6种“桑黄”石油醚提取物的体内抗肿瘤活性

对6种＂桑黄＂的石油醚提取物进行了抗肿瘤体内试验,测定其对H22荷瘤小鼠抑瘤率、免疫器官指数、免疫因子含量和生存率的影响。试验结果表明：粗毛纤孔菌、鲍姆木层孔菌、火木层孔菌和瓦宁木层孔菌的石油醚提取物高、低剂量（100,50 mg/kg）以及黑壳目层孔菌石油醚提取物高剂量（100 mg/kg）对肿瘤均具有一定抑制作用,抑瘤率均〉40%;瓦宁木层孔菌石油醚提取物低剂量组（50 mg/kg）的抑瘤效果最佳,为76.82%,其脾指数、胸腺指数均明显高于阳性组（P〈0.01）,IL 2的含量也明显高于对照组和阳性组,能延长小鼠的生存期;椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌石油醚提取物也具有一定的抑瘤效果,高、低剂量（100,50 mg/kg）抑瘤率分别为39.30%和36.17%。     

火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其组分对小鼠移植性肝癌H22的体内生长作用

采用肝癌H22荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤模型,对火木层孔菌(桑黄)Phellinus igniarius发酵菌粉及其各提取物组分的体内抗肿瘤活性进行评价。结果表明,火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其各提取物组分对荷瘤小鼠肝癌H22都具有一定的抗肿瘤作用并能延长荷瘤小鼠生存期,其中,火木层孔菌发酵菌粉(1,000mg/kg/d)及其组分I(I多糖组分)(360mg/kg/d)具有较为显著的抗肿瘤作用,抑瘤率分别为33.5%和40.3%。组织病理学研究结果表明在菌粉及其多糖组分作用后,肿瘤细胞坏死细胞明显增多,免疫组化检测表明火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其多糖组分能明显的降低瘤组织中Bcl-2基因蛋白的表达,提高小鼠瘤组织中的Bax基因蛋白的表达。火木层孔菌发酵菌粉及其多糖组分具有较好的体内抗肿瘤活性。     

木蹄层孔菌子实体提取物对H22荷瘤小鼠体内抗肿瘤活性的影响

研究了木蹄层孔菌子实体的石油醚提取物、氯仿提取物、甲醇提取物对体内抑制肿瘤活性及对免疫功能的影响。建立H22荷瘤小鼠模型,观察木蹄层孔菌不同提取物对荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤效果,通过抑瘤率、免疫器官指数及生存时间的影响来评价不同提取物的活性。结果表明：木蹄层孔菌子实体的石油醚提取物、氯仿提取物、甲醇提取物均有一定的抑制肿瘤作用,其中石油醚提取物下层沉淀的抑制作用最显著,当质量分数为100 mg/kg时抑瘤率高达56.29%,接近阳性药的抑瘤率58.78%,可使小鼠的体质量、脾指数和胸腺指数增加,延长H22荷瘤小鼠的生存时间。木蹄层孔菌石油醚提取物下层沉淀在一定的剂量范围内,能较好地抑制小鼠肿瘤的生长,提高机体的免疫功能。     

不同“桑黄”类真菌水提取物的抗肿瘤活性研究

用H22荷瘤小鼠对6种"桑黄"类真菌的水提取物进行了抗肿瘤活性研究。结果表明,除鲍姆木层孔菌水提取物低剂量组外,粗毛纤孔菌、椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌、山野木层孔菌的水提取物高、低剂量组以及火木层孔菌、鲍姆木孔菌、瓦尼木层孔菌的水提取物高剂量组均具有显著抑瘤作用,抑瘤率均大于40%,其中;椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌水提取物高剂量组(1 000 mg/kg)的抑瘤效果最佳。与阳性组和生理盐水组相比,粗毛纤孔菌高剂量组小鼠的胸腺指数均有极显著性差异(P0.01),其余各组小鼠胸腺指数无显著性差异。6种"桑黄"类真菌水提取物均对提高小鼠肿瘤细胞中Bax的表达起到了促进作用;对Bcl-2的表达起到了抑制作用。     

“桑黄”的本草考证

对“桑黄”的古代、现代名称及其药用功效等方面做了全面考证.“桑黄”最早在汉代的《神农本草经》中记载为“桑耳”,在唐代甄权的《药性论》中才首次出现“桑黄”两字.认为中国“桑黄”,在分类上属于真菌界Fungi、担子菌门Basidiomycota、绣革孔菌目Hymenochaetales、绣革孔菌科Hymenochaetaceae,主要包括来自Phellinus、Inonotus及Fomitiporia等属的具有显著抗肿瘤活性的木腐菌子实体,包括火木层孔菌Phellinus igniarius、瓦尼木层孔菌Phellinus vaninii、鲍姆木层孔菌Phellinus baumii、椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌Fomitiporia ellipsoidea及粗毛纤孔菌Inonotus hispidus等的子实体,并具有明显的地域特色.     

