Yield Responses of Wheat to Mulching Practices in Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau

Improving farming practices of soil and water conservation has profound effects on the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in dryland farming regions of the Loess Plateau in China. Mulching has proven to be an effective practice to increase crop yield, and possibly contribute to replenishing groundwater. This evaluation study collected and analyzed the data of 1849 observations published in 38 papers using meta-analysis to investigate effects of the mulching practices on wheat yield in terms of different rainfall and regions in comparison with conventional tillage. The main results of the study follow. The effects of the mulching practices were ranked in the order of RFM (ridge–furrow mulching) > MTMC (mulching with two materials combined) > MOM (mulching with other materials) > WSM (wheat straw mulching) > FM (flat mulching). The effects of the mulching practices at the different levels of rainfall during the wheat growing season were in the order: (< 150 mm) > (> 250 mm) > (150–250 mm). The effects of the mulching practices in the different regions were in the order of Henan > Shanxi > Shaanxi > Gansu. WSM, MTMC and FM performed better in improving wheat yield for rainfall of < 150, 150–250 and > 250 mm during the growing season, respectively. The wheat yield with FM, MTMC, MOM and MOM was higher than those with the other mulching practices in Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan and Shanxi. The wheat yield with RFM was 27.4% higher than that with FM, indicating that RFM was the most effective practice to improve wheat yield among all the practices. These findings have important implications for choosing appropriate crop field management to improve wheat yield.     

Effects of forest types on leaf functional traits and their interrelationships of Pinus massoniana coniferous and broad‐leaved mixed forests in the subtropical mountain,Southeastern China

Leaf functional traits are widely used to detect and explain adaptations that enable plants to live under various environmental conditions. This study aims to determine the difference in leaf functional traits among four forest types of Pinus massoniana coniferous and broad‐leaved mixed forests by leaf morphological, nutrients, and stoichiometric traits in the subtropical mountain, Southeastern China. Our study indicated that the evergreen conifer species of P. massoniana had higher leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf C content, C/N and C/P ratios, while the three deciduous broad‐leaved species of L. formosana, Q. tissima, and P. strobilacea had higher specific leaf area (SLA), leaf N, leaf P nutrient contents, and N/P ratio in the three mixed forest types. The results showed that the species of P. massoniana has adapted to the nutrient‐poor environment by increasing their leaf dry matter for higher construction costs thereby reducing water loss and reflects a resource conservation strategy. In contrast, the three species of L. formosana, Q. tissima, and P. strobilacea exhibited an optimized resource acquisition strategy rather than resource conservation strategy in the subtropical mountain of southeastern China. Regarding the four forest types, the three mixed forest types displayed increased plant leaf nutrient contents when compared to the pure P. massoniana forest, especially the P. massoniana–L. formosana mixed forest type (PLM). Overall, variation in leaf functional traits among different forest types may play an adaptive role in the successful survival of plants under diverse environments because leaf functional traits can lead to significant effects on leaf function, especially for their acquisition of nutrients and use of light. The results of this study are beneficial to reveal the changes in plant leaf functional traits at the regional scale, which will provide a foundation for predicting changes in leaf traits and adaptation in the future environment.     

基于银纳米棒的表面增强拉曼基底探究土霉素对植物乳杆菌的影响

【背景】土霉素属四环素类抗生素,在医疗制药和动物养殖行业应用广泛。抗生素的滥用与残留极易导致环境中的益生菌产生耐药,各类益生菌通过食物进入机体后,可将耐药基因转移给致病菌。目前的耐药菌株筛选方法耗时较长,最小抑菌浓度测定结果也可能存在偏差,而且无法在抗菌机理及耐药机制方面提供线索。【目的】采用表面增强拉曼光谱（surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy,SERS）技术探究土霉素与植物乳杆菌之间的相互作用,以期为微生物耐药菌株的快速筛选提供理论基础,并为研究抗菌机理及耐药机制提供思路及方法。【方法】组装银纳米棒与石英后得到一种具有良好、稳定的SERS增强效应的固相基底;在植物乳杆菌菌液中加入不同浓度土霉素后各自分别孵育30、60和90 min,利用组装好的固相基底对细菌细胞进行SERS信号测定,拉曼光谱的出峰位置和峰强度变化可以体现不同土霉素浓度及作用时间条件下植物乳杆菌细胞成分的差异,可进一步推断土霉素对植物乳杆菌生长的影响。【结果】0.5×MIC土霉素会造成SERS光谱强度的降低;1.0×MIC土霉素作用90 min后,SERS在1 612、1 630 c...     

