不同LET的重离子辐射对DSB诱导的影响

利用γ射线和不同LET的碳离子辐照小鼠B16黑色素瘤细胞的脱蛋白DNA,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳结合荧光扫描技术研究了DNA双链断裂（DSB）与LET之间的关系。结果表明：不同LET重离子诱导的PR都随剂量的增加而增加,并在超过一定的剂量之后逐渐趋于一个准阈值;而不同LET的重离子诱导的L值都与剂量呈线性关系;对于诱导DSB的RBE值则随着LET的增加先呈上升趋势,在LET超过100ke/μm后下降。     

60Coγ射线辐照花魔芋球茎的早期诱变效应研究

本试验开展了花魔芋早期诱变效应研究。通过^60Coγ射线辐照后的植株苗期发育观察和根尖细胞学检测分析,结果表明魔芋辐射诱变效应显著：辐照诱发核畸变和染色体畸变,且变异频率与剂量呈二次曲线关系;低剂量时对细胞分裂有刺激作用;辐照抑制芽体发育、苗期生长,抑制效应随剂量增加而加大,直至产生致死作用。依据花魔芋的辐射敏感性,建立了魔芋辐照诱变体系,以催芽球茎为诱变材料,诱变剂量范围为0Gy～50Gy,剂量率为1Gy／min,中等适宜剂量为7Gy～10Gy,致死剂量50Gy。     

羟自由基、γ射线和重离子束致死效应的比较

以集落法测存活率、用双链断裂模型分析实验数据,比较研究了羟自由基、γ射线和125．5keV/μm碳离子束对B16细胞和V79细胞的致死效应。结果表明：三种处理对细胞都有明显的致死作用,剂量越大,效果越明显;重离子束的致效效应比γ射线强,而且对抗常规辐射的黑色素瘤也有效,证明了重离子治癌的优势;羟自由基与DNA的作用没有一次击中的成分,碳离子束则以一次击中为主,γ射线介于两者之间,两种细胞对羧自由基的敏感性与对电脑辐射的敏感不同,揭示电离辐射的间接作用不是简单的自由基行为。     

80MeV/u20Ne10+离子对SMMC-7721细胞DNA损伤及细胞周期的影响

从辐照剂量和修复时间两个角度研究了重离子辐照对肿瘤细胞DNA损伤及细胞周期的影响,为重离子治癌的临床应用积累基础数据。不同剂量的80MeV／u^20Ne^10 辐照SMMC—7721细胞样品,利用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis,SCGE)对细胞DNA损伤进行了检测,利用流式细胞技术(Flow Cytometry Methods,FCM)对细胞周期变化进行了分析。80MeV／u^20Ne^10 辐照后4小时内,SMMC—7721细胞的DNA损伤与辐照剂量呈线性关系,在0小时组其线性相关因子r为0．9621,4小时组为0．914;随着修复时间的增加,DNA损伤与辐照剂量不再线性相关,但0．5Gy,1Gy和2Gy三个剂量点的DNA损伤程度极为相近。另外,重离子辐照后SMMC—7721细胞发生S期和G2／M期阻滞现象,其随剂量变化及时间变化的规律不同于X、γ等低LET(Linear Energy Transfer)射线辐照。     

抑制survivin表达增强人肝癌HepG2细胞对高线性能量转移射线的辐射敏感性

探讨了肿瘤细胞中survivin的表达对高线性能量转移(LET)射线辐射敏感性的影响.根据Gen Bank提供的survivin序列,合成特异性survivin-siRNA寡核苷酸,转染人肝癌HepG2细胞,抑制survivin的表达.发现siRNA转染后诱导了HepG2细胞G2/M期阻滞,增加了自发性和辐射诱导的细胞凋亡.在高线性能量转移(LET)碳离子辐照后,siRNA转染细胞的克隆存活率明显下降.这些结果表明survivin表达是HepG2细胞产生对高LET射线辐射抗性的关键因素.     

模拟多野三维适形放疗对人HeLa细胞生物效应的研究

目的:探讨多个照射野三维适形放疗模式对人宫颈癌细胞系HeLa细胞的生物效应.方法:采用指数生长期HeLa细胞制成单细胞悬液,接种后24h内分成3组:(1)空白对照组,细胞不进行照射,接种后直接置孵箱培养,待测.(2)急速照射组,包括1、2、4、6、8、10Gy共6个剂量点,每个剂量点的照射完成时间为1～2min.(3)模拟适形放疗照射模式组,每组所含照射剂量点同急速照射组,每个剂量点的照射完成时间为10 min,各组剂量率为3Gy/min.采用成克隆分析法计算存活分数,绘制细胞存活曲线,用多靶单击数学模型拟和曲线,求出平均致死剂量Do、准阈剂量Dq等参数值.结果:急速照射组、10 min照射组的照射2 Gy的细胞存活分数SF2分别为0.675、0.761,Dq值分别为1.682 Gy、2.136 Gy,Do值分别为1.685 Gy、1.832 Gy.结论:多个照射野三维适形放疗模式下随分次照射时间的延长,相对剂量率降低,细胞的生物效应下降.     