三种木层孔菌子实体不同溶剂提取物抗氧化活性的研究

以抗坏血酸为阳性对照,分别对桑木层孔菌Phellinus mori、鲍姆木层孔菌Phellinus baumii和瓦宁木层孔菌Phellinus vaninii野生子实体甲醇提取物(ME)、氯仿提取物(CE)、乙酸乙酯提取物(EAE)、正丁醇提取物(BE)和热水提取物(WE)的体外清除DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)自由基、羟自由基和总抗氧化能力进行了检测。结果表明,3种木层孔菌的不同溶剂提取物都具有体外抗氧化活性。3种菌EAE清除DPPH自由基能力较强,其中瓦宁木层孔菌EAE清除DPPH自由基能力最强,IC50为10.65μg/mL。3种木层孔菌热水浸提物清除羟自由基的能力较强,鲍姆木层孔菌WE的清除率最高,1mg/mL时达到73.52%。另外,3种木层孔菌不同提取物总抗氧化能力和清除DPPH自由基能力基本相同,瓦宁木层孔菌BE的总抗氧化能力最强,1mg/mL时达到了167.7U/mL。3种木层孔菌相比,瓦宁木层孔菌不同提取物的体外抗氧化能力最强,其次是鲍姆木层孔菌,桑木层孔菌的体外抗氧化能力最弱。     

利用扁桃斑鸠菊叶发酵高产粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的条件优化及其抗氧化活性研究

粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖是粗毛纤孔菌液体发酵的重要活性代谢产物,但采用常规的发酵方法,粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量较低。为更好地获取粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖,本文采用双向液体发酵的方法,通过向发酵培养基中添加适量的扁桃斑鸠菊叶粉末,来提高粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量,并对优化得到的胞外多糖抗氧化活性进行了研究。以发酵液中胞外多糖含量为指标,采用单因素实验和正交实验优化发酵条件;采用红外光谱对胞外多糖的结构特征进行分析;通过测定胞外多糖对ABTS、DPPH和羟基自由基的清除率来了解其抗氧化活性。结果表明,最优发酵条件为:扁桃斑鸠菊叶粉末添加量0.5g/L、发酵时间10d、pH 6.5、接种量5.0mL,在此条件下,粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量达到(2.34±0.25)mg/mL,与未添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶的空白组相比,其胞外多糖产量提高了约216.22%;红外分析与抗氧化活性实验结果表明,添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶后的胞外多糖与未添加扁桃斑鸠菊叶的胞外多糖红外主要吸收峰一致,并且对ABTS、DPPH以及羟基自由基清除能力相近。本研究结果表明扁桃斑鸠菊叶能够有效地提高粗毛纤孔菌胞外多糖的产量,为其他珍稀食药用菌胞外多糖的高效生产提供了新思路。     

山野木层孔菌子实体中抑制H22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤的活性成分研究

采用梯度提取法对山野木层孔菌子实体进行提取,得到石油醚层、甲醇层及水层3 种提取物及石油醚层中获得化合物4,6,8(14),22(23)-四烯-3-酮-麦角甾烷,并采用H22 荷瘤小鼠进行体内抗肿瘤活性研究,以抑瘤率、免疫器官指数、免疫因子为指标检测抗肿瘤活性。结果表明,石油醚高剂量组（100mg/kg）、单体化合物中剂量组（7.5mg/kg）抑制率分别为62.21%、57.67%;脾指数、胸腺指数均高于对照组和环磷酰胺（CTX）组,白介素-2（IL-2）的含量明显高于对照组和环磷酰胺（CTX）组（P＜0.01）;肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量明显低于对照组（P＜0.01）。因此认为上述石油醚提取物和单体化合物对H22荷瘤小鼠肿瘤有抑制作用,并且均能改善小鼠的免疫功能。     

