三座南亚热带大型水库敞水区桡足类群落结构比较

于2000-2002年对南亚热带三座大型水库:新丰江水库、公平水库和飞来峡水库敞水区桡足类进行了定性定量采样.三座水库桡足类种类数较少,共检出桡足类4科10属14种,其中8种哲水蚤,5种剑水蚤和1种猛水蚤.主要分布在广东省水库的我国特有种舌状叶镖水蚤(Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus)和广布性种类右突新镖水蚤(Neodiaptomus schmackeri)是出现频率较高的哲水蚤种类,温中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides)、台湾温剑水蚤(Thermocyclops taihokuensis)和博平近剑水蚤(Tropocycl opsbopingi)是出现频率较高的剑水蚤种类.水库的流域面积、滞留时间、鱼类捕食和营养状态是影响水库桡足类种类组成和数量的重要因素.三座水库桡足类种类数与水库流域面积大小存在正相关关系.随着水库营养水平的升高,桡足类密度和生物量也相应增加,但是大型哲水蚤的优势度降低,而剑水蚤和桡足类幼体的优势度上升.水力滞留时间很短是引起飞来峡水库桡足类种群波动的主要因素.水库捕食性鱼类对甲壳浮游动物的选择性捕食,对桡足类种类影响较小,对桡足类成体密度影响较大.由于地区差异和鱼类捕食强度等因素的影响,桡足类种类多样性与水体营养状态之间存在不确定性.     

海南岛西北沿岸海域浮游桡足类的分布及群落特征

为了解昌江沿岸海域生态系统的现状, 探讨海域环境因素对浮游动物的生存环境造成的影响。本文根据2008年11月至2009年7月在海南西部昌江沿岸水域21个测站、4个季度月调查所获的浮游桡足类样品数据, 对该海域浮游桡足类群落结构、分布、季节变化及影响因素进行了分析。本调查共鉴定出桡足类44种, 隶属4目17科24属, 其中秋季25种, 冬季23种, 春季22种, 夏季23种。本次调查共发现优势种6种, 分别是微刺哲水蚤(Canthocalanus pauper)、亚强次真哲水蚤(Subeucalanus subcrassus)、锥形宽水蚤(Temora turbinata)、刺尾纺锤水蚤(Acartia spinicauda)、椭形长足水蚤(Calanopia elliptica)和精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna), 优势种以近岸暖水种居多。浮游桡足类丰度季节变化明显: 冬季最高, 达409 ind./m³; 秋季次之, 为144 ind./m³, 春季为55 ind./m³, 夏季最低仅为17 ind./m³。其丰度的平面分布显示: 秋、冬季节分别在海区中部和南部形成明显密集区, 春、夏季节则大致呈现由外海向近岸逐渐递减的趋势。浮游桡足类的多样性指数(H')表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季, 春、夏季的均匀度指数(J')明显高于秋、冬季。本调查反映出该海区的桡足类群落具有热带—亚热带区系特征, 种类组成季节更替明显, 桡足类种群受海域水温和硅藻的影响明显, 受盐度影响不明显。     

浙江千岛湖桡足类的群落结构

1999年1－12月,研究了贫－中营养型的大型深水湖泊－浙江千岛湖浮游桡足类的群落结构,包括其种类组成、现存量动态及群落多样性。在一年的研究中,共观察到16种桡足类（5种哲水蚤、1种猛水蚤和10种剑水蚤）。根据各种桡足类（桡足幼体＋成体）的年平均密度,哲水蚤的优势种为右突新镖水蚤（Neodiaptomus schmack-eri)和球状许水蚤（Schmackeria forbesi);剑水蚤的优势种为一种中剑水蚤（Mesocyclops notius)和近邻剑水蚤（Cyclops vicinus)。桡足类群落平均密度46.81个／L,生物量0.126mg/L,物种多样性指数1.54。桡足类现存量的季节变化为夏＞秋＞冬＞春,8月份密度达98.50个／L,生物量0.333mg/L;5月份密度仅10.70个／L,生物量0.017mg/L。水平变化以Ⅱ号站现存量为最高,密度达80.10个／L,生物量0.289mg/L;V号站的密度最低,仅29.80个／L;Ⅳ号站生物量最低,0.066mg/L。多样性指数以I站为最高3.21,Ⅸ站最低,仅0.85。桡足类群落多样性随着水体透明度的增大呈下降的趋势。     