碳离子束辐照拟南芥介导外源基因转移的研究

采用700keV或4.0MeV碳离子束辐照拟南芥种子,通过对样品的显微摄影,发现随着辐照剂量的增加,碳离子束对种子表面的损伤逐渐加剧,特别是在4.0MeV碳离子束辐照下,当剂量达到1×1014ions·cm-2后,种皮局部逐渐被刻蚀殆尽,甚至造成种皮局部破裂。对拟南芥种子进行台盼蓝染色后的显微观测显示,碳离子束辐照可以导致拟南芥种皮细胞着染,在剂量较大的情况下,部分皮下细胞也可着染,表明碳离子束可作用到皮下细胞,为外源基因提供导入的通道。GUS基因导入后的组织化学检测表明:质粒pCAMBIA1301能够进入4.0MeV碳离子束辐照后的拟南芥种子,并在种子和幼芽中获得瞬间表达。     

X射线辐照处理对玉米象成虫的辐射效应

探讨辐照处理对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky成虫的辐射效应,为其在粮食储藏中的实际应用提供理论依据.本文利用加速器产生的X射线对玉米象成虫进行了不同剂量的辐照处理.结果表明,X射线显著的影响了玉米象成虫的活动能力、死亡率和繁殖力,玉米象成虫经70 Gy以上剂量辐照48 d的死亡率可达...     

60Coγ射线对杏鲍菇菌丝的诱变效应

采用^60Coγ射线诱变杏鲍菇菌丝,在辐照剂量为1000Gy,剂量率为67．8Gy／h的条件下,经过拮抗试验和酯酶同功酶电泳验证,选育出一株杏鲍菇新菌株,诱变菌株与供试菌株比较,菌丝积累量差异均达到极显著水平。     

核黄素体外辐射增敏机理研究

采用MTT方法和荧光显微镜技术, 以小鼠胸腺细胞和人肝L02细胞株为研究对象, 对核黄素的体外辐射增敏作用进行研究. 在5 Gy ⁶⁰Co γ 射线辐照条件下, 低浓度(5~50 μmol/L)和高浓度(100~400 μmol/L)核黄素作用下的小鼠胸腺细胞存活率的时间依赖关系表现出明显的差异, 其规律为: 低浓度下, 细胞受g射线辐照后并不立刻大量死亡, 但随着时间的推移存活率迅速下降, 4 h后存活水平降低到较低的水平; 而高浓度下, 细胞立刻大量的死亡, 且随时间的变化, 细胞存活仅有微弱的下降. 荧光显微镜研究结果显示, 核黄素在细胞中的分布因高浓度和低浓度而有所不同, 低浓度时核黄素集中于细胞核区, 高浓度时细胞膜区也有较高的分布. 由此得到结论: 低浓度时(<50 μmol/L), 核黄素作用的位点在细胞核, 对DNA辐射损伤增敏; 高浓度时(>100 μmol/L), 核黄素辐射增敏的主要靶位点为细胞膜, 两者均显示出核黄素对细胞辐射损伤具有显著的增敏效应.     

Radiation dose in repeated CT guided radiofrequency ablations

ObjectiveTo calculate the cumulative effective and skin doses in patients that underwent repeated CT guided radiofrequency ablations (RFA).Materials and methodsFrom all patients that had undergone RFA during a five years period those which had three or more RFAs were selected. Using the CT images DICOM data, the dose length product (DLP), effective dose (E), skin dose profiles as well as the peak skin dose (PSD) were calculated, using appropriate methods and software developed for this purpose. For each patient, cumulative DLP and E were also calculated from the sum of the respective figures of each individual procedure. To calculate PSD, the skin dose profiles of each procedure were overlaid on the same Z-axis scale using anatomical landmarks for reference and the skin doses to each point were summed up.ResultsFive patients were studied; four had undergone 3 RFAs and one 10 RFAs. Cumulative DLP, E and PSD ranges were 5.6–22.3 Gy cm, 0.08–0.36 Sv and 0.8–3.4 Gy, respectively. Median E and PSD values per RFA were 35 mSv and 0.4 Gy, respectively. For comparison purposes it must be noted that in this CT department a routine abdomen-pelvis scan results to an E of about 10 mSv.ConclusionsPatients that undergo repeated RFAs are exposed to considerably high radiation exposure levels. When these patients are in the final stage of malignant diseases, stochastic effects may not be of major concern. However, optimization of the exposure factors and monitoring of these patients to avoid skin injuries are required.     

