茶树芽叶紫化的生理生化分析及其关键酶基因的表达

从生理生化和分子水平方面比较了茶树紫化芽叶与成熟绿色叶片的差异。结果表明,紫色幼嫩新梢中茶多酚、儿茶素总量、咖啡碱含量高于成熟绿色叶片,差异达到极显著。光合色素中,成熟绿叶样品中叶绿素及叶绿素a、b的含量、类胡萝卜素的含量极显著高于幼嫩紫叶样品,花青素含量极显著低于幼嫩紫叶;在研究的9个花青素合成途径关键酶基因中,实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,PAL、C4H、CHS、CHI、F3H、F3'H、F3'5'H、DFR和ANS在幼嫩紫叶中均呈上调表达,从而促进花青素的合成,使芽叶呈现紫色。     

高茶氨酸茶树新品系‘福黄2号’黄化变异机理

为了探讨茶树黄化变异和高茶氨酸形成机理,文中选用‘福云6号’和高茶氨酸茶树新品系‘福黄2号’为试验材料,利用超微电镜、广泛靶向代谢组学、靶向代谢组学和转录组学联合分析了茶树黄化变异的相关色素、代谢组及转录组数据。结果表明,通过靶向测定主要生化成分,共鉴定到5种儿茶素、可可碱和咖啡碱,以及20种游离氨基酸,包括茶氨酸、谷氨酰胺、精氨酸和谷氨酸等,其中,‘福黄2号’的氨基酸含量显著高于‘福云6号’,茶氨酸含量高达57.37 mg/g。叶片的超微结构显示,‘福黄2号’叶绿体细胞结构模糊,基粒片层大部分排列散乱、间隙大,类囊体呈丝状。色素测定显示,叶绿素a和叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、类黄酮等色素含量显著下降,叶绿素酶（chlorophyllase,CLH）、9-顺式-环氧类胡萝卜素双加氧酶（9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase,NCED）、类黄酮3β-羟化酶（flavonoid 3β-hydroxylase,F3H）和类黄酮3'',5''-羟化酶（flavonoid 3'',5''-hydroxylase,F3''5''H）等相关关键调控基因发生显著变化。与‘福云6号’相比,‘福黄2号’中共鉴定出138个差异代谢物（significantly changed metabolites,SCMs）和658个差异表达基因（differentially expressed genes,DEGs）,KEGG富集分析表明,SCMs和DEGs显著富集到与氨基酸生物合成、谷胱甘肽代谢以及三羧酸循环等途径。‘福黄2号’黄化表型可能是光合作用蛋白、叶绿素代谢基因和叶绿素含量的缺乏所致。高茶氨酸的积累可能由于黄化叶中低氮消耗,以及碳骨架的缺乏,氨基和氮资源被更有效地储存,使得氨基酸合成通路中的代谢物及相关基因表达上调,茶氨酸成为黄化叶中显著积累的含氮化合物。     

不同施氮量对乌龙茶生长和生理的影响

以武夷肉桂为研究对象,研究不同施氮量对乌龙茶幼龄茶树生长和生理的影响。结果表明,幼龄茶树对氮肥的需求不强烈,其新梢生物量、根生物量和总生物量以及茶叶产量随施氮量的增加而下降。茶树新梢全氮、叶绿素、游离氨基酸、茶多酚和咖啡碱的含量随施氮量的增加而增加,而茶树碳氮比随着施氮量增加而下降;但施氮并没有影响茶树总碳含量。老叶叶绿素含量、根全氮和硝态氮含量、新梢总糖含量与施氮量呈二次曲线回归关系,适度施氮促进根对氮的吸收、老叶叶绿素合成和新梢总糖代谢,过度施氮则相反。新梢生物量与其硝态氮含量和游离氨基酸总量显著负相关;根生物量与根碳氮比和新梢咖啡碱含量显著负相关;茎叶生物量和总生物量与根含氮量显著正相关,但与新梢硝态氮和氨基酸含量显著负相关。过度施氮造成茶树生产力下降的主要原因是因为过度施氮极显著提高了茶树氨基酸代谢水平,使用于茶树生长的碳代谢产物（如总糖）减少,进而影响茶树的生长。     

欧洲卫矛秋冬转色期叶色变化的生理机制

以3个欧洲卫矛(Euonymus europaea)品种‘矮生’(Euonymus europaea‘Pumilis’)、‘八仙花’(E.europaea‘Aldenhamensis’)和‘白果’(E.europaea‘Albus’)为试验材料,测定其秋冬转色期叶色参数及各项生理指标的变化,分析色素与叶色参数、可溶性糖、相关酶的关系,探讨欧洲卫矛转色期叶片的呈色机理,为后期园林应用提供依据。结果表明:(1)‘八仙花’、‘白果’叶片明度参数L*值、色素参数b*值(黄/蓝)呈先升后降的单峰曲线,‘矮生’的L*值、b*值呈先降后升的单峰曲线,3个品种色素参数a*值(红/绿)在转色期间均不断上升。(2)各品种叶片叶绿素含量随生育期整体呈下降的趋势,主要是叶绿素a减少,叶绿素b与类胡萝素下降较为平稳;花色素苷含量、花色素苷/叶绿素比值呈上升趋势,类胡萝素/叶绿素比值整体呈下降的趋势。(3)各品种叶片可溶性糖含量随生育期呈先升后降的单峰曲线,它们的PAL活性呈波动上升趋势,POD活性整体呈下降趋势,PPO活性呈缓慢上升趋势。(4)相关性分析显示,3个品种叶色参数a*值与花色素苷含量均呈极显著正相关关系,‘矮生’花色素苷含量与叶绿素、类胡萝素含量呈显著负相关关系,‘八仙花’、‘白果花’的花色素苷含量与叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量呈不显著负相关关系。研究发现,影响欧洲卫矛秋冬转色期叶片变红的主要因素是叶绿素、花色素苷和可溶性糖相对含量及PAL、PPO活性,类胡萝卜素含量对叶片变红的贡献不大,POD活性对叶片变红无直接影响。     

