臭氧对灵芝菌丝杀灭作用的研究

以灵芝菌丝为研究对象,测定了臭氧发生器放电时间、臭氧浓度、灵芝菌丝致死率之间的曲线关系。结果表明,随着放电时问延长,臭氧浓度变大,致死率明显上升,到一定时间后趋缓,在生物显微镜下认真观察了正常菌丝和被破坏菌丝形态上的差别,在透射电子显微镜下观察了菌丝的外观结构,用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察了菌丝破坏前后及吖啶橙染色与不染色的形态结构,经低真空扫描电镜、原子力显微镜观察了臭氧处理前后灵芝菌丝细胞的变化情况。     

臭氧对细菌杀灭作用的初步研究

本文以枯草杆菌,大肠杆菌,八迭球菌,金黄色葡萄球菌为研究对象,研究了臭氧作用时间,臭氧浓度与它们致死的关系,用臭氧作用前后细胞形态的变化。实验结果表明,在恒定的臭氧浓度下,随着作用时间的增长,致死率明显升高,且能达到１００ ％ 的致死率;作用时间相同,臭氧浓度减少,致死率下降     

自发和诱发神经放电序列的内在时序特性

运用Fano因子分析法,考察豚鼠听神经单纤维的自发放电序列、小鼠海马CAl区神经元的自发放电序列以及蟾蜍缝匠肌肌梭传入神经的诱发放电序列的时序特性,结果显示自发和诱发放电时间序列均存在Fano因子随计算窗口时间的增大而持续增长的特点,而原始数据的随机重排替代数据则没有这一特性,说明这些神经放电时间序列与一般的随机点过程不同,存在长时程相关性,在时序上具有某种结构特征。进一步的研究表明,这一时序结构特征可以通过将随机产生的一维正态分布序列数据,与神经放电时间序列数据进行跟随排序后而体现,提示这一特征与放电间隔的分布特点无关。     

超高压对漆酶产生菌的诱变效应研究

对漆酶产生菌灵芝和鸡腿菇进行超高压处理,发现致死率随剂量的增加而增加,在致死率为50%~80%的范围内诱变效果较好。实验获得了2株具有较大应用潜力的灵芝高压突变株G1502和鸡腿菇高压突变株C2003,其中G1502酶活比出发菌株提高了2.83倍,发酵时间缩短了1d;C2003酶活比原菌株提高了2.57倍,发酵时间也缩短了1d。     

半导体激光诱变蝗虫控制效果研究

目的:为研究半导体激光对蝗虫的杀灭控制效果.方法:将实验虫体按龄期分为照射实验组和对照组,采用波长808nm、功率2W的半导体连续单管激光器对东亚飞蝗成虫和幼虫头部、翅根、腹部位置;Ⅰ-Ⅲ龄期和Ⅳ-Ⅵ龄期的亚洲车蝗幼虫头部进行不同时间、不同距离的照射实验.分别观察照后第三天东亚飞蝗的致死率;照后2小时、照后2天和照后3天亚洲车蝗的致死率.结果:统计结果表明相同辐照条件下,激光对蝗虫头部具有较强的生物学致死效应;随着照射后时间的延长蝗虫的致死率增加;蝗蝻较成虫容易致死,且蝗虫龄期越小致死率越高.随着激光功率密度和照射时间的增加,蝗虫致死率呈现增长趋势,且功率密度对蝗虫的致死效果起决定性作用.结论:近红外激光辐照蝗虫头部有较好的致死作用,且龄期越小致死效果越好.     

豚鼠听神经放电的复杂性分析

运用刻划非线性动力系统复杂性的两种测算方法：复杂度和近似熵,结合替代数据法,研究豚鼠听神经单纤维放电时间间隔序列的复杂性。结果显示,听神经自发放电时间间隔序列的复杂度要高于诱发时的复杂度;听神经诱发放电时间间隔序列的近似熵低于随机重排替代数据的近似熵。提示听神经放电不是完全随机的过程,而可能是混沌的动力学行为,而且诱发放电时的规律性更强。     

