晚熟芽变脐橙在果实成熟阶段与原品种在糖酸代谢的差异

奉节晚橙(Citrus sinensis) (FW)为奉节72-1脐橙(FJ)的一个晚熟芽变品种, 比原品种成熟期推迟1个月以上. 测定了两个品种在成熟阶段果肉和果皮的糖组分(蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖)和酸组分(苹果酸和柠檬酸)的含量, 并分析了相关代谢酶基因的转录情况. 结果表明, FW中的糖分和酸代谢受到芽变的影响. FW果肉组织中的各糖分含量在花后227天前显著低于FJ, 不过在花后263天则显著高于后者. FW果肉中的蔗糖合成酶基因(CitSS1)的表达比原品种延迟, 而酸性转化酶基因(CitAI)的表达水平在花后207和263天高于原品种. 在FW果皮组织中, 仅有蔗糖含量在果实成熟早期(花后165和187天)显著低于FJ, 不过蔗糖相关裂解酶基因与后者相比在成熟时期不同阶段表现出较高的表达水平. 分析两品种酸代谢变化发现, 芽变品种果肉中苹果酸含量在整个果实成熟期都显著低于原品种, 不过在果皮中则显著低于后者; FW 果皮和果肉中柠檬酸的含量在果实成熟前期高于FJ, 但是在果实成熟后期则低于后者. 柠檬酸含量差异部分与柑橘线粒体柠檬酸合成酶基因高量表达及柑橘质体乌头酸酶基因的低水平表达相关. 明确了芽变品种在果实成熟过程中糖酸代谢相关指标的差异变化, 可以认为发生在FW中的突变影响了其糖酸代谢, 这种代谢的变化可能与其他晚熟特征相关.     

外源ABA和GA3对红肉脐橙果皮色素含量的影响

测定红肉脐橙果实发育期间和果实转色期间施用外源ABA和GA3的果皮中叶绿素和总类胡萝卜素含量变化的结果表明:红肉脐橙果皮中叶绿素总量于9月20日出现最大值,为0.1469 mg·g-1(FW);类胡萝卜素总量于12月21日达到最大值,为0.0321 mg·g-1(FW);转色期用外源ABA处理后果皮叶绿素降解加速,而类胡萝卜素积累受抑;转色期施用GA3并不能延缓果皮叶绿素的降解,但能抑制类胡萝卜素的积累,因而阻碍了果皮类胡萝卜素的合成.     

水稻幼苗条纹突变体yss1的转录组分析

利用60Co辐射诱变籼稻品种"Ⅱ-32B",筛选得到一个水稻幼苗条纹突变体yss1,该突变体在水稻五叶期前表现出明显的条纹叶表型;色素分析表明yss1叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量明显低于野生型,五叶期后突变体和野生型无显著差异。利用转录组分析水稻三叶期野生型和突变体yss1中的基因表达,表明与野生型相比,yss1中表达差异显著的基因432个,其中274个表达上调,158个表达下调。GO分析显示叶绿素合成途径中多数基因表达上调,类胡萝卜素合成过程中的相关基因受到不同程度地调控。因此,推测YSS1基因通过调节叶绿素和类胡萝卜素合成过程中的基因表达,进而调控光合色素的合成。     

柑橘果皮颜色的形成与类胡萝卜素组分变化的关系

分析了果皮分别为红、橙和黄颜色的柑橘品种“满头红”、“尾张”和“胡柚”果实着色过程中果皮类胡萝卜素组分及含量的变化。结果表明,随着果实的发育和成熟,果皮叶绿素含量下降,α-胡萝卜素、β—胡萝卜素含量逐渐下降直至消失,而β—隐黄质、β-柠乌素、玉米黄质等叶黄素成分含量逐渐上升,果实逐渐褪绿并呈现其特征色泽。“胡柏”果皮中类胡萝卜素总量及其橙、红色类胡萝卜素成分β-隐黄质和β-柠乌素积累少是其颜色淡、呈黄色的主要原因;三种果实的颜色差异并非由于果皮类胡萝卜素总量的差异,而主要是由于果皮不同类胡萝卜素成分组成比例不同。“满头红”以积累红色的β-柠乌素为主,而“尾张”则以积累橙色的β-隐黄质为主。     

