花生重要农艺及产量性状的全基因组关联分析

通过关联分析法发掘与花生(Arachis hypogaea)产量性状显著关联、同时又在花生基因组上随机分布的SSR位点及优异等位变异,可了解产量相关基因区域的分布特点,有助于利用分子标记辅助选择方法选育高产花生新品种。选用64个SSR标记,采用MLM(Q+K)方法对166份花生资源进行全基因组关联分析。结果表明,通过聚类分析和结构划分,供试群体受其综合性状遗传特点和来源地域的影响可被划分成7个亚群,聚类结果与群体结构基本一致,同时群体特点与材料来源地的生态划分符合同类聚集的规律。通过对6个产量相关性状的3年数值的关联分析,分别发掘出SSR位点有20个、33个和26个,2年以上重复检出的SSR位点有13个(P0.05),各SSR位点的表型变异解释率范围为0.011–0.348 1,平均为0.067 3;共检出590个等位变异,平均每个标记位点12.29个,表型变异解释率值最高的是与单株果数呈显著关联的位点TC1A02(P0.001),含21个等位变异;与产量构成主要因子紧密关联的位点中,百果重的TC1A02-C470(+41.588 5)、TC1A02-C560(+40.926 1)和p PGPseq2E6-B473(+63.953 4),单株果数的TC1A02-C500(+7.374 4),单株饱果数的GM1843-E157(+4.316 6),可用于产量性状的分子辅助育种。     

陆地棉纤维品质性状关联分析及优异等位基因挖掘

本研究检测了214个陆地棉材料在多环境下的纤维品质指标(上半部平均长度、断裂比强度、马克隆值、伸长率和整齐度),选用在棉花基因组上均匀分布多态性较好的259个SSR标记对供试群体进行基因型检测,利用Tassel软件中的GLM(Q)方法挖掘与纤维品质指标相关的QTLs,依据表型效应值鉴别优异等位变异位点及典型材料。结果显示:同一纤维品质性状在3个地点2~3年内变化趋势相对稳定,纤维上半部平均长度、断裂比强度和整齐度三者之间呈正相关(P<0.01),纤维上半部平均长度/断裂比强度均和马克隆值/伸长率负相关。259个SSR标记共检测到309个等位基因,涉及774个基因型,多态性信息含量(PIC,polymorphic information content)平均为0.2688,基因多样性指数平均为0.2239。按照基因型数据可将该群体划分为2个亚群。通过关联分析获得与纤维品质相关的等位变异位点134个(P<0.01),在3个及以上环境中均可检测到的位点有30个,有3个位点(NAU6177、DPL0886、NAU3607)在7个环境中分别与断裂比强度、马克隆值、伸长率显著关联(P<0.01),最高表型变异解释率分别为11.14%、5.74%和13.99%。31个位点同时与2个及以上纤维品质指标相关,其中,NAU 6177与5个纤维品质指标均显著关联(P<0.01)。与已发表结果比对,17个QTL已被报道与纤维品质性状相关,10个QTL与前人关联指标相同。分析多环境纤维品质关联位点的表型效应,获得72个等位变异位点,5份携带优异等位基因载体材料。本研究在多环境下挖掘与陆地棉纤维品质指标关联的分子标记,同时鉴别携带优异等位变异基因的典型载体材料,为棉花纤维品质分子标记辅助选择及目标基因定位提供有益信息。     

烤烟SSR标记多样性及与致香物质的关联分析

了解烤烟品种的遗传多样性,寻找与烤烟致香物质含量关联的分子标记,挖掘高致香物质含量的优异等位变异与种质,对香气品质分子标记辅助育种具有重要意义。本研究检测了山东和四川2个生态区60份烤烟种质中76种致香物质的含量;筛选覆盖全基因组的1914个SSR标记,利用得到的390对多态性引物扩增供试群体。用基于Nei's(1983)遗传距离的邻接法(Neighor-joining,NJ)进行聚类分析。在分析群体结构的基础上,利用混合线性模型进行关联分析,并进一步发掘极显著关联标记的优异等位变异和种质。结果检测到928个等位变异,平均每个位点2.38个等位变异,变化范围为2~5个。PIC值的变化范围分别为0.141~0.733,平均值0.332。这说明供试群体遗传多样性较丰富。聚类分析将该群体划分为2个亚群,划分结果体现了烤烟品种间的亲缘关系;群体结构分析与聚类结果基本一致。关联分析结果显示:共有56个SSR标记位点与41种致香物质同时在2个生态区显著关联(P0.05)。共5个标记与6个性状在2个生态区极显著关联(P0.01),6种致香物质为草酸、肉豆蔻酸、2,4-庚二烯醛、芳樟醇、a-松油醇和gamma-壬内酯,关联标记分别为PT50662、PT60191、PT52263、PT60597、PT60597和PT52722。关联位点表型解释率为12.54%~42.20%。进一步分析发掘了14种致香物质的优异等位变异,并筛选出含增效等位变异较多的种质:净叶黄、抗9201、单育二号、满屋香、金星6007、秦烟95等。这对香气品质分子标记辅助选择育种以及亲本材料选配等奠定了基础。     

