新组合欧氏拟木层孔菌——“西方拟木层孔菌”的合法名称

拟木层孔菌属Phellinopsis是最近从木层孔菌属Phellinus中独立出来的一个属。拟木层孔菌属的全部4个种中,只有西方拟木层孔菌P. occidentalis在中国没有分布。简要回顾了西方拟木层孔菌这一名称的历史,其基元异名西方层孔菌Fomes occidentalis属于无效发表,因此将西方拟木层孔菌处理为无效名称,并将该名称所代表种的合法名称欧氏木层孔菌Phellinus overholtsii组合为欧氏拟木层孔菌Phellinopsis overholtsii。     

7种木层孔菌属真菌的培养特性*

描述了7种木层孔菌属 (Phellinus) 真菌的培养特性。它们是淡黄木层孔菌（P. gilvus）,火木层孔菌（P. igniarius）,裂蹄木层孔菌（P. linteus）,松木层孔菌（P. pini）,冷杉木层孔菌(P. pini var.abietis),苹果木层孔菌 (P. pomaceus) 和稀硬木层孔菌（P.robustus）。     

7种木层孔菌属真菌的培养特性

描述了7种木层孔蓖属（Phellinus)真菌的培养特性,它们是淡黄木层孔菌（P.gilvus),火木层孔菌（P.igniarius),裂蹄木层孔菌（P.linteus),松木层孔菌（P.pini),冷杉木层孔菌（P.pinivar.abietis) ,苹果木层孔菌（P.pomaceus)和稀硬木层孔菌（P.robustus)。     

三种木层孔菌子实体不同溶剂提取物抗氧化活性的研究

以抗坏血酸为阳性对照,分别对桑木层孔菌Phellinus mori、鲍姆木层孔菌Phellinus baumii和瓦宁木层孔菌Phellinus vaninii野生子实体甲醇提取物(ME)、氯仿提取物(CE)、乙酸乙酯提取物(EAE)、正丁醇提取物(BE)和热水提取物(WE)的体外清除DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)自由基、羟自由基和总抗氧化能力进行了检测。结果表明,3种木层孔菌的不同溶剂提取物都具有体外抗氧化活性。3种菌EAE清除DPPH自由基能力较强,其中瓦宁木层孔菌EAE清除DPPH自由基能力最强,IC50为10.65μg/mL。3种木层孔菌热水浸提物清除羟自由基的能力较强,鲍姆木层孔菌WE的清除率最高,1mg/mL时达到73.52%。另外,3种木层孔菌不同提取物总抗氧化能力和清除DPPH自由基能力基本相同,瓦宁木层孔菌BE的总抗氧化能力最强,1mg/mL时达到了167.7U/mL。3种木层孔菌相比,瓦宁木层孔菌不同提取物的体外抗氧化能力最强,其次是鲍姆木层孔菌,桑木层孔菌的体外抗氧化能力最弱。     

中国锈革孔菌科两新记录种

本文报道了中国秀革孔菌科两个新记录种,路易斯安纳纤孔菌Inonotus ludovicianus和金黄木层孔菌Phellinus chryseus。这两个种分别采自于广东省的南岭自然保护区和海南省的尖峰岭自然保护区。根据所采集的材料对这两种真菌进行了详细描述。     

“桑黄”的本草考证

对“桑黄”的古代、现代名称及其药用功效等方面做了全面考证.“桑黄”最早在汉代的《神农本草经》中记载为“桑耳”,在唐代甄权的《药性论》中才首次出现“桑黄”两字.认为中国“桑黄”,在分类上属于真菌界Fungi、担子菌门Basidiomycota、绣革孔菌目Hymenochaetales、绣革孔菌科Hymenochaetaceae,主要包括来自Phellinus、Inonotus及Fomitiporia等属的具有显著抗肿瘤活性的木腐菌子实体,包括火木层孔菌Phellinus igniarius、瓦尼木层孔菌Phellinus vaninii、鲍姆木层孔菌Phellinus baumii、椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌Fomitiporia ellipsoidea及粗毛纤孔菌Inonotus hispidus等的子实体,并具有明显的地域特色.     