Upconversion luminescence resonance energy transfer-based aptasensor for the sensitive detection of oxytetracycline

In this work, a biosensor based on luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) from NaYF₄:Yb,Tm upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) to SYBR Green I has been developed. The aptamers are covalently linked to UCNPs and hybridized with their complementary strands. The subsequent addition of SYBR Green allows SYBR Green I to insert into the formed double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) duplex and brings the energy donor and acceptor into close proximity, leading to the fluorescence of UCNPs transferred to SYBR Green I. When excited at 980 nm, the UCNPs emit luminescence at 477 nm, and this energy is transferred to SYBR Green I, which emits luminescence at 530 nm. In the presence of oxytetracycline (OTC), the aptamers prefer to bind to its corresponding analyte and dehybridize with the complementary DNA. This dehybridization leads to the liberation of SYBR Green I, which distances SYBR Green I from the UCNPs and recovers the UCNPs' luminescence. Under optimal conditions, a linear calibration is obtained between the ratio of I₅₃₀ to I₄₇₇ nm (I₅₃₀/I₄₇₇) and the OTC concentration, which ranges from 0.1 to 10 ng/ml with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.054 ng/ml.     

黄土高原刺槐叶片-土壤生态化学计量参数对降雨量的响应特征

以黄土高原10个典型样点的20年刺槐人工林为研究对象,测定了样地中刺槐叶片碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）含量,以及0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土壤的主要理化指标,探讨了黄土高原刺槐叶片-土壤生态化学计量特征参数随水分梯度的变化规律。研究结果发现：①随着降水量增加,刺槐叶C、N含量呈增加趋势,叶片P含量无一致性规律。② 0-10 cm土层中土壤SOC、TN、TP、铵态氮含量以及C ∶ P和N ∶ P均随降雨量增加呈逐渐增加趋势,而C ∶ N比变化不明显。③刺槐叶片C、N、P及其化学计量比与土壤化学计量比相关性较弱,但叶片N、P与土壤铵态氮、速效磷等速效养分含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。本研究叶片N ∶ P>16,说明黄土高原刺槐生长主要受P元素限制,且随着降水的增加,土壤P养分的限制加强。     

黄土高原地区生态系统碳储量空间分布及其影响因素

准确估算生态系统碳储量,探明其空间分布及其影响因素对区域生态管理具有重要意义,但黄土高原地区碳储量现状、空间格局及其驱动因素尚不清楚。选择黄土高原地区森林（包括乔木林和灌木林）,草地和农田生态系统为对象,基于大量实测样点通过克里金插值和地统计方法,评估了三种生态系统地上生物量碳密度、地下生物量碳密度和0-100 cm土壤有机碳密度空间分布,并通过路径分析探讨了各碳库的主要影响因素。结果表明：黄土高原地区约占全国总面积的6.7%,其生态系统总碳储量约为2.29 Pg,仅占我国生态系统碳储量的2.3%。生态系统各碳库中,地上生物量碳储量、地下生物量碳储量、土壤有机碳储量分别为0.44、0.32和1.52 Pg;森林、草地、农田（仅指土壤）生态系统碳储量分别为0.98、1.09和0.21 Pg。气候（年均温度、年均降水）、海拔、坡度、土壤质地（砂粒、粉粒、粘粒含量）、植被覆盖状况（用NDVI表示）等因子可解释地上生物量碳密度、地下生物量碳密度、农田土壤有机碳密度空间变异的12%、8%和32%,其中,年均降水、海拔、粘粒含量是黄土高原地区生态系统碳储量空间格局的主要影响因素。本研究表明,由于黄土高原地区独特的气候、地形和土壤条件,其生态系统虽然具有较大的碳储量,但是低于我国生态系统碳储量的平均水平。     

Specific DNA G‐quadruplexes bind to ethanolamines

A significant number of G‐quadruplex‐forming sequences have been revealed in human genome by bioinformatic searches, implying that G‐quadruplexes may be involved in important biological processes and may be new chemotherapeutic targets. Therefore, it is important to discover the potential interactions of G‐quadruplexes with other molecules or groups. Here we describe a class of G‐quadruplexes, which can bind to ethanolamine groups that widely exist in biomolecules and drug molecules. The specific interaction of these G‐quadruplexes with ethanolamine groups was identified by high performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) using immobilized ethanolamine and diethanolamine as stationary phase reagents. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) show that these ethanolamine binding quadruplexes adopt an intramolecularly parallel structure. The relationship of ethanolamine binding and G‐quadruplexe structure provides new clues for the G‐quadruplex‐related studies as well as for the molecular designs of therapeutic reagents. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 874–883, 2009. This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com     