东亚木层孔菌与两种野生桑黄的活性成分及其抗氧化活性比较

桑黄是一类著名的药用真菌,多糖、黄酮、三萜是桑黄主要的活性成分,三者的药用价值受到了广泛关注。东亚木层孔菌Phellinus orientoasiaticus是生长于蔷薇科活立木上的大型真菌,其外观形态与桑黄高度形似,但其药用价值的研究鲜有报道。本研究以东北地区研究广泛的鲍姆桑黄Sanghuangporusbaumii和忍冬桑黄S.lonicericola野生子实体为对比研究材料,以粗多糖、总黄酮、总三萜的含量及其抗氧化活性为对比研究指标,探究东亚木层孔菌的药用价值。鲍姆桑黄粗多糖含量为4.64 mg/g、忍冬桑黄为2.94 mg/g、东亚木层孔菌为3.68 mg/g;鲍姆桑黄的总黄酮含量为65.53mg/g、忍冬桑黄为187.74mg/g、东亚木层孔菌为46.19mg/g;鲍姆桑黄总三萜含量为5.38 mg/g、忍冬桑黄为15.87mg/g、东亚木层孔菌为10.17mg/g。通过HPLC分析3种子实体黄酮成分,发现鲍姆桑黄总黄酮中可能含有芹菜素和槲皮素这2种成分;忍冬桑黄总黄酮中可能含有芹菜素、柚皮素这2种成分;东亚木层孔菌总黄酮中可能含有芹菜素和芦丁这2种成分。比较3种真菌子实体黄...     

7种木层孔菌属真菌的培养特性*

描述了7种木层孔菌属 (Phellinus) 真菌的培养特性。它们是淡黄木层孔菌（P. gilvus）,火木层孔菌（P. igniarius）,裂蹄木层孔菌（P. linteus）,松木层孔菌（P. pini）,冷杉木层孔菌(P. pini var.abietis),苹果木层孔菌 (P. pomaceus) 和稀硬木层孔菌（P.robustus）。     

Fomitiporia ellipsoidea has the largest fruiting body among the fungi

A giant polypore, Fomitiporia ellipsoidea, was found in Hainan Island in southern China. It was 20 y old, and its estimated volume was 409?000-525?000cm(3) and weight was 400-500kg. This is the first report of the largest fungal fruiting body both in volume and weight.     

火针层孔菌（桑黄）粗多糖对荷瘤小鼠的免疫调节研究

研究了火针层孔菌不同粗多糖对荷瘤小鼠的免疫调节作用。荷瘤小鼠随机分为四组:胞外粗多糖组、菌丝体粗多糖组、子实体粗多糖组和生理盐水阴性对照组。给药10d后测定荷瘤小鼠脾NK细胞活性和脾淋巴细胞的增殖率。结果显示火针层孔菌粗多糖组与阴性对照组相比能够提高小鼠脾NK细胞活性和脾淋巴细胞的增殖率(P<0.01),表明火针层孔菌液体发酵粗多糖和子实体粗多糖对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能均有调节作用。     

Contents of metals in some wild mushrooms

The concentrations of 7 metals (lead, cadmium, manganese, copper, nickel, silver, and chromium) were determined in 32 different species of wild mushrooms. The mushroom samples, which have been using for food and some medical purposes, were collected from Konya, an Inner Anatolian region of Turkey. The highest metal concentrations were determined as 39 mg/kg Pb and 3.72 mg/kg Cd in Trichaptum abietinum, 467 mg/kg Mn in Panaeolus sphinctrinus, 326 mg/kg Cu in Trametes versicolor, 69.4 mg/kg Ni in Helvella spadicea, 6.97 mg/kg Ag in Agaricus campestris, and 84.5 mg/kg Cr in Phellinus igniarius. The maximum contents are 1.52, 2.22, and 60.2 mg/kg in Pleurotus eryngii (for Pb), Amanita vaginata (for Cd), and Helvella leucomelana (for Cu), respectively. These results were compared according to the WHO/FAO standard.     

Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes and ornithine decarboxylase activities by polysaccharides from soybeans fermented with Phellinus igniarius or Agrocybe cylindracea

Polysaccharides (5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 microg ml(-1)) from soybeans and soybeans fermented with Phellinus igniarius or Agrocybe cylindracea inhibited cytochrome P450 1A1, cytochrome P450 1A2 and cytochrome P450 2B1 activities in rat liver microsomes. The polysaccharides (5, 10 and 25 microg ml(-1)) also suppressed 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity. The most potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450 isozymes and ornithine decarboxylase activities were the polysaccharides from soybeans fermented with Agrocybe cylindracea.     