四种多孔菌子实体粗多糖抗肿瘤活性的比较研究

对粗毛纤孔菌、椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌、火木层孔菌、木蹄层孔菌4种多孔菌子实体粗多糖成分的含量及其体内抗肿瘤活性进行了比较研究。结果表明粗毛纤孔菌子实体中的粗多糖含量为4.1%,高于其他3种多孔菌;同时,4种多孔菌子实体粗多糖对H22荷瘤小鼠均显示出一定的抗肿瘤活性,除木蹄层孔菌外,其他3种多孔菌给药剂量为500mg/mL和1 000mg/mL时抑瘤率均大于40%,其中粗毛纤孔菌子实体粗多糖抑瘤率最高,低剂量组（500mg/kg）为58.12%,高剂量组（1 000mg/kg）为47.75%。     

火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其组分对小鼠移植性肝癌H22的体内生长作用

采用肝癌H22荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤模型,对火木层孔菌(桑黄)Phellinus igniarius发酵菌粉及其各提取物组分的体内抗肿瘤活性进行评价。结果表明,火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其各提取物组分对荷瘤小鼠肝癌H22都具有一定的抗肿瘤作用并能延长荷瘤小鼠生存期,其中,火木层孔菌发酵菌粉(1,000mg/kg/d)及其组分I(I多糖组分)(360mg/kg/d)具有较为显著的抗肿瘤作用,抑瘤率分别为33.5%和40.3%。组织病理学研究结果表明在菌粉及其多糖组分作用后,肿瘤细胞坏死细胞明显增多,免疫组化检测表明火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其多糖组分能明显的降低瘤组织中Bcl-2基因蛋白的表达,提高小鼠瘤组织中的Bax基因蛋白的表达。火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其多糖组分具有较好的体内抗肿瘤活性。     

多年卧孔菌属五个中国新记录种

报道了多年卧孔菌属Perenniporia5个中国新记录种。非洲多年卧孔菌Perenniporia africana采自安徽省,孔口表面浅黄色至赭色,且骨架菌丝不分枝;下延多年卧孔菌P.decurrata采自云南省,担子果盖形,具较小孔口和担孢子;椭圆孢多年卧孔菌P.ellipsospora采自云南省,担子果平伏,孔口圆形至多角形,担孢子不平截;硬多年卧孔菌P.inflexibilis采自福建省,担子果盖形,孔口表面灰白至浅褐色,担孢子无色至浅黄色;黄多年卧孔菌P.xantha采自海南省,孔口较小,表面呈黄色,且在KOH试剂中呈深褐色。根据采集的标本材料提供了它们的详细描述和显微结构图。     

6种“桑黄”石油醚提取物的体内抗肿瘤活性

对6种＂桑黄＂的石油醚提取物进行了抗肿瘤体内试验,测定其对H22荷瘤小鼠抑瘤率、免疫器官指数、免疫因子含量和生存率的影响。试验结果表明：粗毛纤孔菌、鲍姆木层孔菌、火木层孔菌和瓦宁木层孔菌的石油醚提取物高、低剂量（100,50 mg/kg）以及黑壳目层孔菌石油醚提取物高剂量（100 mg/kg）对肿瘤均具有一定抑制作用,抑瘤率均〉40%;瓦宁木层孔菌石油醚提取物低剂量组（50 mg/kg）的抑瘤效果最佳,为76.82%,其脾指数、胸腺指数均明显高于阳性组（P〈0.01）,IL 2的含量也明显高于对照组和阳性组,能延长小鼠的生存期;椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌石油醚提取物也具有一定的抑瘤效果,高、低剂量（100,50 mg/kg）抑瘤率分别为39.30%和36.17%。     

锈革菌属三个中国新记录种

报道了锈革菌属Hymenochaete 3个中国新记录种。双孢锈革菌Hymenochaete bispora采自吉林省,担子大多数有两个担子梗;柔软锈革菌Hymenochaete lenta采自内蒙古自治区,子实体覆瓦状叠生且担孢子呈尿囊形;暗赭色锈革菌Hymenochaete senatoumbrina采自西藏自治区,属于裸刚毛组中孢子较大的种类。文中对这3个种进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

Distribution and expression of elicitin genes in the interspecific hybrid oomycete Phytophthora alni

Phytophthora alni subsp. alni, P. alni subsp. multiformis, and P. alni subsp. uniformis are responsible for alder disease in Europe. Class I and II elicitin gene patterns of P. alni subsp. alni, P. alni subsp. multiformis, P. alni subsp. uniformis, and the phylogenetically close species P. cambivora and P. fragariae were studied through mRNA sequencing and 3' untranslated region (3'UTR)-specific PCRs and sequencing. The occurrence of multiple 3'UTR sequences in association with identical elicitin-encoding sequences in P. alni subsp. alni indicated duplication/recombination events. The mRNA pattern displayed by P. alni subsp. alni demonstrated that elicitin genes from all the parental genomes are actually expressed in this allopolyploid taxon. The complementary elicitin patterns resolved confirmed the possible involvement of P. alni subsp. multiformis and P. alni subsp. uniformis in the genesis of the hybrid species P. alni subsp. alni. The occurrence of multiple and common elicitin gene sequences throughout P. cambivora, P. fragariae, and P. alni sensu lato, not observed in other Phytophthora species, suggests that duplication of these genes occurred before the radiation of these species.     