黄化茶树新梢色素和主要生化成分含量变化特征及其相关性分析

以茶树黄化品种‘中黄3号’(‘ZH3’)和常绿品系‘苔茶15’(‘TC15’)为材料,检测其4、5、7、8月新梢(一芽二叶)色素和主要生化成分含量,探讨不同月份黄化茶树新梢色素和主要生化成分累积的特征以及它们之间的关系。结果表明:(1)新梢叶绿素a、总叶绿素含量在两种茶树中均随生育期先降低后上升,叶绿素b含量变化趋势不同,但均以8月份最高,‘ZH3’叶绿素b含量在4、5月份分别比‘TC15’低41.9%、54.9%,在7、8月份分别比‘TC15’高47.5%、22.1%;新梢类胡萝卜素含量在‘ZH3’中呈递减趋势,而在‘TC15’中表现为先下降后上升再下降;花青素含量在两种茶树中均先上升后下降,在4、5、8月份‘ZH3’略高于‘TC15’,在7月份‘ZH3’比‘TC15’低26.4%。(2)两种茶树新梢的花青素含量在总色素中占比均先增加后降低,总叶绿素含量占比则表现先降后升的变化趋势;类胡萝卜素含量占比在‘ZH3’中呈递减趋势,而在‘TC15’中先递减后小幅上升。(3)两种茶树新梢的游离氨基酸含量均先降低后上升并以4月份最高,茶多酚含量则均先升后降并以7月份最高,‘ZH3’水浸出物和咖啡碱含量在月份间变化不显著。(4)‘ZH3’新梢的游离氨基酸、水浸出物和咖啡碱含量与各色素含量相关均不显著,而其茶多酚含量与叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量均呈显著正相关关系,与类胡萝卜素含量呈显著负相关关系;‘TC15’新梢的水浸出物和茶多酚含量与花青素含量、游离氨基酸含量与总叶绿素含量、咖啡碱含量与叶绿素a以及总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量均呈显著正相关关系。研究发现,黄化茶树品种‘中黄3号’新梢颜色越黄,类胡萝卜素、游离氨基酸含量越高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、茶多酚含量越低,叶绿素a/b值较高,花青素含量适中,茶树新梢色素含量与其主要生化成分含量关系密切。     

中华猕猴桃品种‘Hort16A’果肉颜色形成的分子机制

对中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch.)品种‘Hort16A’果实发育过程(花后2~140 d及采后7~16 d)中果肉颜色的变化进行了观察,并对果实采后果肉中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量以及叶绿素和类胡萝卜素生物合成和降解相关基因的表达进行了研究。结果表明:花后2~140 d,中华猕猴桃品种‘Hort16A’的果肉为绿色;采后7~16 d,果肉颜色由绿变黄,果肉中叶绿素含量先升高后显著降低,类胡萝卜素含量无显著变化;类胡萝卜素/叶绿素比在采后16 d显著升高。采后12 d果肉中叶绿素生物合成相关基因中CAO1、Glu TR1、LHCB1、LHCB2、CBR1和CLH1基因的相对表达量较采后7 d显著升高,之后显著降低;采后12~16 d果肉中叶绿素降解相关基因中PAO1、PAO2、PPH1、PPH_2、PPH3、SGR1和SGR2基因的相对表达量总体上显著高于采后7 d,说明果肉中叶绿素含量降低是叶绿素的生物合成减少及其降解增加共同作用的结果。采后12~16 d果肉中类胡萝卜素生物合成相关基因中Crt ISO1、ZISO1、LCYB2、CYP1和CHY1基因的相对表达量较采后7 d显著升高,类胡萝卜素降解相关基因中NCED1、NCED2、ZEP1和CCD2基因的相对表达量也显著升高,说明类胡萝卜素生物合成和降解达到平衡,导致类胡萝卜素含量无显著变化。相关性分析结果显示:中华猕猴桃品种‘Hort16A’果实采后果肉中叶绿素含量与PAO2基因的相对表达量在0.05水平上显著正相关,但与SGR1基因的相对表达量显著负相关;类胡萝卜素含量与LCYB2和CYP1基因的相对表达量在0.05水平上显著正相关;个别叶绿素和类胡萝卜素生物合成和降解相关基因相对表达量间的相关性在0.05或0.01水平上显著。研究结果显示:中华猕猴桃品种‘Hort16A’果实采后果肉中叶绿素的生物合成减少及其降解增加是导致叶绿素含量降低和果肉变黄的主要原因。     