浅水草型湖泊──扁担塘中桡足类的群落结构（英文）

本文研究了一浅水草型湖泊──扁担塘中桡足类的群落结构,包括种类组成、种群动态及现存量。在一周年的研究中,共发现14种浮游桡足类（9种剑水蚤和5种哲水蚤）。根据年平均密度,剑水蚤的优势种为：Mesocyclops notius,Cyclops vincinuis vincinus和Thermocyclops brevifurcatus,而哲水蚤的优势种为Meodiaptomus yantsekiangensis和Sinocalanus dorrii。通过比较长江沿岸的5个湖泊的桡足类的种类组成发现,桡足类的种类数并不与湖泊面积大小成正比,这与Dodson通过研究欧洲及北美湖泊中的枝角类得出的结论并不一致。此外,虽然这5个湖泊中的桡足类的种类数多达35种,但每个湖泊中的优势种都非常相似地集中到少数几个属或种,而其它均为偶尔性种类。     

拓林湾浮游桡足类生态研究

2000年7月至2001年7月的周年调查结果表明,粤东柘林湾浮游桡足类29属57种,其中,强额拟哲水蚤Paracalanus crassirostris和短角长腹剑水蚤Oithona brevicornis为优势种,合计占浮游桡足类总个体数的66.7%.柘林湾是一个浮游桡足类相对丰富的海湾,年均总个体数达5.4×10³ind.·m^-3.浮游桡足类的种类数和总个体数均表现为湾外大于湾内的平面分布格局,周年变化基本上为单峰型,高峰期位于5~10月,最低谷位于冬季1月。     

湛江港湾浮游桡足类群落结构的季节变化和影响因素

2009年2月、5月、8月和11月分别对湛江港湾浮游动物进行了季度月调查,并对该海域浮游桡足类群落结构的季节变化及影响因素进行了分析.结果共鉴定出桡足类72种,其中冬季36种,占浮游动物种类数的29.5％;春季33种,占浮游动物种类数的39.3％;夏季24种,占浮游动物种类数的29.6％;秋季19种,占浮游动物种类数的40.4％.主要优势种为中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus、强额拟哲水蚤Paracalanus crassirostris、短角长腹剑水蚤Oithona brevicornis、亚强真哲水蚤Eucalanus subcrassus、刺尾纺锤水蚤Acartia spinicauda和桡足类幼体.季节变化模式为:夏季丰度最高,达960.0个/m3,春季次之为421.0个/m3,冬季为303.4个/m3,秋季最低仅为252.8个/m3.平面分布冬春季丰度内湾高,往湾口逐渐降低,夏季内湾低往湾口逐渐增大,而秋季分布较均匀.调查海区桡足类丰度与水温、叶绿素a和浮游植物细胞丰度呈极显著的正相关,与DIN和PO3-4呈显著的负相关,与盐度、pH值和活性硅酸盐相关性不明显.     

淮河中游浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节动态

2007年1-12月对淮河中游浮游甲壳动物群落结构的季节动态进行研究。共记录浮游甲壳动物24种, 其中枝角类8属13种、桡足类9属11种。枝角类在4月和9月形成两个峰值, 即(28.2±21.6) ind/L和(40.8±10.1) ind/L, 其优势种分别为僧帽溞 Daphnia cucullata和脆弱象鼻溞 Bosmina fatalis。捕食性桡足类-近邻剑水蚤Cyclops vicinus vicinus、广布中剑水蚤Mesocyclops leuckarti和台湾温剑水蚤Thermocyclops taihokuensis分别在4月、5月和6月形成较大的密度。汤匙华哲水蚤Sinocalanus dorrii和中华窄腹剑水蚤Limnoithona sinensis分别在5月和8月占优势。小型浮游植物(≤20 μm)生物量在4月达到最大值, 之后快速下降, 而较大型浮游植物(>20 μm)生物量从4月上升, 到7月达到最大值。典型冗余分析(RDA)显示, 溞属Daphnia的仲春下降与捕食性桡足类(尤其是近邻剑水蚤)的摄食压力、浮游植物生物量的季节变化密切相关。       

