耐盐及苯乙酸、甲基对硫磷降解基因工程菌的构建

H1（Halomonas sp.）是一株耐高盐浓度（18% NaCl, W/V）和降解苯乙酸的菌株,pDT3质粒为pUC19插入甲基对硫磷水解酶基因（mpd基因）构建而成。采用ＨindⅢ酶切,获得含有完整mpd基因片段,克隆到广宿主质粒pKT230和pBBR1MCS2上,构建成质粒pKTMP和pBBRMP。通过三亲杂交,在辅助质粒pRK2013的帮助下,将质粒pKTMP和pBBRMP转移到Ｈ１中,得到的工程菌HpKTMP和HpBBRMP具有耐盐、降解苯乙酸和水解甲基对硫磷的功能,其中HpBBRMP水解酶活性与亲本菌株甲基对硫磷降解菌（Pseudomonas putida）DLLE4相当,而HpKTMP水解酶活性要提高1倍左右。经过传代试验,证明了工程菌的稳定性。     

根癌农杆菌介导的白腐丝状真菌——黄孢原毛平革菌的转化

利用农杆菌介导的方法成功地对黄孢原毛平革菌（Phanerochaete chrysosporium）进行了遗传转化。将含有潮霉素磷酸转移酶融合基因的双元质粒pCH61300转入根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）208中,然后用该转化菌分别感染黄孢原毛平革菌的分生孢子和原生质体,获得16株可能的转化子,经复筛,共获得6株潮霉素抗性水平为100μg/mL的稳定转化子,分生孢子和原生质体的转化频率没有明显差别。PCR检测结果显示,抗性基因已导入黄孢原毛平革菌细胞中;Southern杂交表明,TDNA以单拷贝形式整合到黄孢原毛平革菌基因组中。其中的一个转化子菌落形态与原野生型菌株相比有所不同,菌丝稀薄,分生孢子较少。利用分生孢子转化更为简便易行,无需特殊的设备和制备原生质体,此方法为深入开展该菌的遗传转化研究奠定了基础。     

絮凝性强的优良面包酵母菌株的选育

通过初筛、单倍体分离、DES诱变、絮凝基因的克隆表达及杂交等育种技术成功构建了高生物量、耐高糖、强絮凝的优良面包酵母菌株(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ZLTH58(MATa/α,leu,FLO1)。菌株ZLTH58具有双亲的优良性状,遗传性状稳定。对其生物量、耐高糖能力、絮凝特性进行了检测,结果表明,菌株ZLTH58的生物量是原始亲株BL56的1.21倍;耐高糖能力优于原始亲株BL61;絮凝性能明显优于原始亲株BL56和BL61。对其培养条件进行了优化,在优化的培养条件下,生物量可以达到83.06g/L,为初始培养条件下的1.35倍。     

一株硅酸盐细菌的鉴定及其系统发育学分析

从南京地区黄棕壤中分离的一株好氧、革兰氏阴性、产芽孢的硅酸盐细菌NBT菌株,能产生丰厚的荚膜,具有鞭毛,能水解淀粉、产生吲哚、液化明胶,全细胞脂肪酸为硬脂酸C16∶0、软脂酸C18∶1(Δ9)和anteisoC15,DNA的G+C mol%为537%。16S rRNA基因测序和系统发育学分析的结果表明,该菌株与胶质芽孢杆菌B7519（Bacillus mucilaginosus）、土壤芽孢杆菌B7517（B. edaphicus）亲缘关系最近。该菌株与B. edaphicus B7517的总DNA杂交率为69%,在形态、生理生化特征上有差异,故可把NBT菌株定为Bacillus edaphicus的一个亚种。     

神经营养素-3基因的人工合成及其在毕赤酵母中的分泌性表达

根据人神经营养素3（Human neurotrohin3,hNT3）的基因序列,把编码氨基酸的密码子转换成毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris）偏爱的形式,设计了10条36～59nt的寡聚核苷酸引物,通过5次连续PCR反应,获得了人工合成的NT3 cDNA片段（简称NT3b基因）。将合成的NT3b基因克隆到pPIC9K质粒上,获得重组表达载体pPIC9KNT3b。将重组表达载体pPIC9KNT3b和pPIC9KhNT3分别电击转化宿主毕赤酵母GS115菌株,经筛选得到重组转化子。不同转化子经甲醇诱导,表达产物进行SDSPAGE检测、Western blot检测和ELISA分析,结果表明,NT3b基因和hNT3基因成功获得分泌性表达,从整体水平上,使用偏爱密码子的NT3b基因在毕赤酵母GS115菌株中的表达明显优越于hNT3基因(x2=4.334,P<0.05),表达量在诱导后72～96h最高,达到31mg/L左右。     