海拔对白肋烟质体色素含量及相关基因表达的影响

以‘鄂烟1号’为供试品种,于湖北恩施选取高、中、低3个海拔(海拔高度分别为1 560m、1 200m、800m)种植区,研究不同海拔白肋烟主要生育期(旺长期、成熟期)内烟叶质体色素含量及其合成代谢过程中相关基因表达的差异,探讨白肋烟质体色素代谢对海拔高度的生理响应机制。结果表明:烟叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量及旺长期类胡萝卜素总量均以中海拔地区最高,且显著或极显著高于其他海拔梯度;成熟期高海拔烟叶类胡萝卜素总量最高,且较旺长期明显增加。叶绿素及旺长期类胡萝卜素合成有关的基因均为中海拔表达最强,成熟期类胡萝卜素合成基因在高海拔表达最强。结果说明‘鄂烟1号’更适宜种植在中海拔地区。     

奉节脐橙果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性及其基因表达与果皮褐变的关系

柑橘果皮褐变严重影响果实的商品价值和耐贮性．以奉节脐橙（Citrus sinensis Osbcck）果实为材料,通过采后常温、涂蜡、低温、机械损伤等处理研究了果实果皮褐变率、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性及PAL上基因在果皮褐变过程中表达水平的变化。结果表明,涂蜡、损伤处理均极显著地提高果实的果皮褐变率,而低温贮藏可显著降低其发生率;贮藏期问各处理的PAL活性均呈上升趋势,损伤处理PAL活性显著高于对照。果实发生褐变或受到机械损伤后,PAL2、PAL6基因的表达均比对照明显增强。结果首次表明脐橙果实PAL活性变化以及PAL2基因的表达与果皮褐变具有非常密切的关系．     

植物生理与分子生物学学报2006年第32卷第1～6期总目次

第1期综述植物对重金属镉的耐受机制张军,束文圣(1)植物的硫同化及其相关酶活性在镉胁迫下的调节孙雪梅,杨志敏(9)高等植物雄性不育的细胞生物学研究进展谢潮添,魏冬梅,田惠桥(17)研究报告超大型烟草突变株的生理生化特征和分子生物学鉴定(英文)陈刚,赵宇玮,贾敬芬,王瑛华,郝建国(24)脐橙晚熟突变体“奉晚”与原品种“奉节72-1”的果实着色差异(英文)刘永忠,唐鹏,陶能国,徐强,彭抒昂,邓秀新,向可术,黄仁湖(31)水稻OsRab5a基因功能的初步分析贾巧君,齐晓朋,吴平(37)根癌农杆菌介导转化川草二号老芒麦胚性愈伤组织李达旭,张杰,赵建,张艺,李力…     

球等鞭金藻对氟苯尼考胁迫的响应研究

研究以球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)为研究对象, 分析在不同浓度氟苯尼考暴露下, 球等鞭金藻的生长、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和脂肪酸含量的变化。结果表明, 氟苯尼考对球等鞭金藻的生长呈“低促高抑”作用, 其72h-EC₅₀为17.12 mg/L; 随着暴露浓度(≥1 mg/L)增加, 细胞内叶绿素含量显著下降, 光合作用受到抑制, 而类胡萝卜素含量显著上升。脂肪酸和类胡萝卜素共同参与藻细胞的防御机制, 氟苯尼考(< 1 mg/L)暴露引起细胞内总脂肪酸含量显著降低。研究探究了水产养殖环境中抗生素残留的生态风险, 为水产养殖过程中抗生素的科学合理使用提供了理论依据。     

Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis during fruit maturation in the red-fleshed orange mutant Cara Cara

Cara Cara is a spontaneous bud mutation of Navel orange (Citrus. sinensis L. Osbeck) characterized by developing fruits with a pulp of bright red coloration due to the presence of lycopene. Peel of mutant fruits is however orange and indistinguishable from its parental. To elucidate the basis of lycopene accumulation in Cara Cara, we analyzed carotenoid profile and expression of three isoprenoid and nine carotenoid genes in flavedo and pulp of Cara Cara and Navel fruits throughout development and maturation. The pulp of the mutant accumulated high amounts of lycopene, but also phytoene and phytofluene, from early developmental stages. The peel of Cara Cara also accumulated phytoene and phytofluene. The expression of isoprenoid genes and of carotenoid biosynthetic genes downstream PDS (phytoene desaturase) was higher in the pulp of Cara Cara than in Navel. Not important differences in the expression of these genes were observed between the peel of both oranges. Moreover, the content of the plant hormone ABA (abscisic acid) was lower in the pulp of Cara Cara, but the expression of two genes involved in its biosynthesis was higher. The results suggest that an altered carotenoid composition may conduct to a positive feedback regulatory mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis in citrus fruits. Increased levels of isoprenoid precursors in the mutant that could be channeled to carotenoid biosynthesis may be related to the red-fleshed phenotype of Cara Cara.     