Feasibility of setting up generic alert levels for maximum skin dose in fluoroscopically guided procedures

PurposeThe feasibility of setting-up generic, hospital-independent dose alert levels to initiate vigilance on possible skin injuries in interventional procedures was studied for three high-dose procedures (chemoembolization (TACE) of the liver, neuro-embolization (NE) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)) in 9 European countries.MethodsGafchromic® films and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) were used to determine the Maximum Skin Dose (MSD). Correlation of the online dose indicators (fluoroscopy time, kerma- or dose-area product (KAP or DAP) and cumulative air kerma at interventional reference point (K_a,r)) with MSD was evaluated and used to establish the alert levels corresponding to a MSD of 2 Gy and 5 Gy. The uncertainties of alert levels in terms of DAP and K_a,r, and uncertainty of MSD were calculated.ResultsAbout 20–30% of all MSD values exceeded 2 Gy while only 2–6% exceeded 5 Gy. The correlations suggest that both DAP and K_a,r can be used as a dose indicator for alert levels (Pearson correlation coefficient p mostly >0.8), while fluoroscopy time is not suitable (p mostly <0.6). Generic alert levels based on DAP (Gy cm²) were suggested for MSD of both 2 Gy and 5 Gy (for 5 Gy: TACE 750, PCI 250 and NE 400). The suggested levels are close to the lowest values published in several other studies. The uncertainty of the MSD was estimated to be around 10–15% and of hospital-specific skin dose alert levels about 20–30% (with coverage factor k = 1).ConclusionsThe generic alert levels are feasible for some cases but should be used with caution, only as the first approximation, while hospital-specific alert levels are preferred as the final approach.     

Current use of the EPA uncertainty factor approach in New Jersey standards and risk assessment

The derivation of the uncertainty factors used in the construction of reference doses for 61 chemicals of regulatory concern to the state of New Jersey were evaluated. Frequency of use of uncertainty factor variables was enumerated with the aim of providing a guide to existing methodology in the analysis of critical studies by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.     

Estimates of the number of patients with high cumulative doses through recurrent CT exams in 35 OECD countries

PurposeTo estimate the number of patients in OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries who receive a cumulative effective dose (CED) ≥ 100 mSv from recurrent computed tomography (CT) exams.MethodsTaking into account recently published data on the number of CTs per patient and the fraction of patients with CED ≥ 100 mSv as well as country-specific data for the number of CT exams/1,000 population from OECD publication, this paper makes estimations for 35 OECD countries.ResultsThe estimated total number of patients with CED ≥ 100 mSv for all 35 OECD countries combined in a 5-year period is around 2.5 million (2,493,685) in a population of 1.2 billion (1,176,641,900), i.e., 0.21% of the population. Expressed per 1,000 population, the range is from 0.51 for Finland to 2.94 for the US, a nearly six-fold difference. Countries with more than 2 patients with CED ≥ 100 mSv in a 5-yr period per 1,000 population are: Belgium, France, Iceland, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Portugal, Turkey, and US.ConclusionsThe first estimates of the number of patients likely receiving CED ≥ 100 mSv through recurrent CT exams in 35 OECD countries indicate that 2.5 million patients reach this level in a 5-year period. There is an urgent need for various stakeholders including medical physicists, referring physicians, health policy makers, manufacturers of CT equipment and epidemiologists to attend to the issue in the interest of patient radiation safety.     

低剂量与常规剂量扫描在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中的临床应用价值对比研究

摘要 目的：比较低剂量与常规剂量扫描在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中的临床应用价值。方法：选择2018年1月至2019年12月我院行CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术的患者96例,采用随机数字表法分为低剂量组和常规剂量组,每组48例,两组分别在低剂量扫描、常规剂扫描下行CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术,比较两组扫描范围、X射线剂量、图像质量、穿刺成功率及并发症发生情况。结果：低剂量组CT吸收剂量加权指数（CTDIw）、平均剂量长度乘积（DLP）显著低于常规剂量组（P<0.05）,两组扫描范围比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组图像质量1级1例、2级1例、3级46例;常规剂量组1级0例、2级1例、3级47例,两组图像质量比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组穿刺成功率87.50%,常规剂量组穿刺成功率89.58%,两组穿刺成功率比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。低剂量组并发症发生率为12.50%,常规剂量组并发症发生率为10.42%,两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：与常规剂量扫描相比,在CT引导下经皮穿刺肺活检术中应用低剂量扫描可以有效降低辐射剂量,但不影响图像质量和穿刺成功率,患者并发症发生率也未增加,具有较好的临床价值。     

Measurement-based model of a wide-bore CT scanner for Monte Carlo dosimetric calculations with GMCTdospp software

