲基化状态均有影响, 而这种甲基化变化大部分是可以遗传的。     

Cryopreservation of shoot-tips by droplet vitrification applicable to all taro (Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta) accessions

The application of the droplet vitrification cryopreservation technique to taro accessions from a range of Asia Pacific countries is presented. The optimum protocol involves excision of about 0.8 mm shoot-tips from in vitro plants, 20–40 min PVS2 exposure at 0°C followed by rapid plunge into liquid nitrogen. Thawing was done at room temperature (25°C) and shoot-tips inoculated on MS medium with 0.1 M sucrose regenerated into plantlets 4–6 weeks later. This new droplet vitrification protocol improved the mean post-thaw regeneration rates to 73–100% from 21–30% obtained with the previous cryo-vial vitrification protocol.     

Genetic and epigenetic integrity assessment of acclimatised papaya plants regenerated directly from shoot-tips following short- and long-term cryopreservation

A vitrification-based cryopreservation protocol was applied to in vitro sourced shoot-tips of four genotypes of Carica papaya; two female (70 and Z6) and two male (B2 and B4). Regeneration of ~58?% (70) and ~59?% (Z6) was recorded for the female genotypes confirming previously published results. Regeneration was at ~77 and ~53?% for the two male genotypes B2 and B4 respectively. Cryo-tube storage and regeneration was tested after 2?C18?months storage in one male (B2) and one female (70) genotype. Regeneration post cryo-storage was similar to 1?h exposure to liquid nitrogen. Individual shoot-tips from the two female and two male genotypes were grown into complete in vitro plants, potted and acclimatised without micropropagation to provide material for randomly amplified DNA fingerprinting (RAF) and amplified DNA methylation polymorphism (AMP) analysis of multiple individuals from in vitro control, plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) cryoprotectant control and short (1?h) and long-term cryopreservation treatment plants. No variations were detected for genotype Z6 control and treatment individuals and no RAF variations were detected in any individuals of genotype B2. Small numbers of RAF and AMP variations were detected in some individuals from genotypes B2 (AMP variation only), B4 and 70, but these were also found in controls. Genotype 70 showed the greatest level of variation; genomic DNA variation (RAF) was detected in control and cryopreservation treatment individuals, and the PVS2 control group was the only treatment group without variations for the respective AMP analysis. The variations observed could not be correlated with any phenotypic characteristics 2?months after acclimatisation.     

应用改良滴冻法超低温保存两种柿属植物的研究

以君迁子（Diospyros lotus L．）和柿（D．kaki Thunb．）组培苗茎尖为试材,对影响超低温保存效果的主要因素,如低温锻炼方式、预培养条件、PVS：（30％甘油＋15％乙二醇＋15％二甲基亚砜＋0．4mol／L蔗糖）处理时间等进行了研究。建立了2种柿属植物的超低温保存程序：（1）切取1cm左右试管苗梢段继代到1／2MS（KNO3和NH4NO3减半）培养基中,交替低温[昼（25±1）℃、夜（4±1）℃]锻炼6周;在含0．5mol／L蔗糖的1／2MS培养基上预培养5d,20℃下装载液（2．0mol／L甘油＋0．4mol／L蔗糖）过渡10min,0℃下PVS2处理1．5h;（2）投入液氮保存;（3）40℃水浴化冻,洗涤5～6次后接种于含1．0mg／LTDZ、0．6g／L可溶性PVP、30g／L蔗糖和7．0g／L琼脂的培养基（作者在优化柿属植物离体培养体系试验中获得）上暗培养1周,转入25℃,1500lx培养室。按照上述程序培养,‘鄂柿1号’、‘湘西甜柿’和君迁子的成活率分别为79．6％、67．4％和60．9％。     

玻璃化法超低温保存蛇莓茎尖

本文采用玻璃化法对蛇莓离体茎尖超低温保存进行了初步探讨。研究了低温锻炼时间、预培养时间、预处理时间、玻璃化液处理时间和液氮保存时间对超低温保存后成活率的影响。经优化,蛇莓的最高成活率可达（42.00±2.74）%。     

Field performance evaluation and genetic integrity assessment of cryopreserved papaya clones

