根系分泌物在重金属污染土壤生态修复中的作用机制研究进展

我国土壤重金属污染问题日益突出.作为一种绿色、安全的生物修复技术,植物修复技术备受关注.根系分泌物作为植物-土壤-微生物三者物质交换与信息传递的重要载体,是植物响应外界胁迫的重要生理生态指征,在植物修复过程中发挥关键作用.研究表明,根系分泌物能够有效调控根际微环境,提升植物抗逆能力,影响重金属在根际微域中的环境行为.传...     

基于菌植互作的植物根际细菌钝化镉作用和机制研究进展

土壤重金属镉(Cd)污染严重危害农产品安全生产,植物根际细菌在钝化土壤Cd和帮助作物抵御Cd胁迫方面发挥重要作用。本文首先概括在修复Cd污染土壤中得到广泛应用的植物根际细菌种类,并从根际细菌直接吸附Cd、调整土壤理化特性、调控土壤微生物群落和其他作用4方面阐述了植物根际细菌对Cd的钝化作用,其次从菌植互作角度阐述植物根系分泌物与根际细菌群落相互影响对土壤Cd的钝化作用。最后展望重金属胁迫下植物根际钝化Cd核心菌群的构建,以在新兴学科与技术的快速发展中探明植物根系-微生物互作体系的分子机制,深入开展植物根际细菌钝化修复重金属污染土壤的理论研究和实践。     

根系分泌物介导下植物-土壤-微生物互作关系研究进展与展望

根系分泌物是植物与土壤进行物质交换和信息传递的重要载体物质, 是植物响应外界胁迫的重要途径, 是构成植物不同根际微生态特征的关键因素, 也是根际对话的主要调控者。根系分泌物对于生物地球化学循环、根际生态过程调控、植物生长发育等均具有重要功能, 尤其是在调控根际微生态系统结构与功能方面发挥着重要作用, 调节着植物-植物、植物-微生物、微生物-微生物间复杂的互作过程。植物化感作用、作物间套作、生物修复、生物入侵等都是现代农业生态学的研究热点, 它们都涉及十分复杂的根际生物学过程。越来越多的研究表明, 不论是同种植物还是不同种植物之间相互作用的正效应或是负效应, 都是由根系分泌物介导下的植物与特异微生物共同作用的结果。近年来, 随着现代生物技术的不断完善, 有关土壤这一“黑箱”的研究方法与技术取得了长足的进步, 尤其是各种宏组学技术(meta-omics technology), 如环境宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白组学、宏代谢组学等的问世, 极大地推进了人们对土壤生物世界的认知, 尤其是对植物地下部生物多样性和功能多样性的深层次剖析, 根际生物学特性的研究成果被广泛运用于指导生产实践。深入系统地研究根系分泌物介导下的植物-土壤-微生物的相互作用方式与机理, 对揭示土壤微生态系统功能、定向调控植物根际生物学过程、促进农业生产可持续发展等具有重要的指导意义。该文综述了根系分泌物的概念、组成及功能, 论述了根系分泌物介导下植物与细菌、真菌、土壤动物群之间的密切关系, 总结了探索根际生物学特性的各种研究技术及其优缺点, 并对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Advances and perspective in research on plant-soil-microbe interactions mediated by root exudates

根系分泌物是植物与土壤进行物质交换和信息传递的重要载体物质, 是植物响应外界胁迫的重要途径, 是构成植物不同根际微生态特征的关键因素, 也是根际对话的主要调控者。根系分泌物对于生物地球化学循环、根际生态过程调控、植物生长发育等均具有重要功能, 尤其是在调控根际微生态系统结构与功能方面发挥着重要作用, 调节着植物-植物、植物-微生物、微生物-微生物间复杂的互作过程。植物化感作用、作物间套作、生物修复、生物入侵等都是现代农业生态学的研究热点, 它们都涉及十分复杂的根际生物学过程。越来越多的研究表明, 不论是同种植物还是不同种植物之间相互作用的正效应或是负效应, 都是由根系分泌物介导下的植物与特异微生物共同作用的结果。近年来, 随着现代生物技术的不断完善, 有关土壤这一“黑箱”的研究方法与技术取得了长足的进步, 尤其是各种宏组学技术(meta-omics technology), 如环境宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白组学、宏代谢组学等的问世, 极大地推进了人们对土壤生物世界的认知, 尤其是对植物地下部生物多样性和功能多样性的深层次剖析, 根际生物学特性的研究成果被广泛运用于指导生产实践。深入系统地研究根系分泌物介导下的植物-土壤-微生物的相互作用方式与机理, 对揭示土壤微生态系统功能、定向调控植物根际生物学过程、促进农业生产可持续发展等具有重要的指导意义。该文综述了根系分泌物的概念、组成及功能, 论述了根系分泌物介导下植物与细菌、真菌、土壤动物群之间的密切关系, 总结了探索根际生物学特性的各种研究技术及其优缺点, 并对该领域未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