渤海浮游动物群落生态特点 Ⅱ.桡足类数量分布及变动

用1959年全国海洋普查浮游动物中网样品分析渤海浮游动物。尤其是中小型浮游动物的数量分布及变动特点。结果表明,渤海浮游动物全年平均丰度为3841ind／m^3,最大33756ind/m^3,最小6．5ind／m^3。其中桡足类年平均密度为3413ind／m^3,是数量的主要构成者。渤海浮游动物主要的高峰期出现在夏季,此外春、秋两季各自有一个小的高峰。春季峰主要是由双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)的大量繁殖造成,秋季峰主要是由拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)构成。夏季峰是由于小拟哲水蚤(Paraclanus parvus)、强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus crassirostris)、拟长腹剑水蚤等多种桡足类和一些幼虫大量繁殖造成。渤海浮游动物季节演替比较明显。双毛纺锤水蚤、墨氏胸刺水蚤(Centropages mcmmurrichi)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)是春季的优势种;小拟哲水蚤、拟长腹剑水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤(Corycaeus affinis)和太平洋纺锤水蚤（Acartia pacifica)是夏季的优势种;拟长腹剑水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤（Lubidocera euchaeta)等是秋季的优势种。数量的水平分布同温度的水平分布趋势基本一致。同盐度趋势相反。     

象山港浮游动物群落结构时空变化的定量驱动分析

采用浮游生物 I 型网与 II 型网 , 在象山港进行了浮游动物季节性取样, 结合现场监测环境因子, 分析了浮游动物群落结构的时空差异及其环境驱动因子。结果显示: 共得 12 类浮游动物幼体、 75 种浮游动物。象山港浮游动物小型化特征明显 , 平均丰度 3 796.7 ind⋅m–3。周年优势种类是针刺拟哲水蚤 (Paracalanus aculeatus)、强额拟哲水蚤(Paracalanuscrassirostris)、短角长腹剑水蚤 (Oithona brevicornis)和桡足幼体, 其中 , 针刺拟哲水蚤为时空群落贡献最大物种。 ANOSIM 和SIMPER 分析显示, 浮游动物群落的季节性差异显著, 主要判别种类有: 太平洋纺锤水蚤(Acartia pacifica)、长尾基齿哲水蚤(Clausocalanus furcatus)、墨氏胸刺水蚤(Centropages mcmurrichi)、强额拟哲水蚤、伪长腹剑水蚤(Oithona fallax)、瘦尾胸刺水蚤(Centropages tenuiremis)、背针胸刺水蚤(Centropages dorsispinatus)和瓣鳃类幼虫。浮游动物群落空间上也存在显著差异 , 港口区以大个体或适高盐为主 , 港底区以小个体和幼虫为主。空间上主要判别种类是 : 强额拟哲水蚤、太平洋纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、桡足类幼体和瓣鳃类幼虫。基于距离的冗余分析(dbRDA, Distance-based redundancy analysis)显示, 驱动浮游动物群落结构变化的主要因子是水温、盐度和 pH, 3 个变量可解释浮游动物群落结构的 53.0%, 其中 , 水温是驱动季节群落变化的主要因子, 而驱动空间群落变化的主要因子是盐度和 pH。     

上海淀山湖浮游桡足类群落组成与季节变动研究

本文报道了1984年2月至1985年2月上海淀山湖浮游桡足类的群落及优势种数量季节变动的调查结果．在淀山湖共获得11种浮游桡足类,隶属2目5科10属;根据各种类出现的月份,可以把这儿种桡足类划分成4种类型,终年出现型、夏秋季型、冬春季型和畏严冬型;在湖泊敞水区的浮游桡足类,年数量变动曲线有春季、夏季以及秋季三次高峰,秋季高峰比春季、夏季高峰更突出,持续时间约两个月;中华窄腹剑水蚤、汤匙华哲水蚤、广布中剑水蚤和近邻剑水蚤这4个优势种制约了桡足类群落总数量的季节消长。浮游桡足类生物量的季节变动有4次高峰,春季及秋季高峰出现时间迟于总数量高峰,其原因是数量高峰期桡足类群落中含有约80—90％的幼体,幼体成长之后方能达到生物量高峰期。本文还就影响浮游桡足类群落数量、生物量的生态因子作了初步的讨论。     

Seasonal variation and longitudinal distribution of copepods in the main river area of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The ecosystem of the Three Gorges in the Yangtze River was changed into an artificial lake (res-ervoir) ecosystem after impoundment in June 2003. We surveyed the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of copepods from April 2004 to January 2005 in order to provide data for clarifying the successional pattern of the ecosystem. From Jiangjin to Maoping, eight copepod species were collected and classified into Calanoida (2), Harpacticoida (1), and Cyclopoida (5). Among them, Mesocyclops pehpeiensis, M. leuckarti and Sinocalanus dorrii had a relatively wide distribution. No distinct dif-ference in species number was found among the sampling sites, but the species composition was different. Species composition, distribution and density of copepods showed significant seasonal variations. In addition, cope-pod density showed an obvious gradient with the distance from the reservoir dam: the nearer to the dam, the denser the copepods.     