锈革菌属两个中国新记录种

报道了锈革菌属Hymenochaete两个中国新记录种:长孢锈革菌H.longispora采自广东省,主要特点是孢子长圆柱形且刚毛较大;微孢锈革菌H.nanospora采自海南省和广东省,主要特点是刚毛和孢子非常小。文中提供了这两个种的野外标本照片、显微结构绘图以及详细的形态学描述。     

Genetic characterization of the natural hybrid species Phytophthora alni as inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses

The different subspecies of Phytophthora alni, P. alni subsp. alni (Paa), P. alni subsp. uniformis (Pau), and P. alni subsp. multiformis (Pam), are recent and widespread pathogens of alder in Europe. They are believed to be a group of emergent heteroploid hybrids between two phylogenetically close Phytophthora species. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses were performed, using a broad collection of P. alni and two closely related species, P. cambivora and P. fragariae. Paa possesses three different alleles for each of the nuclear genes we studied, two of which are present in Pam as well, whereas the third matches the single allele present in Pau. Moreover, Paa displays common mtDNA patterns with both Pam and Pau. A combination of the data suggests that Paa may have been generated on several occasions by hybridization between Pam and Pau, or their respective ancestors. Pau might have P. cambivora as a species ancestor, whereas Pam seems to have either been generated itself by an ancient reticulation or by autopolyploidization.     

中国锈革菌属研究1.采自广东和安徽的三个中国新记录种

报道了锈革菌属Hymenochaete 3个中国新记录种。贝尔泰罗锈革菌H. berteroi和极薄锈革菌H. tenuis采自广东省,塔斯马尼亚锈革菌H. tasmanica采自安徽省。贝尔泰罗锈革菌的主要特点是菌丝近念珠状,具刚毛状菌丝,且孢子较小;极薄锈革菌属于裸刚毛组,子实体薄且孢子窄椭圆形或短圆柱形;塔斯马尼亚锈革菌菌肉分层且子实层中存在树状侧丝。文中对这3个种进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

Detritivory in two Amazonian fish species

In floodplain lakes of Central Amazon, the siluriform Liposarcus pardalis and the characiform Prochilodus nigricans consumed detritus with different compositions. Most of the diet of L. pardalis and P. nigricans was made of amorphous organic matter. The food ingested by L. pardalis had relatively higher organic matter (OM) (35–55%) and crude protein (10–19%) than that found in P. nigricans stomachs (10–20% and 2–5%, respectively). Both fish ingested higher quantities of OM and crude protein during the high-water season. The differences between the two species seem to be related to their ability to select different detrital components. Striking differences were also found in the digestibility rate of OM and protein between the two species. Prochilodus nigricans assimilated only 2·3% of its intake compared with 24% in L. pardalis .     

Three new Perenniporia (Polyporales,Basidiomycota) species from China based on morphological and molecular data

Three new Perenniporia species, P. lacerata, P. luteola and P. tianmuensis, are described based on morphological and molecular characters. Perenniporia lacerata is characterized by an annual habit, resupinate and papery basidiocarps with lacerate pores, a dimitic hyphal system with weakly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Perenniporia luteola is distinguished by a perennial habit, resupinate basidiocarps with buff-yellow pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system with dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, non-truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Perenniporia tianmuensis differs in its annual habit, pileate basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system with strongly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, non-truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU-rDNA regions revealed five clades for 29 species of Perenniporia used in this study. Both morphological and molecular evidence confirmed the placement of three new species in Perenniporia and showed its relationships with similar species in the genus.     

多年卧孔菌属三个中国新记录种

报道了多年卧孔菌属Perenniporia 3个中国新记录种。竹生多年卧孔菌P. bambusicola采自云南省,孔口表面橙色且仅生长于竹子上;树状多年卧孔菌P. dendrohyphidia采自广西,具树状菌丝;灰黄多年卧孔菌P. isabellina采自云南省,担子果平伏,孔口灰黄色,具树状骨架菌丝,且担孢子较大。根据采集的标本材料提供了它们的详细描述和显微结构图。