This paper is the first report of field performance and evaluation of morphological traits following cryopreservation in four genotypes of Carica papaya (Z6, 97, TS2 and 35). It also describes the successful establishment of in vitro plantlets following vitrification-based cryopreservation of shoot tips and their acclimatisation through to field establishment. Cloned plants resulting from untreated controls, as well as controls taken at three other stages of the cryopreservation process (dissection, pre-treatment, plant vitrification solution 2 (PVS2) treatment) and cryopreserved plants were established to ensure a rigorous appraisal of any variation. Results indicate no differences between any of the control plants or cryopreserved plants for either growth performance or morphology. In addition, both randomly amplified DNA fingerprinting and amplified DNA methylation polymorphism markers were used to assess any genomic or methylation changes in genotype 97 at four different developmental stages post cryopreservation (in vitro, acclimatisation and field). Only small genomic DNA modifications (0–8.3%) were detected in field stage plants and methylation modifications (0–4.3%) were detected at both the in vitro and field stages for samples treated with PVS2 or cryopreservation.     

Cryopreservation of Teucrium polium L. shoot-tips by vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration

Teucrium polium L. with the common name of Felty Germander is one of the plants flora that is widely used in folk medicine in many Middle East countries, it is an endangered plant species and must be highly considered for preservation. Cryopreservation of T. polium by vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration was successfully achieved in this study. Shoot-tips were excised aseptically from in vitro grown plants and incubated for 3?days on solid hormone free-Murashige and Skoog (HF-MS) media supplemented with 0.3?M sucrose under complete darkness at 24?±?1?°C. In vitrification, shoot-tips were loaded in 0.4?M sucrose and 2?M glycerol for 20?min followed by desiccation with different combinations and concentrations of plant vittrification solution 2 (PVS2), before immersion in Liquid Nitrogen (LN). Whereas for the encapsulation-dehydration; shoot-tips were encapsulated in calcium alginate and dehydrated under laminar air flow cabinet for 0, 3, 6, or 9?h. A total of 60?% of the cryopreserved vitrified shoot-tips survived when desiccated in concentrated PVS2 solution for 20?min, whereas, 28?% of the cryopreserved vitrified shoot-tips were regrown after 20?min of desiccation by two step increase in PVS2 concentration. Complete survival were obtained for the non-cryopreserved encapsulated shoot-tips treated for 3?days in 0.5?M sucrose with MS media without or with 3?h of dehydration, whereas, only 20?% of the cryopreserved encapsulated shoot-tips were regrown. The procedures developed in this study are easy to handle and produced a high levels of shoot formation.     

Advances in cryopreservation of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks.) shoot-tips: assessment of new biotechnological and cryogenic factors

The effect of dehydration, cryopreservation, and reculture conditions on growth recovery (%) of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) shoot-tips was evaluated using a D-cryoplate procedure. Tissues were excised from in vitro grown plantlets, preconditioned on MS semisolid medium supplemented with 0.15 M trehalose for 1 d, loaded in a solution of 0.4 M sucrose or trehalose and 2 M glycerol for 30 min, and dehydrated within a laminar flow cabinet for various durations (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min). The same preconditioning and loading treatments were compared using dehydration with vitrification solutions (PVS2 or PVS3) for 30 min at room temperature according to droplet-vitrification and V-cryoplate methods. The highest (33%) recovery of cryopreserved shoot-tips was achieved using the D-cryoplate method after 0.15 M trehalose preconditioning, loading with sucrose-glycerol solution and desiccation for 180 min. DSC analyses revealed that the osmotically active water (OAW) content of the shoot-tips was reduced from 77% (fresh weight basis) to 17% after the only effective drying duration (180 min). Melting endotherms indicated that crystallization events accompanied cryopreservation of the tissues. Proliferation of multiple shoots was obtained by indirect organogenesis. Histological analysis of the explants during post-cryopreservation recovery confirmed the organogenic nature of the callus formed after 3–4 mo of reculture in the dark on semisolid multiplication medium. This was followed by a secondary organogenesis on MS medium with kinetin (2 mg L⁻¹) and exposure to a photoperiod. At present, this is the most optimized cryopreservation protocol for shoot-tips of V. planifolia.