8种阔叶树种叶片气体交换特征和叶绿素荧光特性比较

在自然条件下,测定了8种阔叶树种叶片的气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数并对其进行比较.结果表明,8种阔叶树种紫玉兰、广玉兰、玉兰、美人梅、铁杆梅、腊梅、红碧桃和紫薇的叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（gs）、瞬时水分利用效率（WUE）和潜在水分利用效率（WUEi）的种间差异达极显著水平（p〈0.01）,指示了不同树种间的光合能力及水分利用能力差别较大.8种阔叶树种叶片的初始荧光（Fo）、可变荧光（Fv）、最大荧光（Fm）和PSⅡ电子传递量子效率（ФPSⅡ）的种间差异极为显著（p〈0.01）,PSⅡ最大光能转换效率（Fv/Fm）、可变荧光与初始荧光之比（Fv/Fo）和非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）的种间差异也达显著水平（p〈0.05）,说明各树种叶片的PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和潜在活性、PSⅡ电子传递量子效率以及PSⅡ的潜在热耗散能力差别较大,而实际光下最大荧光（F′m）和PSⅡ光能捕获效率（F′v/F′m）的种间差异不显著.3种木兰科植物的Pn、Tr、WUE和WUEi平均值均高于3种蔷薇科植物,说明木兰科植物的光合能力较强,对吸收的光能和水分的利用较高.蔷薇科植物的Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ、F′v/F′m和光化学猝灭系数（qp）平均值均高于木兰科植物,而木兰科植物NPQ较高,表明其PSⅡ的潜在热耗散能力较强,可有效地避免过剩光能对光合机构的损伤.研究还表明3种木兰科植物和3种蔷薇科植物之间的叶绿素荧光参数差异不大,说明同一科属植物叶片的光合能力较为相近.相关分析表明,8种阔叶树种叶片的Pn与Tr、Tr与gs、Fv/Fm与Fv/Fo、ФPSⅡ与F′v/F′m、qp与NPQ均呈极显著正相关（p〈0.01）,Pn与gs呈显著正相关（p〈0.05）,而Tr、gs与WUE、WUEi,Pn与ФPSⅡ,ФPSⅡ与NPQ,F′v/F′m 与 qp、NPQ均呈极显著负相关（p〈0.01）.     

Relationship between δ13C and photosynthetic parameters and their responses to leaf nitrogen content in six broadleaf tree species

Stable carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C), net photosynthetic rate (P _N), actual quantum yield of photosystem 2 (PS2) electron transport (ΦPS2), nitrogen content (N_c), and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) in the leaves of six broadleaf tree species were determined under field environmental conditions. The six tree species were Magnolia liliflora Desr., M. grandiflora Linn., M. denudata Desr., Prunus mume (Sieb.) Sieb. et Zucc. cv. Meiren Men, P. mume (Sieb.) Sieb. et Zucc. f. alphandii (Carr.) Rehd., and P. persica (L.) Batsch. var. rubro-plena. The relationships among δ¹³C, Φ_PS2, P _N, and PNUE, as well as their responses to N_c in the six species were also studied. Both P _N and δ¹³C negatively correlated with N_c, but Φ_PS2 positively correlated with N_c. This indicated that with N_c increase, P _N and δ¹³C decreased, while Φ_PS2 increased. There were weak negative correlations between δ¹³C and PNUE, and strong negative correlations (p<0.01) between Φ_PS2 and PNUE. According to the variance analysis of parameters, there existed significant interspecific differences (p<0.001) of δ¹³C, P _N, Φ_PS2, PNUE, and N_c among the tree seedlings of the six tree species, which suggests that the potential photosynthetic capacities depend on plant species, irradiance, and water use capacity under field conditions.     

晋陕宁黄土丘陵区生态修复与农林牧业持续发展仿真研究

晋陕宁黄土丘陵区土壤侵蚀严重,生态环境脆弱,不合理利用土地是其主要原因,生态修复与环境重建是该区生态与经济持续发展的重要战略措施。应用系统动力学（System Dynamic,简称SD）和“反馈控制（Feedback control）理论建立了该区生态修复和环境重建的SD模型,它分为人口、农业、林业、牧业、农村经济、土壤侵蚀和生态环境6个模块,仿真时间1990～2080年,步长1a。经检验该SD模型的有效性为93．5％,可用于未来仿真预测。根据该区的生态环境特点和农牧业发展现状,选择生态环境恢复重建的3种典型模式——同步发展模式（A模式）、逐步调整模式（B模式）和现状发展模式（C模式）进行仿真研究,预测3种模式2000～2080年的土壤侵蚀、土地利用的发展动态以及农林牧业和生态环境演化趋势。仿真结果表明：土地利用与农、林、牧业持续发展密切相关,坡耕地和草场退化是制约农林牧业发展的主要因素。合理调整土地利用结构和加速治理侵蚀,可促进生态环境逐步恢复和农林牧业持续发展。同步发展模式（A模式）是该区生态修复和环境重建的3个仿真模式中的最优策略,它可促进农林牧协调发展和生态一经济趋向良性循环,并提出该区生态修复与环境重建的对策措施。该SD模型结构合理,运行功能良好,能较真实的模拟具有多变量、非线性变量的复杂生态系统的动态行为,为生态修复研究提供一种有效工具。