Catalytic activities and chloroplast import of carotenogenic enzymes from citrus

Citrus fruits are a rich source of carotenoids. cDNAs for carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes have been identified from their flavedos and juice sacs, and were used to examine expression patterns of carotenogenic genes during fruit development by several groups. However, functions of most of the gene products have not been verified yet. In this report, we examined catalytic activities of two carotenogenic enzymes from navel orange ( Citrus sinensis Osbeck), phytoene desaturase (CitPds) and lycopene-β-cyclase (CitLcyb), and one enzyme from Satsuma mandarin ( Citrus unshiu Marcow), lycopene-ɛ-cyclase (CitLcye). We also conducted in vitro import assay of the three proteins along with two other carotenogenic enzyme from navel orange, phytoene synthase (CitPsy) and carotenoid β-ring hydroxylase (CitChyb), using isolated chloroplasts, and confirmed their plastid localization and the presence of transit peptides that were cleaved upon import. Furthermore, we examined their suborganellar localization. CitPsy was found to be peripherally associated with the membrane, while CitPds was mainly recovered in the soluble fraction. By contrast, CitLcyb and CitLcye were targeted both to the soluble and to the membrane compartments, although the latter showed a stronger association to the membrane than the former. Finally, CitChyb was exclusively inserted into the chloroplast internal membranes. These data should help us better understand the mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis.     

Expression of phytoene synthase gene (Psy) is enhanced during fruit ripening of Cara Cara navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)

Citrus is an important fruit crop as regards accumulation of carotenoids. In plant carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene synthase gene (Psy) plays a key role in catalyzing the head-to-head condensation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate molecules to produce colorless phytoene. In the present paper, we reported the phytoene contents determination and characterization of Psy during fruit ripening of “Washington” navel orange and its red-fleshed mutant “Cara Cara”. Results showed that phytoene was exclusively accumulated in peel and pulp of “Cara Cara”. Although phytoene was observed accumulating with fruit ripening of “Cara Cara”, the contents in pulp were 10 times higher than those in peel. The isolated two Psy cDNAs were both 1520 bp in full length, containing 436 deduced amino acid residues, with a different amino acid at 412th. Genomic hybridization results showed that one or two copies might be present in “Cara Cara” and “Washington” genomes. During “Cara Cara” and “Washington” fruit coloration, expression of Psy was observed to be up-regulated, as revealed by tissue specific profiles in the flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs. However, Psy expression in albedo of “Cara Cara” was higher than that in “Washington”, as evidenced by phytoene accumulation in the peel.     

beta-Carotene accumulation induced by the cauliflower Or gene is not due to an increased capacity of biosynthesis

The cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) Or gene is a rare carotenoid gene mutation that confers a high level of beta-carotene accumulation in various tissues of the plant, turning them orange. To investigate the biochemical basis of Or-induced carotenogenesis, we examined the carotenoid biosynthesis by evaluating phytoene accumulation in the presence of norflurazon, an effective inhibitor of phytoene desaturase. Calli were generated from young seedlings of wild type and Or mutant plants. While the calli derived from wild type seedlings showed a pale green color, the calli derived from Or seedlings exhibited intense orange color, showing the Or mutant phenotype. Concomitantly, the Or calli accumulated significantly more carotenoids than the wild type controls. Upon treatment with norflurazon, both the wild type and Or calli synthesized significant amounts of phytoene. The phytoene accumulated at comparable levels and no major differences in carotenogenic gene expression were observed between the wild type and Or calli. These results suggest that Or-induced beta-carotene accumulation does not result from an increased capacity of carotenoid biosynthesis.     

Cloning and knockout of phytoene desaturase gene in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sphingomonas elodea</Emphasis> ATCC 31461 for economic recovery of gellan gum

A gene encoding phytoene desaturase (crtI) in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway of Sphingomonas elodea ATCC 31461, an industrial gellan gum-producing strain, was cloned and identified. This gene is predicted to encode a 492-amino acid protein with significant homology to the phytoene desaturase of other carotenogenic organisms. Knockout of crtI gene blocked yellow carotenoid pigment synthesis and resulted in the accumulation of colorless phytoene, confirming that it encodes phytoene desaturase. Further research indicates that the yield of gellan gum production by crtI gene knockout mutants is almost the same as that by the wild-type strain. In addition, a recovery method based on the colorless fermentation broth of the crtI gene knockout mutant was investigated. Compared to the volume of alcohol for the parent strain, much less alcohol (30%) is required in this recovery process; thus, the costs of downstream purification of gellan gum can be substantially reduced.     