Seasonal variation and longitudinal distribution of copepods in the main river area of the Three Gorges Reservoir

The ecosystem of the Three Gorges in the Yangtze River was changed into an artificial lake (reservoir) ecosystem after impoundment in June 2003. We surveyed the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of copepods from April 2004 to January 2005 in order to provide data for clarifying the successional pattern of the ecosystem. From Jiangjin to Maoping, eight copepod species were collected and classified into Calanoida (2), Harpacticoida (1), and Cyclopoida (5). Among them, Mesocyclops pehpeiensis, M. leuckarti and Sinocalanus dorrii had a relatively wide distribution. No distinct difference in species number was found among the sampling sites, but the species composition was different. Species composition, distribution and density of copepods showed significant seasonal variations. In addition, copepod density showed an obvious gradient with the distance from the reservoir dam: the nearer to the dam, the denser the copepods. __________ Translated from Biodiversity Science Sinica, 2007, 15(3): 300–305 [译自: 生物多样性]     

三峡水库初次蓄水后干流库区枝角类的空间分布与季节变化

为了阐明三峡水库初次蓄水后干流库区枝角类的时空分布规律, 2004年4月至2005年1月, 在600余公里干流库区设置10个样点, 定性和定量采集枝角类标本。本次调查共采到9种枝角类, 其中春季8种, 夏季5种, 秋季2种, 冬季3种。枝角类种类组成的空间分布差异明显, 河流状态的江段有4种, 水库状态的江段有7种, 水库状态的江段距大坝越近, 枝角类种类越丰富。枝角类的密度和生物量的空间分布和季节变化规律一致, 季节间差异极显著(P<0.01), 春季最高, 夏季次之, 秋季和冬季较低; 空间分布上表现为在干流库区的纵向分布上差异极显著(P<0.01), 河流状态样点远低于水库状态的样点, 水库上游江段又低于下游坝前段。结果显示三峡水库的枝角类具有明显的纵向分布和季节变化特征。     

三峡水库坝前段蓄水前后枝角类的周年变化

三峡水库蓄水前后,作者从2002年6月至2004年7月按月在坝前段(茅坪—归州)采集枝角类,研究蓄水前后枝角类的变化,结果显示蓄水前该江段水流急不适合枝角类栖息,仅在水流相对较缓的岸边采集到2种;蓄水后水环境较适宜枝角类生活,周年内共采集到20种,并存在着明显的季节变化和水平分布上的差异,文中对其原因进行了分析讨论。       

Zooplankton dynamics in the upstream part of Stratos reservoir (Greece)

The investigation of the zooplankton community in the upstream part of Stratos reservoir during a 24 months survey (September 2004–August 2006) revealed 26 invertebrate species (14 rotifers, 6 cladocerans, 5 copepods and one mollusk larva). The mean abundance of the total zooplankton was higher in the first sampling period (2004–2005) and ranged between 8.81 and 47.74 ind. L⁻¹, than the second period (2005–2006) when fluctuated between 1.91 and 43.09 ind. L⁻¹. The seasonal variation was strongly influenced by the presence of rotifers, which accounting on average for 68.4% in total. Among them Keratella cochlearis and the order Bdelloidea were numerically the most important, while Macrocyclops albidus prevailed among the copepods and Bosmina longirostris among the cladocerans. Dreissena polymorpha was the only mollusk found in the zooplankton community. Rotifers, copepods and cladocerans showed a seasonal succession with the former preceding in the abundance having their first maximum in spring, while copepods and cladocerans followed, having peaks of abundance in early summer and in autumn, respectively. No seasonal succession among the cladoceran species was observed. The intense water flow in the upstream part of the reservoir, as well as temperature, conductivity, DO, pH, phosphates and silicates, were significant parameters controlling abiotic and biotic elements of the ecosystem and consequently influencing the seasonal variation and the dynamics of the zooplankton community.     