根系分泌物及其在植物修复中的作用

 近年来环境污染日益严重,污染物在土壤植物中的行为引起了人们的高度关注。利用植物去除土壤水体等介质中污染物的植物修复是近10年来兴起的一项安全、廉价的技术,已成为污染生态学和环境生态学的研究热点,它通过植物吸收、根滤、稳定、挥发等方式清除环境中的重金属和有机污染物。国内外有关植物修复的研究报道和概述很多, 但对植物根系分泌物在植物修复中所起的作用及其机理少有述评。 本文从根系分泌物对土壤重金属和土壤有机污染物的去除作用出发,对根系分泌物的种类、数量及其在去除环境污染物中的作用机理和功能地位进行了总结,并借助研究事例对影响植物根系分泌的内外因子,如植物种类、营养胁迫、重金属胁迫、根际环境的理化性质、土壤微生物及其它环境因子进行了讨论。概言之,根系分泌物在修复污染土壤中的重金属途径是多种多样的,主要是通过调节根际pH值、与重金属形成螯合物、络合反应、沉淀、提高土壤微生物数量和活性来改变重金属在根际中的存在形态以及提高重金属的生物有效性,从而减轻它对环境的危害。在清除有机污染物时,根系分泌物中的酶可以对有机污染物进行直接降解,根系分泌物影响下的微生物也可以对有机污染物进行间接降解,且被认为是主要的降解途径。根系分泌物在植物修复过程中确实起着某些重要作用,今后应将这方面的研究重点放在某些特异性根系分泌物植物,尤其是某些重金属超富集植物资源的寻找、筛选上,通过室内实验和野外研究确定其根系分泌物对清除重金属和有机污染物的效率,证实超富集植物根系分泌物的特异性与污染物超富集的内在联系,找到污染土壤生态恢复和治理的有效方法并加以推广应用,如针对性地在被污染地大面积种植此类具特异性根分泌物植物,并辅以营林措施如修剪等,加快生物修复进程,提高修复效率。植物根系分泌物在植物修复过程中所具有的重要生态意义和可能应用前景,为污染生态学和化学生态学之间的联合研究开拓了全新的领域,今后将取得新的突破和重要进展。     

植物根系分泌物主要生态功能研究进展

根系分泌物在植物根系-土壤-微生物互作过程及其生态反馈机制中发挥重要作用。在植物根际复杂网络互作过程中, 根系分泌物被认为是“根际对话”的媒介, 其在调控植物适应微生境、缓解根际养分竞争及构建根际微生物群落结构方面意义重大。该文结合国内外该领域主要研究成果, 综述了根系分泌物对植物生长、土壤微生物特性及土壤养分循环的影响, 并展望了未来根系分泌物的研究方向。     

Research Advances in the Main Ecological Functions of Root Exudates

根系分泌物在植物根系-土壤-微生物互作过程及其生态反馈机制中发挥重要作用。在植物根际复杂网络互作过程中, 根系分泌物被认为是“根际对话”的媒介, 其在调控植物适应微生境、缓解根际养分竞争及构建根际微生物群落结构方面意义重大。该文结合国内外该领域主要研究成果, 综述了根系分泌物对植物生长、土壤微生物特性及土壤养分循环的影响, 并展望了未来根系分泌物的研究方向。     

根系分泌物介导的根际效应及在水体生态修复中的应用潜力

文章主要以根系分泌物为核心, 综述了根系分泌物的分类、发生机理及影响因素; 围绕着植物-土壤-微生物三者的关系, 阐述了根系分泌物介导的植物与植物之间的化感作用、植物与根际微生物之间的协同作用以及植物微生物相互作用对土壤物质循环的影响。水生植物以其生境的特殊性和功能的不可替代性, 对沉积物污染物去除和水体生态修复产生显著的影响。在水体生态问题较为严峻的今天, 充分认识水生植物根系分泌物介导的根际过程将为水生植物生态学和水体生态修复领域的发展提供基础, 并为学科应用潜力的开发提供依据。     