冀鲁豫花生育成品种的遗传多样性分析

以冀鲁豫三省不同地域的41个花生育成品种为材料,利用SSR分子标记结合田间表型鉴定、聚类分析等方法对其遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明,21对SSR引物对41个花生育成品种进行了扫描,共检测到52个等位变异,每个位点2～4个,平均2.5个,Shannon信息指数变幅为0.21～1.40,平均为0.73,聚类分析显示在阈值为5.54可将供试品种分为3大类群7个亚类。不同品种9个农艺性状变异系数在13.16%～186.49%之间,基于农艺性状的聚类分析结果显示在阈值为5.48时可以将供试品种分为6大类群11个亚类,各大类群间品种的农艺性状表现各具特点。     

豌豆种质表型性状SSR标记关联分析

关联分析是以连锁不平衡原理为基础,鉴定某一群体内表型性状与遗传标记或候选基因间关系的遗传分析方法。本研究利用59个多态性SSR标记,对192份豌豆种质进行全基因组扫描,以分析SSR位点遗传多样性,寻找其连锁不平衡位点;采用TASSEL软件的一般线性模型,利用59个SSR标记对19个形态性状进行关联分析。结果显示SSR位点间有较高的多态性和一定程度的连锁不平衡,共检测出32个SSR标记位点与14个表形性状相关联,一些SSR标记与2个或多个形态性状相关联。     

辣椒疫病抗性关联分析及优异等位变异挖掘

基于SSR标记技术,对194份辣椒核心种质疫病抗性进行关联分析。58对SSR标记共检测到178个等位变异,Shannon指数平均值为0.6732,多态信息量(PIC)平均值为0.3859,基因多样性平均值为0.4400,说明供试材料具有较高的遗传多样性。群体结构分析将194份材料划分为两个亚群,亚群1的疫病抗性水平高于亚群2。关联分析结果表明,共有12个SSR位点与辣椒疫病病情指数显著关联(P0.05),表型贡献率为2.98%～16.05%,15个SSR位点与辣椒病株率显著关联,表型贡献率为2.95%～21.29%;表型贡献率最大的位点为CM0005,位于第7号染色体,其余位点分布于第2、3、5、7、8、9和11号染色体,与已有报道有所差异,说明供试种质可能含有新的疫病抗性基因。根据关联位点表型效应值,发掘出CM0005c、ge35-141pmH0135Cd和Hpms1-139c等12个疫病抗性优异等位变异及种质171、55、161、65、132、128、91、106、125、127、169等优良抗性载体材料。本研究结果为辣椒疫病抗性基因发掘和分子标记辅助选择抗性育种提供了理论指导和材料基础。     

基于遗传和表型特征的海岛棉遗传多样性分析

依据海岛棉种质资源的遗传及表型特征对其遗传多样性进行研究非常重要,可为海岛棉杂交育种选配亲本、引进新的种质资源拓宽优异基因范围以及培育海岛棉新品种提供理论根据。本研究通过利用125对SSR分子标记鉴定结果和13个农艺性状2年田间表型调查结果,对94份海岛棉种质资源进行遗传多样性分析,将这些材料按照遗传和表型特征进行类群的划分和比较,结果表明:(1)通过标记分析共检测到420个位点,其中249个为多态性位点,并应用Nei-Li相似系数法对94份材料间的遗传相似系数进行评估,发现94份海岛棉资源材料的遗传相似系数在0.46~0.95之间浮动,同时利用SSR分子标记将94份海岛棉资源材料划分为4大类群,分类结果与系谱分析基本吻合。(2)对94份海岛棉资源材料进行13个农艺性状及品质性状2年调查分析,发现供试材料品质性状的变异范围较广,而产量性状的变异范围相对较小。其中,各品种中马克隆值的多样性指数最高,最小的是单铃重。聚类分析发现,第Ⅰ类群产量性状的平均值较高;第Ⅱ类群虽在产量性状上不占优势,但其品质性状的表现较其他组别优异;第Ⅲ类群多为低产低质品种;第Ⅳ类群品种品质较优,产量变化范围较大。(3)利用SSR标记和农艺性状分析2种方法对94份海岛棉资源材料进行分析,结果均显示出较丰富的遗传多样性;2种方法的聚类结果基本一致,聚类结果与地理分布有明显的联系。     