The zooplankton of a small tropical reservoir (Solomon Dam,North Queensland)

This paper examines seasonal changes in the density and taxonomic composition of the zooplankton of a small tropical impoundment, in relation to factors of water temperature, food supply and reservoir flushing. The response of the zooplankton to management techniques designed to regulate the density of cyanobacteria in the dam are also considered. Cyclopoid copepods were the dominant zooplankters, although Cladocera became much more significant following the introduction of measures to control cyanobacteria. Planktonic Rotifera were a diverse but generally unimportant fraction of the total biomass, except following seasonal or management induced environmental perturbations, when the Rotifera often recovered most rapidly.     

Distribution of common carp in a Spanish reservoir in relation to thermal loading from a nuclear power plant

Arrocampo Reservoir is used as a cooling basin for a nuclear power plant located in southern Europe. Its annual mean temperature is about 30 °C with maxims that achieved 41.5 °C near the hot water effluent. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus 1758) is the dominant pelagic fish species in this reservoir. Hydroacoustic surveys were conducted bimonthly over 9 years to characterize common carp abundance and distribution in the reservoir on an annual and seasonal temporal scale. Mean fish density during the period was 0.029 fish m⁻³, varying from a maximum of 0.038 in 2003 to a minimum of 0.012 in 1998. There were no significant differences in the mean fish density among years. Each year, fish distribution showed significant seasonal variation. Carp were homogeneously distributed during autumn and spring; in winter carp occupied warmer outfall areas, whereas in summer, fish were distributed in the coldest area of the reservoir (dam area) but avoided the warm outfall area. These seasonal tendencies of carp distribution was repeated every years. Behavioural reaction appears to be particularly important in explain carp distribution in this reservoir.     

Effects of flood on the functioning of the Dobczyce reservoir ecosystem

The effects of two summer floods, in 1997 and 2001 on phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish in the Dobczyce reservoir are presented. Shifts in phytoplankton distribution (from hypolimnion into the whole water column) and species composition (domination of diatoms after the flood) were observed. High water flow eliminated large species of cladocerans and copepods (the most effective filtrators) and favoured development of rotifers. Both, the total zooplankton biomass and chlorophyll a concentration after the flood dropped considerably. In the case of fish, the observed changes in their distribution and decrease in concentration were attributed to their behaviour. During the flood, fish were avoiding open water also during the night, but two weeks following the flood they returned to their usual migratory behaviour. The Dobczyce reservoir ecosystem showed great regeneration abilities to recover after the flood.     

渤海水母类生态的初步研究——种类组成、数量分布与季节变化

水母类是海洋生态系统中非常重要的一个类群。根据 1 959年以来在渤海进行的几次较为全面的调查资料 ,对渤海水母类的种类组成、数量分布与季节变化作了较为详细的研究。共记录到水母类 4 1种 ,其中水螅水母 35种 ,钵水母 4种 ,栉水母 2种。主要以近岸低盐类型为主 ,高盐种类少并且出现时间短。渤海水母类密度的季节变化有 3个高峰 ,出现在冬季 ,夏季和秋季 ,分别由八斑芮氏水母、酒杯水母属、和平水母属、五角水母构成。渤海水母类的分布具有一定的季节特点 ,冬季和夏季以莱州湾密度最高 ,春季为渤海湾最高 ,秋季为中央海区最高。辽东湾水母类的密度在各个季节都不算高     

上海饮用水源地青草沙水库轮虫群落结构的特征及其环境影响因子

青草沙水库是位于长江河口的一座江心水库,是现今上海最大的水源地,作为一个半自然半人工水体,其生态系统具有特殊性,既会受到来水影响,又有自身独特性,轮虫作为最有效的水质监测生物之一,能很好地反应水库的水体现状,为水库管理提供生物学参考依据。于2014~2015年对青草沙水库轮虫群落结构的特征进行了研究,依据水库轮虫水平分布和时间分布特征,分析了该水库轮虫的种类组成、优势种、污染指示种、数量分布。结合多样性指数运用聚类分析方法分析轮虫群落结构特征,采用冗余分析方法研究轮虫和环境因子的关系。两年共发现轮虫32种,2014年为20种,优势种7种;2015年为26种,优势种2种。其中针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)为两年共有优势种。寡污型种类共鉴定出8种。2014年年均生物密度比2015年低,分别为(156.37±119.48)ind/L和(237.12±252.86)ind/L。2014年年均生物量比2015年高,分别为(0.1316±0.1146)mg/L和(0.1229±0.1371)mg/L。聚类分析表明,轮虫的水平分布与水库的形状、地理特征水文情况有着很大关系。冗余分析(RDA)表明,水温、溶氧、总氮、总磷、浮游植物生物密度为主要影响因子。