根际圈在污染土壤修复中的作用与机理分析

根际圈以植物根系为中心聚集了大量的生命物质及其分泌物,构成了极为独特的“生态修复单元”。本文叙述了根在根际圈污染土壤修复中的生理生态作用,富集、固定重金属,吸收、降解有机污染物等功能;菌根真菌对根际圈内重金属的吸收、屏障及螯合作用,对有机污染物的降解作用;根际圈内细菌对重金属的吸附与固定,对有机污染物的降解作用以及根际圈真菌和细菌的联合修复作用等,同时对可能存在的机理进行了分析,认为根际圈对污染土壤的修复作用是植物修复的重要组成部分和主要理论基础之一,并指出利用重金属超富集植物修复重金属污染土壤具有广阔的应用前景;筛选对水溶性有机污染物高吸收富集及其根 发泌能力强的特异植物,同时接种利于有机污染物降解的专性或非专性真菌和细菌可能会成为有机污染土壤植物修复研究的重要方向之一。     

植物修复石油烃污染土壤的机制

根据石油烃污染土壤植物修复的应用和研究现状,对近年来国内外植物修复机制进行阐述与探讨。植物首先通过根系直接吸收石油烃,并利用自身的新陈代谢或植物内生菌的协作将其去除。石油烃一旦被根系吸收,植物就会通过木质化作用将其储存在组织中,或通过植物挥发或植物降解将其转化成一些低毒的中间代谢产物或CO_2和H2O;而植物内生菌与植物降解、植物修复以及植物保护密切相关。其次,根际分泌物和根际微生物在石油烃污染土壤根际修复方面起到重要作用。根际是受根系活动影响的一个微生态区,因而可以认为根际修复是去除土壤中石油烃的主要方式。植物根系可以向根际释放一些分泌物和酶类。其中,酶可以直接作用于石油烃,对石油烃的降解起到关键的作用;而根际分泌物可以向根际微生物提供碳源、能源或共代谢物,使根际微生物数量和活性明显高于非根际,生物降解作用增强。今后可以从根际分泌物作用的微生态过程、功能基因的寻找和构建、厌氧氧化的过程和机制、植物内生菌的作用和应用,以及利用组学手段研究植物修复机制5个方面开展工作,以期望为未来植物修复工作提供重要的科学支持。     

Rhizosphere Microbial Characterization in Petroleum-Contaminated Soil

Contamination of soil with petroleum compounds is of concern worldwide. Although there are a variety of physical and chemical technologies available to remediate petroleum waste sites, biological methods are often used due to lower cost and public acceptance. Growth and enhanced activity of microbial communities in contaminated soil is a key factor for the success of bioremediation. Establishing vegetation in petroleum-contaminated soil may enhance microbial activity and remediation success even further by providing root exudates to the rhizosphere microorganisms. In this study, microorganisms were characterized in petroleum-contaminated soils and sediments quantitatively and qualitatively based on enumeration and metabolic diversity assessments. Contaminated soils and sediments were obtained from a phytoremediation field demonstration project in California. Microbial numbers in the unvegetated soil, based on plate counts and most probable number of hydrocarbon degraders, were significantly lower than the vegetated soils. Metabolic microbial characterization using BIOLOG was also conducted and based on principle component analysis (PCA), there was a distinct difference between the metabolic diversity of microbial communities in vegetated and unvegetated soils. Results from this research indicate that the presence and type of plants, and level of contamination may greatly influence microbial communities in polluted soils.     

Synergistic plant-microbes interactions in the rhizosphere: a potential headway for the remediation of hydrocarbon polluted soils

Soil pollution is an unavoidable evil; many crude-oil exploring communities have been identified to be the most ecologically impacted regions around the world due to hydrocarbon pollution and their concurrent health risks. Several clean-up technologies have been reported on the removal of hydrocarbons in polluted soils but most of them are either very expensive, require the integration of advanced mechanization and/or cannot be implemented in small scale. However, “Bioremediation” has been reported as an efficient, cost-effective and environment-friendly technology for clean-up of hydrocarbon”s contaminated soils. Here, we suggest the implementation of synergistic mechanism of bioremediation such as the use of rhizosphere mechanism which involves the actions of plant and microorganisms, which involves the exploitation of plant and microorganisms for effective and speedy remediation of hydrocarbon”s contaminated soils. In this mechanism, plant”s action is synergized with the soil microorganisms through the root rhizosphere to promote soil remediation. The microorganisms benefit from the root metabolites (exudates) and the plant in turn benefits from the microbial recycling/solubilizing of mineral nutrients. Harnessing the abilities of plants and microorganisms is a potential headway for cost-effective clean-up of hydrocarbon”s polluted sites; such technology could be very important in countries with great oil producing activities/records over many years but still developing.     