梨分子遗传图谱构建及生长性状的QTL分析

利用鸭梨和京白梨杂交得到的F1(145株)实生苗为作图群体,通过对AFLP和SSR两种分子标记的遗传连锁分析,应用Joinmap 3.0作图软件,368个AFLP标记、34个SSR标记构建了分属18个连锁群的梨分子遗传连锁图谱,各连锁群的LOD值在4.0～7.0范围之间,图谱总长度覆盖梨基因组1395.9cM,平均图距为3.8cM.采用区间作图法,对该群体与生长性状相关的调查数据进行QTL分析,检测到与新梢生长量、新梢茎粗、节间长度、节间数量、树干径、树高及皮孔密度7个农艺性状连锁的QTL位点35个,其中主效QTL位点11个(LOD≥3.5).与生长性状相关的农艺性状QTL位点多集中在LG16连锁群上.     

罗氏沼虾转录组SSR标记筛选及其与体质量相关性分析

研究通过转录组测序对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)SSR标记进行了发掘, 获得SSR位点18592个。随机选取了63个SSR位点设计引物并利用10个个体进行多态性位点筛选, 共获得31个具有多态的SSR标记, 利用其中19个SSR标记对全同胞家系群(FS)119尾虾及孟加拉F3代野生群(MJL)199尾虾的群体遗传多样性进行分析, 并对SSR位点与体质量性状进行关联性分析。结果表明: FS群体共检测到40个等位基因, 平均等位基因数为2.1053, 平均观测杂合度0.4525, 平均期望杂合度0.3804, 平均多态信息含量0.3076, 处于中度遗传多态水平; MJL群体共检测到65个等位基因, 平均等位基因数为3.4211, 平均观测杂合度0.4105, 平均期望杂合度0.4496, 平均多态信息含量0.3882, 处于中度遗传多态水平。 19个SSR位点与FS群体体质量没有相关性(P>0.05), 而在MJL群体中, 4个SSR位点与体质量显著相关(P<0.05)。对差异显著的位点进行不同基因型体质量性状的多重比较, MR28位点277/285基因型体质量均值极显著高于277/289和285/285基因型(P<0.01), 显著高于285/289、273/289、270/273和285/293基因型(P<0.05); MR32位点266/266和266/270基因型体质量均值显著高于270/270基因型(P<0.05); MR34位点210/214基因型体质量均值显著高于210/210和214/214基因型(P<0.05); MR45位点174/190基因型体质量均值显著高于182/182和182/190基因型(P<0.05)。研究结果为罗氏沼虾分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础。     

小麦全基因组抗赤霉病QTL关联位点特异性SSR标记的筛选、等位变异及效应解析

赤霉病是小麦主要的流行病害之一。借助标记辅助选择将不同数量性状基因座（quantitative trait loci，QTL）聚合是防治赤霉病有效且环保的方法，可以从源头上控制赤霉病并降低籽粒中毒素含量。抗赤霉病QTL在小麦全基因组均有分布，但除了Fhb1、Fhb2等少数位点有比较可靠的鉴别标记，绝大部分位点缺乏有效的位点特异性鉴别标记。简单重复序列（simple sequence repeat，SSR）标记多态性丰富，可以区分自然群体中不同等位变异，方便用于标记辅助育种。基于此，搜集了不同文献中报道的与赤霉病关联的SSR标记386个，并用这些标记构建全基因组赤霉病抗性QTL一致性图谱，接着对这些关联标记进行拷贝数分析，进而选择位点内的单拷贝SSR标记，将这些单拷贝标记在156个品种组成的自然群体中进行扩增，并与三季大田和三季温室环境下赤霉病抗性进行关联，筛选与赤霉病抗性关联的单拷贝SSR标记，明确这些标记在自然群体中的有效等位变异和效应。结果表明，共8个单拷贝SSR标记至少在两季试验中与表型显著关联(P<0.05)，涉及2B、2D、3B、5A、5B、6A、6D、7A染色体，有5个单拷贝标记位点存在有效等位变异。中国地方品种和日本品种携带更多的有利变异，且有利等位变异数目越多的品种赤霉病抗性越好。研究分析的QTL位点及其关联的单拷贝SSR标记可用于赤霉病抗病育种，有利于提高品种赤霉病抗性水平和育种效率。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.