多通道在体记录技术——神经元放电与节律性场电位间的相位分析方法

本文旨在介绍神经元放电序列与节律性场电位间的相位分析方法。多通道在体记录技术能同时记录群体神经元和局部场电位的活动信号。神经元的放电活动一般表征为放电时间序列;而在局部场电位信号中,则包含有不同频率成分的周期性节律振荡。相位分析主要考察神经元放电时刻与周期性节律场电位相位间的相互关系。具体分析时,先运用Hilbert变换计算出某一频段节律场电位信号的瞬时相位值,然后再计算某一神经元放电序列中每个动作电位相对于该节律场电位的放电相位,最后通过考察这些放电相位的分布特性,来判断该神经元与该节律场电位相位间的放电相位关系。如一神经元放电序列对某种节律场电位的相位分布经统计检验不是随机的,则表明该神经元对这种节律场电位有放电锁相关系。Theta相位进动则是一种特殊的神经元放电与周期性节律场电位间的相位关系,也是海马位置细胞放电的基本特性之一。海马位置细胞在位置野内一般呈theta节律簇状放电模式,而相位进动是指每一theta波内放电的theta相位,相对上一theta波会逐渐提前。这一现象可通过对位置细胞放电的theta相位和动物实时位置使用线性模型来描述;并运用圆周线性相关分析法,计算它们之间的相关系数,从而研究位置细胞在位置野中的放电相对于theta相位的进动情况。通过相位分析,可以帮助我们了解神经元放电与节律性场电位信号间的时间信息编码特性。     

长白山自然保护区兽类道路交通致死的初步分析

2007 ～ 2009 年,按月对吉林长白山自然保护区环保护区的2 条要道所造成兽类交通死亡状况以及车流量 和车速等因素进行了调查。结果表明:(1)保护区道路交通致死的兽类种类达14种,占保护区种类的27% ,以棕背鼠平、花鼠和大林姬鼠等为优势种类;(2)道路交通所造成的动物个体死亡为2. 57 ± 0.53 头/10km,其中夜行性种类的致死率很高,达69.8% ;(3) 动物死亡主要发生在车流量为1 ～ 40 辆/ h 的区间,占69.4% ,尤以30 ～ 40 辆/ h 区间的致死率最高;(4)动物致死率与每月的车流量显著相关,主要集中在5 ～ 10 月,以9 月的致死率最高。通过对兽类活动时间和生态习性分析,兽类交通致死主要发生在凌晨、傍晚或夜间时段。这可能与夜间车辆照明对动物产生视觉障碍有较大关系,加上车速快和车流量大,极易造成晨昏或夜间活动的动物的大量死亡。因此,建议在保护区路段上合理控制夜间车辆行驶时间,并对车流量和车速予以限制,从而有效减少动物道路交通致死。     

长白山国家级自然保护区两栖类动物道路致死特征分析

为了解旅游道路交通导致的两栖类致死效应,于2007~2014年在环绕长白山国家级自然保护区的环长白山旅游公路(环区公路)、头道环区公路以及白山公路分别选取1条样线,采用直接计数法统计了交通致死的两栖类种类、数量,以及致死个体处于交通路段的位置,共统计257次,累计调查样带总长2 441 km。道路致死两栖类种类有5种,累计致死个体数为7 910只,平均致死率为3.34只/km。最容易致死的两栖类动物是中国林蛙(Rana chensinensi)、东方铃蟾(Bombina orientalis)、中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargariza),这3种动物占到致死总数的96.36%;经Moses Test检验,白山公路的致死率、头道公路的致死率及环区公路致死率均与对照土路致死率差异显著(白山公路:n=67,P=0.000;头道公路:n=76,P=0.000;环区公路:n=164,P=0.000)。白山公路与头道公路两栖类致死率差异显著(n=93,P=0.010),白山公路与环区公路的两栖类道路致死率差异显著(n=181,P=0.000);头道公路与环区公路的两栖类道路致死率差异显著(n=190,P=0.000)。两栖类道路致死高峰期在8月份,其次较集中出现在4~6月的繁殖期。从公路年度致死变化来看,2007~2014年期间除了中国林蛙和中华蟾蜍致死率呈小幅波动外,其他种类致死率总体呈下降趋势,只有日本树蟾(Hyla japonica)年度致死率差异显著(Kruskal Wallis Test:χ2=18.031,df=7,P=0.012);不同月份中华蟾蜍(Pearson:R=0.939,n=7,P=0.002)、中国林蛙(Pearson:R=0.912,n=7,P=0.004)、日本树蟾(Pearson:R=0.904,n=7,P=0.005)致死率与交通量显著相关。本研究认为,两栖类的道路致死率与两栖类种群大小、种群密度、生活史及交通量等都存在显著相关性。     