建兰叶艺品种光合色素含量及叶绿素荧光特性分析

以建兰栽培品种‘八宝奇珍’Cymbidium ensifolium ‘Ba Bao Qi Zhen’为材料,对其正常绿色叶片及黄化变异叶片的光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数进行比较。结果表明,‘八宝奇珍’黄化变异叶片的叶绿素总量、叶绿素a 和叶绿素b 含量均显著低于正常绿色叶片,且随着黄化面积的增大呈现递减趋势;黄化变异叶片的初始荧光量(Fo)、最大荧光产量(Fm)、Kautsky 诱导效应最大荧光(Fp)、稳态光适应光化学淬灭系数(qP)以及光适应稳态荧光产量(Ft_Lss)均显著低于正常绿色叶片;PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)与正常绿色叶片无明显差异;稳态非光化学荧光淬灭系数(NPQ)高于正常绿色叶片。     

海拔对白肋烟质体色素含量及相关基因表达的影响

以‘鄂烟1号’为供试品种,于湖北恩施选取高、中、低3个海拔(海拔高度分别为1 560m、1 200m、800m)种植区,研究不同海拔白肋烟主要生育期(旺长期、成熟期)内烟叶质体色素含量及其合成代谢过程中相关基因表达的差异,探讨白肋烟质体色素代谢对海拔高度的生理响应机制。结果表明:烟叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量及旺长期类胡萝卜素总量均以中海拔地区最高,且显著或极显著高于其他海拔梯度;成熟期高海拔烟叶类胡萝卜素总量最高,且较旺长期明显增加。叶绿素及旺长期类胡萝卜素合成有关的基因均为中海拔表达最强,成熟期类胡萝卜素合成基因在高海拔表达最强。结果说明‘鄂烟1号’更适宜种植在中海拔地区。     

光胁迫对南方红豆杉叶片中叶绿体色素和紫杉醇含量的影响

研究了在光胁迫下南方红豆杉叶片中叶绿体色素含量和紫杉醇含量的动态变化。结果表明,与对照相比,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素的含量以及叶绿素a/叶绿素b比值在光胁迫下均减少,随胁迫时间的延长,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素的含量逐渐上升,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值先上升后下降;类胡萝卜素含量在前两周与对照相比降低,2周后高于对照;类胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值高于对照,随胁迫时间的延长,其趋势先降低后上升。光胁迫处理后,南方红豆杉叶片中紫杉醇含量与对照相比,在第1周时略有下降,而后随胁迫时间的延长,紫杉醇含量在第2周开始迅速大量积累,而在处理3周时达到较高值,已增加到1.5倍,这对提高人工种植的南方红豆杉中紫杉醇含量具有非常重要的意义。     

玉米黄化幼苗生理生化特性的研究

以玉米品种'户单26'为材料,研究了黑暗条件下生长的玉米黄化幼苗内光合色素、可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化酶活性的动态变化.结果表明,与正常条件下生长的对照组相比,黄化幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均明显降低,特别是叶绿素a含量大幅度降低;黄化幼苗的抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT活性显著提高,可溶性蛋白含量也显著增加.研究发现,黑暗条件下的玉米幼苗叶绿素a的合成受到了显著影响而表现出黄化现象,黄化幼苗能主动提高其自身抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量,减轻黑暗逆境对植物细胞的伤害.     

高温干旱季节遮阳网覆盖对茶园温湿度和茶树生理的影响

研究了高温干旱季节采用遮阳网覆盖红壤丘陵茶园的生态作用和对茶树生理的影响。与露地对照茶园相比,遮阳网覆盖处理茶园在高温干旱季节,各个观测时段的气温、树冠温度、叶面温度、地面温度和土壤温度均明显降低,茶园土壤水分含量、空气湿度和茶叶含水量明显提高,茶叶新梢的叶绿素、咖啡碱和氨基酸含量大幅度提高,茶多酚含量降低11．6％。连续高温干旱27～29d后遮阳网覆盖下茶树的叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和净光合速率均明显高于露地对照茶园。     

枫香秋季变色期叶色变化及其生理基础

为探究秋季枫叶呈色的关键生理因素,该文以转色期叶色为绿色、黄色和红色的枫香单株为试材,研究了L^*、a^*、b^*值变化与叶片色素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白质含量变化的相关性。结果表明:(1)在变色期,3种色彩枫香叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素均大量降解,花色素苷不同程度积累。(2)绿色叶单株叶绿素和类胡萝卜素始终保持较高含量,花色素苷含量上升4.2倍,叶片内色素含量比值始终保持稳定; 黄色叶单株叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量最低,花色素苷含量上升4.4倍,b^*值与叶绿素含量极显著负相关,与类胡萝卜素含量显著负相关,与花色素苷/类胡萝卜素含量比值极显著正相关; 红色叶单株叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量略高于黄色叶单株,花色素苷含量上升27.2倍,a^*值与叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量极显著负相关,与花色素苷含量显著正相关,与色素含量比值无显著相关性。(3)红色叶单株具有较高的可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白质含量。因此,在枫香叶片变色期,保持较高的叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,维持色素含量比值稳定使叶片呈现绿色; 叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的大量降解,以及花色素苷/类胡萝卜素含量比值的升高使叶片呈现黄色; 叶绿素的降解和花色素苷的大量合成使叶片呈现红色。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.