Genetic characterization of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 and isolation of a colorless mutant

Genomic searches were used to reconstruct the putative carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in the pink-pigmented facultative methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. Four genes for putative phytoene desaturases were identified. A colorless mutant was obtained by transposon mutagenesis, and the insertion was shown to be in one of the putative phytoene desaturase genes. Mutations in the other three did not affect color. The tetracycline marker was removed from the original transposon mutant, resulting in a pigment-free strain with wild-type growth properties useful as a tool for future experiments.     

Characterization of Pinalate,a novel Citrus sinensis mutant with a fruit-specific alteration that results in yellow pigmentation and decreased ABA content

The characterization of a novel mutant, named Pinalate, derived from the orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) Navelate, which produces distinctive yellow fruits instead of the typical bright orange colouration, is reported. The carotenoid content and composition, and ABA content in leaf and flavedo tissue (coloured part of the skin) of fruits at different developmental and maturation stages were analysed. No important differences in leaf carotenoid pattern of both phenotypes were found. However, an unusual accumulation of linear carotenes (phytoene, phytofluene and zeta- carotene) was detected in the flavedo of Pinalate. As fruit maturation progressed, the flavedo of mutant fruit accumulated high amounts of these carotenes and the proportion of cyclic and oxygenated carotenoids was substantially lower than in the parental line. Full-coloured fruit of Pinalate contained about 44% phytoene, 21% phytofluene, 25% zeta-carotene, and 10% of xanthophylls, whereas, in Navelate, 98% of total carotenoids were xanthophylls and apocarotenoids. The ABA content in the flavedo of Pinalate mature fruit was 3-6 times lower than in the corresponding tissue of Navelate, while no differences were found in leaves. Other maturation processes were not affected in Pinalate fruit. Taken together, the results indicate that Pinalate is a fruit-specific alteration defective in zeta-carotene desaturase or in zeta-carotene desaturase-associated factors. Possible mechanisms responsible for the Pinalate phenotype are discussed. Because of the abnormal fruit-specific carotenoid complement and ABA deficiency, Pinalate may constitute an excellent system for the study of carotenogenesis in Citrus and the involvement of ABA in fruit maturation and stress responses.     

Disruption of phytoene desaturase gene results in albino and dwarf phenotypes in Arabidopsis by impairing chlorophyll, carotenoid, and gibberellin biosynthesis

Carotenoids play an important role in many physiological processes in plants and the phytoene desaturase gene （PDS3） encodes one of the important enzymes in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Here we report the identification and analysis of a T-DNA insertion mutant of PDS3 gene. Functional complementation confirmed that both the albino and dwarfphenotypes ofthepds3 mutant resulted from functional disruption of the PDS3 gene. Chloroplast development was arrested at the proplastid stage in thepds3 mutant. Further analysis showed that high level ofphytoene was accumulated in the pds3 mutant. Addition of exogenous GA3 could partially rescue the dwarf phenotype, suggesting that the dwarf phenotype ofthepds3 mutant might be due to GA deficiency. Microarray and RT-PCR analysis showed that disrupting PDS3 gene resulted in gene expression changes involved in at least 20 metabolic pathways, including the inhibition of many genes in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and GA biosynthesis pathways. Our data suggest that the accumulated phytoene in the pds3 mutant might play an important role in certain negative feedbacks to affect gene expression of diverse cellular pathways.     

The cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 uses bacterial-type phytoene desaturase in carotenoid biosynthesis

Carotenoid composition and its biosynthetic pathway in the cyanobacterium Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 were investigated. beta-Carotene and (2S,2'S)-oscillol 2,2'-di(alpha-L-fucoside), and echinenone were major and minor carotenoids, respectively. We identified two unique genes for carotenoid biosynthesis using in vivo functional complementation experiments. In Gloeobacter, a bacterial-type phytoene desaturase (CrtI), rather than plant-type desaturases (CrtP and CrtQ), produced lycopene. This is the first demonstration of an oxygenic photosynthetic organism utilizing bacterial-type phytoene desaturase. We also revealed that echinenone synthesis is catalyzed by CrtW rather than CrtO. These findings indicated that Gloeobacter retains ancestral properties of carotenoid biosynthesis.