长白山国家级自然保护区爬行动物道路致死特征的初步分析

2007—2014年在长白山国家级自然保护区环区公路、头道公路及白山公路,各选取1条样线,采用直接观测法进行了爬行动物道路致死情况的调查。累计统计里程总长1568 km。研究表明,道路致死爬行动物5种共391条,平均道路致死率为2.5条/10 km;其中白条锦蛇Elaphe dione个体数最多,占致死总数量的49.9%;环区公路道路致死率与白山公路(Mann-Whitney Test:Z=-3.333,P=0.0010.05)、头道公路(Mann-Whitney Test:Z=-2.473,P=0.0130.05)差异有统计学意义,路基宽度最小的头道公路道路致死率最高;岩栖蝮Gloydius saxatilis不同月份道路致死率差异有统计学意义(Kruskal Wallis Test:X~2=13.404,df=5,P=0.0200.05),其他4种爬行动物不同月份道路致死率差异均无统计学意义;各月车流量与各月总道路致死率经Pearson相关分析结果显著不相关(R=0.423,P=0.407)。在此基础上,本研究提出了相应减小道路对爬行动物致死率的措施。     

EVIDENCE FOR THE REPAIR OF OZONE-INDUCED MEMBRANE INJURY

The increase in [¹⁴C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake by leaf discs 24 hr after fumigation was used as a measure of ozone injury to pinto bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris). This method showed that the primary leaves were most affected by ozone when plants were 10 to 12 days old, which coincided with the time of maximum leaf necrosis. However, 8-day-old plants, which had no visible leaf injury, still showed a higher uptake rate than controls, indicating that injury occurred at the cellular level. In these younger plants, uptake was shown to return to normal over a 5 day period. Moreover, the rate of this “repair” was retarded by cold or continuous darkness, enhanced by continuous light, and very markedly increased by glucose applied to the leaves. The timing of the glucose application was not critical, nor did H₂O or mannitol have an effect. The results suggest that ozone injury at the cellular level can be repaired by energy-dependent processes so that necrosis of the leaf tissue does not occur. These experiments also show that conditions and treatments after ozone exposure can alter the degree of ozone injury.     

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)冬季自然死亡率

以耳标观察法。1985年4-7月共捕标了样地内高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)幼鼠114只。到入冬前,死亡率为50.88%。第2胎出生的鼠死亡率明显地高于第1胎的死亡率。冬季死亡率呈现波动,入冬及开春时死亡率较高。鼠兔种群进入繁殖前期死亡率趋于零。初春样区存活标志鼠6只,经夏秋冬3季总计死亡率达94.74%。如按入冬时实有标志鼠计算,冬季死亡率为91.04%。     

THE INFLUENCE OF HOST DEMOGRAPHY ON THE EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE OF A MICROSPORIDIAN GUT PARASITE

It is predicted that host exploitation should evolve to maximize parasite fitness and that virulence (= parasite-induced host mortality) evolves along with the rate of host exploitation. If the life expectancy of a parasite is short, it is expected to evolve a higher rate of host exploitation and therefore higher virulence because the penalty to the parasite for killing the host is reduced. We tested this hypothesis by keeping for 14 months the horizontally transmitted microsporidian parasite Glugoides intestinalis in mono-clonal host cultures (Daphnia magna) under conditions of high and low host background mortality. High host mortality, and thus parasite mortality, was achieved by replacing weekly 70–80% of all hosts in a culture with uninfected hosts from stock cultures (Replacement lines). In the low-mortality treatment no replacement took place. Contrary to our expectation, parasites from the Replacement lines evolved a lower within-host growth rate and virulence than parasites from the Nonreplacement lines. Across lines we found a strong positive correlation between within-host growth rate and virulence. We did further experiments to answer the question why our data did not support the predictions. Sporophorous vesicles (SVs, spore clusters) were smaller in doubly infected than in singly infected host-gut cells, indicating that competition within cells bears costs for the parasite. Due to our experimental protocol, the average life span of infections had been much higher in the Nonreplacement lines. Since the number of parasites inside a host increases with the time since infection, long-lasting infections led to high frequencies of multiply infected host-gut cells. Therefore, we speculated that within-cell competition was more severe in the Nonreplacement lines and may have led to selection for accelerated within-host growth. SVs in the Nonreplacement lines were indeed significantly larger. Our results point out that single-factor explanations for the evolution of virulence can lead to wrong predictions and that multiple infections are an important factor in virulence evolution.     