猪β干扰素在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及其对伪狂犬病毒的抑制作用

了研制高活性的重组猪β干扰素,对PoIFNβ成熟蛋白第3、7和164位的3个氨基酸密码子进行毕赤酵母偏嗜性改造并构建了酵母表达载体pPICZαAPIB。pPICZαAPIB经SacⅠ酶切线性化后电转化导入毕赤酵母菌株X33。多株PCR鉴定为阳性的酵母转化子经甲醇诱导发酵分泌表达了PoIFNβ, 其中B1株酵母的PoIFNβ产量最高,约为2.5×10.5U/mL,其表达量约为60μg/mL,比活为4.17×10.6U/mg。将发酵上清液用PEG20000浓缩后进行SDSPAGE和Western blot检测,结果表明表达产物是分子量约为28kDa和25kDa蛋白的混合物,两者均可与PoIFNβ阳性抗血清发生特异反应。表达产物比PoIFNβ理论推导分子量（约20.8kDa）大,推测可能是表达产物发生了不同程度的糖基化。重组PoIFNβ对伪狂犬病毒在细胞中增殖可呈现抑制作用,并且rPoIFNβ对伪狂犬病毒在MDBK细胞上早期增殖的抑制效果最为明显。     

编码1,3-丙二醇氧化还原酶基因的克隆和表达

采用PCR法克隆了巴氏梭菌（Clostridium pasteurianum）CpN86菌株编码1,3丙二醇氧化还原酶基因（dhaT基因）;完成了dhaT基因测序、表达载体构建和在大肠杆菌中表达;分离和纯化了dhaT基因表达的重组蛋白。实验结果：（1）PCR法克隆的dhaT基因和肺炎克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella pneumoniae菌株dhaT基因的序列同源性为829%;（2）dhaT基因表达蛋白的酶活为108U/mg;（3）dhaT基因表达的蛋白分子量为43kD;（4）Western blot确定了dhaT基因表达的蛋白和 CpN86菌株天然蛋白有相同的抗原反应。     

富养罗尔斯通氏菌菌株 PHB“泄漏”机理的初探

建立了一种分离纯化聚羟基丁酸(Polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB)颗粒的改良方法。采用这种方法从Ralstonia eutropha菌株H16（野生型）、SK1489（Tn5诱变的PHB泄漏菌株）、JMP222（野生的PHB泄漏菌株）分离了PHB颗粒。进一步比较研究了不同菌株的PHB解聚酶和3羟基丁酸脱氢酶的活性。研究结果表明,菌株SK1489的PHB解聚酶活性（48h培养后达1.82 U/mg）明显高于野生型菌株H16(48 h培养后达0.37 U/mg),菌株JMP222的3羟基丁酸脱氢酶活性(培养96 h后达1659 U/mg)比菌株H16培养(96 h后达640 U/mg)高许多。这些结果显示,不同菌株PHB的泄漏有不同的原因,突变株SK1489导致PHB泄漏的原因是解聚酶活性高,而野生型JMP222 PHB泄漏的原因主要是3羟基丁酸脱氢酶活性高。     

铁和镍对光合细菌生长和产氢的影响

基于金属元素在生物体功能发挥中的作用以及它们参与光合细菌光合放氢的重要性,着重进行了铁和镍对沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas palustris）Z菌株和一株红杆菌（Rhodobactersp.）细胞生长、光合放氢和光合色素合成影响的研究。结果表明,高浓度Fe3+可显著提高两菌株光放氢能力和生物合成能力,最适浓度的Fe3+可使其产氢能力分别达对照组的1.32倍和2.8倍,产氢得率分别为360.6mL/g和385.9 mL/g,生物量分别为对照组的1.42倍和1.54倍。9μmol/L Ni2+的添加可使两菌株产氢能力分别达对照组的1.48倍和1.96倍,产氢得率分别为429.7mL/g和456.3 mL/g。而当Ni2+浓度为12μmol/L时,两菌株的产氢活性受到不同程度的抑制,产氢得率分别降低46.7%和19.4%。在铁浓度相同时,添加6μmol/L Ni2+能明显促进两菌株的生长。而当Ni2+浓度大于6μmol/L时,细胞生长受到抑制。Fe3+和Ni2+对Rhodobactersp.菌株类胡萝卜色素有显著影响。研究结果显示, 426nm色素峰随铁浓度的增加和镍的添加而消失,同时,产氢活性提高。     

植物激素对破囊壶菌生长与产DHA的影响

研究了植物激素对破囊壶菌(Thraustochytrium roseum) MF2产DHA的影响作用。实验结果表明：植物激素对T.roseum MF2的生长和产DHA有很大影响;赤霉素(GA)能促进DHA的合成,6苄基腺嘌呤(BA)能显著促进T.roseum　MF2的生长,二者的配合使用能明显增加DHA的产量;培养基中适宜的添加量为2mg/L GA和3mg/L BA,可使DHA产量达到982mg/L。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.