     

Global DNA methylation profiles of somatic embryos of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) are influenced by cryoprotectants and droplet-vitrification cryopreservation

Regrowth capacity and genetic stability of plants recovered following cryopreservation are associated with changes in DNA epigenetics, particularly in DNA methylation levels. In this study, global DNA methylation profiles associated with frequency of regrowth of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) somatic embryos following cryopreservation using droplet-vitrification were investigated. Somatic embryo clusters (SEC) subjected to plant vitrification solution 3 (PVS3) for different durations (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min) were evaluated for regrowth capacity. The highest frequency of regrowth (52.4 %) was obtained when SEC were incubated in PVS3 for 120 min prior to droplet-vitrification cryopreservation. Global DNA methylation profiles were influenced by both cryoprotectants and droplet-vitrification cryopreservation. Incubation of SEC in PVS3 for limited durations not only reduced frequency of regrowth, but also increased DNA methylations levels when compared with proliferating SEC grown in a temporary immersion system. Although SEC subjected to cryopreservation exhibited the highest DNA methylation variation, 120 min SEC incubation in a PVS3 solution resulted in the recovery of initial global methylation profiles after 24 weeks of regrowth.     

Cryopreservation: A tool to conserve date palm in Saudi Arabia

The cryostoring of embryogenic tissue of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Sagai) was examined through dehydrated-encapsulation, vitrification, and vitrification-encapsulation. The most extreme regeneration rate (53.33%) of epitomized, cryostored liquid nitrogen (+LN) treated embryos was observed when pre-embryonic masses were hatched with 0.5 M sucrose for 48 h pursued by 6 h air drying out. The most noteworthy survival rate (80.0%) of epitomized, cryopreserved embryonic cluster came about when calli were hatched with 0.3 or 0.7 M sucrose for 48 h pursued by four hours of lack of hydration, or with 0.5 M sucrose for 48 h without air drying out or with 2 h of air drying out. Following cryopreservation utilizing the embodiment vitrification convention, the most astounding survival (86.7%) as well as the greatest growth (46.7%) was accomplished when the typified vitrified, cryopreserved calli were treated with Vitrification Solution 2 for plants (PVS2) for 60 min at 25 °C. Cryopreservation utilizing the vitrification convention brought about the most extreme recuperation of 53.3%, when vitrified-cryopreserved calli were subjected to PVS2 solution for 30 min at 25 °C. Most extreme (40%) regeneration of vitrified, cryopreserved embryonic calli was seen when these calli were treated with PVS2 solution for 60 min at 25 °C. The outcome got amid this investigation of regrowth after cryopreservation of the cv. Sagai was over the base suitable for a cryo-germplasm bank. Recovery and regrowth were above 30% for all the techniques developed for the cv. Sagai.     

Changes of soluble sugars and ATP content during DMSO droplet freezing and PVS3 droplet vitrification of potato shoot tips

The potato's great genetic diversity needs to be maintained for future agricultural applications and can be preserved at ultra-low temperatures. To decipher detailed physiological processes, the aim of the study was to analyze the regrowth in 28 gene bank accessions and to reveal metabolite changes in a subset of four accessions that showed pronounced differences after shoot tip cryopreservation using DMSO droplet freezing and PVS3 droplet vitrification. Regrowth varied in all 28 genotypes ranging from 5% (‘Kagiri’) to 100% (‘Karakter’) and was higher after PVS3 droplet vitrification (71 ± 19%) than after cryopreservation using DMSO (54 ± 17%). Sucrose, glucose, and fructose were analyzed and showed significant increases after pre-culture in combination with PVS3 or DMSO and liquid nitrogen treatment and were reduced during regeneration. In contrast, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reached its minimum concentration after cryoprotection and liquid nitrogen treatment and recovered most quickly after PVS3 droplet vitrification. A shortening of the explant pre-culture period reduced dramatically the regrowth after PVS3 vitrification. However, correlations between the shoot tip regrowth and sugar concentration were absent and significant at a low extent with ATP (r = 0.4, P < 0.01). Interestingly, several sub-cultivations of the donor plants from the previous stock affected negatively the regrowth. In conclusion, the cryopreservation protocol, genotypes, pre-culture period and number of sub-cultures affect the regrowth ability of explants, which was best estimated by the ATP concentration after low-temperature treatment. Due to the superior performance of PVS3, the routine potato cryopreservation at the Gatersleben gene bank was changed to PVS3 droplet vitrification.