The aim of this work was to create a model of a wide-bore Siemens Somatom Sensation Open CT scanner for use with GMCTdospp, which is an EGSnrc-based software tool dedicated for Monte Carlo calculations of dose in CT examinations.The method was based on matching spectrum and filtration to half value layer and dose profile, and thus was similar to the method of Turner et al. (Med. Phys. 36, pp. 2154–2164). Input data on unfiltered beam spectra were taken from two sources: the TASMIP model and IPEM Report 78. Two sources of HVL data were also used, namely measurements and documentation. Dose profile along the fan-beam was measured with Gafchromic RTQA-1010 (QA+) film. Two-component model of filtration was assumed: bow-tie filter made of aluminum with 0.5 mm thickness on central axis, and flat filter made of one of four materials: aluminum, graphite, lead, or titanium.Good agreement between calculations and measurements was obtained for models based on the measured values of HVL. Doses calculated with GMCTdospp differed from the doses measured with pencil ion chamber placed in PMMA phantom by less than 5%, and root mean square difference for four tube potentials and three positions in the phantom did not exceed 2.5%. The differences for models based on HVL values from documentation exceeded 10%. Models based on TASMIP spectra and IPEM78 spectra performed equally well.     

A method for assessing alternative effects functions that uses simulation with EMDEX data

A method for evaluating a variety of alternative biologically plausible effects functions through the use of simulation studies conducted on personal-monitor exposure data is described. Using magnetic field time series collected with EMDEX instruments, we demonstrate how the method can be used to explore (1) how the outputs from various effects functions simulations compare to the results obtained by assuming that effects are proportional to time average field strength; (2) how the results of epidemiological studies might be used to assess the relative likelihood that each of the alternative effects functions describes biological reality; and (3) how the results might be used to assess possible health risks. Although the available data are sufficient to demonstrate the general method, they are not yet sufficient to support actual discrimination among possible alternatives. The arguments on the use of the method are for illustrative purposes only. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

320排动态容积CT冠脉成像双低扫描的可行性研究

目的:通过与常规冠脉造影(Digital Signature Algorithm,DSA)对比评估双低扫描(低放射剂量,低造影剂量)方案在320排动态容积CT冠脉成像(coronary angiography with CT,CCTA)中应用的可行性。方法:选取2014年5月2015年8月完成CCTA双低扫描30例患者为双低组,双低组根据患者体重指数采取相应的管电压(BMI重指数采取相应的管电压(BMI≤25 kg/m~2:80 kv,25 kg/m~2BMI≤28 kg/m~2:100 kv,BMI〉28 kg/m~2:120 kv),造影剂浓度选用320 mg I/m L,接受0.6 m L/kg的对比剂;完成双低扫描的30例患者并在CCTA检查的前后两周内同时完成了DSA检查为对照组,另外完成CCTA常规扫描检查的30例患者为常规组,电压设置为常规使用的120 kv管电压,造影剂浓度选用370 mg I/m L,以及均接受造影剂的量为65 m L。结果:与DSA比较,CCTA对诊断冠脉狭窄的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为91%、94%、92%、93%,在诊断冠脉狭窄方面没有明显统计差异;与常规扫描比较,CCTA有效辐射剂量降低了约62%。结论:应用双低扫描的CCTA检查具有与DSA几乎同样的图像诊断质量,有效辐射剂量有了大幅度减低。     

Conversion factors for effective dose and organ doses with the air Kerma area product in hysterosalpingography

Histerosalpingography (HSG) remains the dominant diagnostic tool for investigation of infertility in women. Conversion factors used to estimate effective (E) and organ doses (H_T) from air Kerma area product (KAP) are needed to estimate patient doses in HSG, performed with state-of-the-art fluoroscopic X-ray systems with digital detectors.In this study, estimates of E and H_T for six critical organs/tissues, were derived on an individual basis in 120 HSG procedures and in 1410 irradiation events, performed on two X-ray systems from information available through the radiation dose structured report using Monte Carlo methods.Mean values of E and H_ovaries were1.0 ± 0.9 mSv and 5.6 ± 5.4 mGy. E/KAP conversion factors of 0.13; 0.18; 0.28 and 0.35 mSv Gy⁻¹cm⁻² were established for irradiation events with a Cu filtration of 0.0; 0.1; 0.4 and 0.9 mm. A high agreement was obtained between E estimated through Monte Carlo methods and E/KAP conversion factors accounting separately for the different modes of fluoroscopy and the radiography component of HSG, with a systematic error of 0 mSv and lower/upper limits of agreement of −0.6 and 0.5 mSv. On the contrary, the use of a single coefficient of conversion did not provide accurate estimates of E, showing a bias of −0.4 mSv and lower and upper limits of agreement of −1.9 and 1.2 mSv.An algorithm for the estimation of effective and organ doses from KAP has been established in HSG procedures depending on the Cu filtration in the X-ray irradiation events.