洁丽香菇胞外粗多糖对小鼠移植性S180肉瘤的抑制作用和免疫功能调节

对洁丽香菇胞外粗多糖中多糖和蛋白含量进行测定,其中多糖含量为21.87%,蛋白含量为7.14%。通过体内实验研究该多糖对S180肉瘤的生长抑制作用。结果表明洁丽香菇胞外粗多糖高、中、低剂量组均能不同程度抑制S180 肉瘤的生长,其中高剂量组（500mg/kg）抑瘤率最高（为39.44%）,同时能显著增加胸腺指数,降低脾指数,有效改善免疫器官受损现象;中、低剂量（250mg/kg,125mg/kg）亦能抑制肿瘤生长,抑瘤率分别为30.43%和23.40%。实验中采用ELISA法对血清中各种细胞因子含量进行测定,结果表明洁丽香菇胞外粗多糖高剂量组可明显诱导血清中TNF-α、IL-12的分泌,低剂量组可诱导IFN-γ、IL-10的分泌。由此认为洁丽香菇胞外粗多糖通过恢复免疫器官功能,增加血清中TNF-α、IL-12、IFN-γ和IL-10的含量,从而达到增强细胞免疫的作用,发挥抗肿瘤活性。     

Species recognition, geographic distribution and host-pathogen relationships: a case study in a group of lignicolous basidiomycetes, Phellinus s.l

Morphological, phylogenetic (sequencing of the ribosomal ITS region) and, if applicable, biological (pairings of single-spore testers) species recognition have been used to resolve relationships among 69 collections belonging to the Hymenochaetales genera Phellinus s.str. and Fomitiporia. The isolates originate from a variety of host plants in Europe, North America and Asia. Separate application of recognition modes led to differing results concerning the number of species, geographic distribution and host range. Sole application of morphological criteria was of limited value, especially in taxa exhibiting a wide distribution, both in terms of geographic origin and ecological niche. Relationships of putatively con-specific collections originating from different continents preferably should be resolved by using an integrative approach. In this study, application of a strict morphological approach led to the recognition of seven species. When using molecular and pairing test data, at least 12 species were detectable. Two of them, F. hesleri and F. polymorpha, are described as new. The number of Phellinus s.str. and Fomitiporia species supposed to have Northern Hemispheric or cosmopolitan distribution, when morphological characters are applied for species recognition, has been reduced significantly. As firm tendencies within morphological species, genetic divergence was more distinct in uniparental than in biparental taxa. In the latter, a strong correlation was observed between phylogenetic and biological species recognition. Overall length of the ribosomal ITS region clearly separated Phellinus s.str. and Fomitiporia but was of limited value as a diagnostic tool at species level. The level of innerspecific morphological plasticity of fruit bodies differs widely between even closely related species, suggesting that morphological transitions occur quite frequently in this fungal group. Considerable instability of the reproduction mode was evident in strains belonging to Phellinus tremulae and among closely related species of Fomitiporia.     

桑黄栽培子实体成分分析及其显微形态观察

采用扫描电子显微镜观察人工栽培桑黄子实体的显微形态及其结构,如菌管、子实层、担孢子、锥形刚毛及离散菌丝结构等。分析结果表明:桑黄幼嫩子实体中全氨基酸含量可达11.22%,是成熟子实体(4.28%)的2.62倍,其多糖含量(1.18%)也较成熟子实体(0.64%)高许多。其多糖组分主要为甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖,摩尔比分别为3.820:0.314:1.000(幼嫩子实体)和3.260:0.112:1.000(成熟子实体)。     

Anti-hyperglycemic effect of the polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract in ob/ob mice.

In this study, we evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic effect of a polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract in diabetic ob/ob mice. All animals received daily intraperitoneal injections of polysaccharides at 150 mg/kg body wt. (n = 5), polysaccharides at 50 mg/kg body wt. (n = 5), or vehicle (n = 5) for 10 consecutive days. On Day 5, as compared to the vehicle-treated mice (230.5 +/- 13.5 mg/dl, mean +/- S.E), mice from both treated groups showed significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels (187.4 +/- 20.5 mg/dl and 187.4 +/- 17.1 mg/dl), respectively (both P < 0.05). On Day 10, compared to the vehicle group (240.1 +/- 12.3 mg/dl), the 50 mg/kg dose group were at 188.4 +/- 12.6 mg/dl (P < 0.05), and the 150 mg/kg dose group were normoglycemic (148.8 +/- 17.6 mg/dl, P < 0.01). Those ob/ob mice treated with vehicle did not, however, show significant changes in fasting blood glucose levels. Data from the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) showed that, compared to Day 0, there was a significant improvement in glucose tolerance in animals who received the 50 and 150 mg/kg polysaccharide doses, and the area under the curve (AUC) decreased 15.5% (P < 0.05) and 28.2% (P < 0.01), respectively. Interestingly, after cessation of polysaccharide treatment, the fasting blood glucose levels stayed lower, and returned to control concentration on Day 30. We also observed that the polysaccharides fraction did not affect body weight changes in ob/ob mice. Our data suggest that the polysaccharides fraction from American ginseng berry extract has a potential clinical utility in treating diabetic patients.