Effect of ozone treatment on Eimeria colchici oocysts

The effect of ozone on the inhibition of the sporulation of Eimeria colchici oocysts in vitro was examined. Lower sporulation ratios were found to correspond directly to longer ozone exposure time. In pheasants, Phasianus colchicus, orally inoculated with ozone-treated oocysts, lower mortality and lower oocysts per gram of feces were observed as compared with birds given untreated oocysts. Thus, treatment of E. colchici oocysts with ozone alone was observed to partially inhibit the growth and infectivity of the oocysts.     

Variations of photosynthetic activity and growth of freshwater algae according to ozone contact time in ozone treatment

The activity of freshwater algae in drinking water supply at various ozone contact times was investigated to evaluate ozonation processes used for sterilization of algae. O production rates of algae just after ozonation were severely retarded even by short ozone contact. The algal growth rate was also declined with increase of ozone contact time and completely inhibited by ozonation for 60 min. These results implied that the usual treatment time applied in conventional ozonation processes is not sufficient but at least 60 min of ozonation is required for a complete sterilization of freshwater algae in drinking water source.     

A SURVEY OF THE RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF GASTRIC CANCER IN SAN FRANCISCO

A survey was made of all patients treated for gastric cancer on the clinic services of the Stanford University Hospital during the 30-year period 1919 to 1948. During the last decade of the survey there were impressive gains in the surgical treatment of this disease. It was possible from 1944 to 1948 to do a gastric resection on half the patients seen with cancer of the stomach. Also, there was a pronounced decrease in resection mortality so that from 1939 to 1948 the mortality rate for subtotal gastrectomy for cancer was 3 per cent.The over-all five-year survival rate was discouragingly low—4.6 per cent. On the other hand, 23 per cent of those surviving gastric resection lived for five years.A survey of the management of carcinoma of the stomach from 1939 to 1948 was made in 11 general hospitals in San Francisco. A wide range of resectability and resection mortality rates was observed. The cases from these hospitals were combined with those from Stanford for the same period to form a composite group of 1,128 patients. Analysis of this group of cases from 12 representative hospitals in San Francisco showed encouraging trends toward higher resectability rates with a lower resection mortality.     

臭氧对墨西哥豆瓢虫取食和生长的影响

本文报道在美国农业研究中心用臭氧在室内熏蒸和田间开顶熏蒸植物,用此饲养墨西哥豆瓢虫的实验,以及熏蒸后植物体内某些化合物含量变化的测定.结果表明,墨西哥豆瓢虫(Epilachna varivestis Mulsant)喜食臭氧(O₃)污染的植物,幼虫取食O₃污染植物后蛹显著重于取食未受污染植物所形成的蛹.根据豆瓢虫食性和植物体内糖含量的测定,可以认为,低浓度O₃污染导致植物体内糖含量的增加,是促使豆瓢虫取食量和蛹重增加的重要因素.     

田间增加紫外线（UV）辐射对大豆幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

 两个增加的UV(UV-AB,280～400nm)辐射强度分别相当于大气臭氧减少3.6％和5.1％时增加的UV-B辐射。UV辐射增强明显降低大豆的株高、叶面积、干重、水分含量和叶绿素含量,大豆生长受抑程度随人工UV光源照射时间和强度增加而增强,是增加UV辐射剂量的累积效应,叶绿素b的降幅大于叶绿素a,表明UV辐射对大豆幼苗捕光色素的破坏较严重。同时,增加UV辐射还使大豆幼苗的表观光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔导度下降,作用效果与辐射强度正相关。与生长等比较,UV辐射条件下,冠／根比值减少幅度不大。分析认为,大豆幼苗生长和光合能力的下降可以使植物避免或减轻UV辐射的进一步伤害,对植物适应UV辐射有利。