Microbial expression profiles in the rhizosphere of willows depend on soil contamination

The goal of phytoremediation is to use plants to immobilize, extract or degrade organic and inorganic pollutants. In the case of organic contaminants, plants essentially act indirectly through the stimulation of rhizosphere microorganisms. A detailed understanding of the effect plants have on the activities of rhizosphere microorganisms could help optimize phytoremediation systems and enhance their use. In this study, willows were planted in contaminated and non-contaminated soils in a greenhouse, and the active microbial communities and the expression of functional genes in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were compared. Ion Torrent sequencing of 16S rRNA and Illumina sequencing of mRNA were performed. Genes related to carbon and amino-acid uptake and utilization were upregulated in the willow rhizosphere, providing indirect evidence of the compositional content of the root exudates. Related to this increased nutrient input, several microbial taxa showed a significant increase in activity in the rhizosphere. The extent of the rhizosphere stimulation varied markedly with soil contamination levels. The combined selective pressure of contaminants and rhizosphere resulted in higher expression of genes related to competition (antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation) in the contaminated rhizosphere. Genes related to hydrocarbon degradation were generally more expressed in contaminated soils, but the exact complement of genes induced was different for bulk and rhizosphere soils. Together, these results provide an unprecedented view of microbial gene expression in the plant rhizosphere during phytoremediation.     

植物根系分泌物在污染及沙化土壤修复中的应用现状与前景

近年来重金属污染等生态环境问题日益受到重视,而物理、化学修复方法存在的诸如成本高、二次污染等问题,使得利用植物、微生物等进行联合治理成为环境修复的重要手段。植物根系分泌物作为植物与土壤进行营养和信息交流的重要媒介,不但对植物的生长具有重要作用,其在污染及沙化土壤修复中作用的研究也得以广泛开展。本文对根系分泌物的组成、分泌机制进行了阐述,并对其在植物吸收重金属、化感作用、植物根系与根际微生物互作、改变土壤理化性质等过程中的作用及机理进行了总结。此外,本文还对利用根系分泌物和根际微生物在生态环境治理中的应用现状、面临的难题及未来的发展等进行了讨论。希望本文可为基于植物与微生物进行的环境修复技术的实际应用提供理论支撑。     

Plant species and soil type cooperatively shape the structure and function of microbial communities in the rhizosphere

The rhizosphere is of central importance not only for plant nutrition, health and quality but also for microorganism-driven carbon sequestration, ecosystem functioning and nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. A multitude of biotic and abiotic factors are assumed to influence the structural and functional diversity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere. In this review, recent studies on the influence of the two factors, plant species and soil type, on rhizosphere-associated microbial communities are discussed. Root exudates and the response of microorganisms to the latter as well as to root morphology were shown to shape rhizosphere microbial communities. All studies revealed that soil is the main reservoir for rhizosphere microorganisms. Many secrets of microbial life in the rhizosphere were recently uncovered due to the enormous progress in molecular and microscopic tools. Physiological and molecular data on the factors that drive selection processes in the rhizosphere are presented here. Furthermore, implications for agriculture, nature conservation and biotechnology will also be discussed.     

Regulation and function of root exudates

Root-secreted chemicals mediate multi-partite interactions in the rhizosphere, where plant roots continually respond to and alter their immediate environment. Increasing evidence suggests that root exudates initiate and modulate dialogue between roots and soil microbes. For example, root exudates serve as signals that initiate symbiosis with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. In addition, root exudates maintain and support a highly specific diversity of microbes in the rhizosphere of a given particular plant species, thus suggesting a close evolutionary link. In this review, we focus mainly on compiling the information available on the regulation and mechanisms of root exudation processes, and provide some ideas related to the evolutionary role of root exudates in shaping soil microbial communities.     

Contributions of soil micro-fauna (protozoa and nematodes) to rhizosphere ecological functions

Contributions of soil micro-fauna (protozoa and nematodes) to rhizosphere ecological functions and possible modes of action were reviewed. Micro-fauna in rhizosphere play an important role in release of plant available nutrients, accumulation and stabilization of soil organic carbon, hormonal effects on roots, microbial diversity and functional stability, multi-trophic interactions above ground, and bioremediation of contaminated soils. Selective grazing, active dispersal and excretion by the micro-fauna not only benefit the rhizosphere ecological functions, but also have an impact on the whole soil and above-ground community. It appears that mechanically understanding rhizosphere ecological functions would remain incomplete without considering the interactions of micro-fauna with microorganisms and roots.     

根际微型土壤动物——原生动物和线虫的生态功能

从养分释放、土壤有机碳积累和稳定、根系激素效应、微生物多样性和功能稳定性、地上部多营养级关系及污染土壤生物修复概述了根际微型土壤动物(原生动物和线虫)对根际生态功能的影响,特别针对微型土壤动物与微生物和根系的相互作用探讨了可能的机制。微型土壤动物的选择取食、主动迁移和代谢分泌行为,不仅贡献根际生态功能,而且对土壤整体及地上部群落有强烈的影响。总之,不考虑根际微型土壤动物与微生物和根系的相互作用,就不可能对根际生态功能和调控机制有全面的认识。