栽培黄山药薯蓣皂甙元含量年度变化与适宜采挖期研究

本文主要研究了栽培６ａ的黄山药（Ｄｉｖｓｃｏｒｅａ　ｐａｎｔｈａｉｃａ）薯蓣皂甙元含量变化规律和原因,并结合根茎产量、薯蓣皂甙元产量和农业栽培产值等的变化趋势,提出了黄山药栽培后的适宜采挖年限,对生产有重要指导意义。     

不同栽培模式下小麦灌浆期蛋白质周转研究

通过田间试验研究5种栽培模式对小麦灌浆期蛋白质周转的影响。5种栽培模式分别为常规栽培、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、垄沟种植和补灌栽培,施氮量为120kg／hm^2。结果表明：不同栽培模式下小麦灌浆期蛋白质周转变化基本一致,覆膜栽培模式旗叶可溶性蛋白含量和蛋白水解酶活性较高,旗叶蛋白水解酶和籽粒蛋白积累能力大于其它栽培模式;垄沟栽培模式的旗叶各指标含量较高,但其蛋白质周转效率低,导致贪青晚熟不利于蛋白质周转,从而影响产量的形成。     

不同栽培模式对茶园生态环境及茶叶品质的影响

对陕南茶区的纯茶园、塑料大棚茶园、松茶间作茶园及林篱茶园4种常见栽培模式的茶园生态环境(包括小气候因子、土壤因子)和茶叶中各项生化指标(包括氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚、酚氨比、茶水浸出物)进行了测定.结果表明:不同栽培模式茶园小气候因子有显著差异.相对于纯茶园,塑料大棚茶园、松茶间作茶园和林篱茶园能更有效地改善光照条件、降低环境温度、提高土壤水分和有机质含量、增强空气湿度,提高土壤养分状况.3种复合式茶园茶叶品质也较纯茶园显著提高,氨基酸和茶水浸出物含量显著高于纯茶园茶叶,而茶多酚含量却显著低于纯茶园茶叶.因此,林茶复合栽培模式和大棚模式茶园的生态环境更有利于茶树的生长和茶叶品质的提高.     

栽培模式、施氮和品种对冬小麦冠层结构和产量的影响

在黄土高原南部半湿润易早区土垫旱耕人为土上进行大田试验,研究氮肥、品种和栽培模式对冬小麦叶面积指数（IAI）和透光率（DIFN）及产量的影响。结果表明,小麦生长过程中IAI先增大后减小．在开花期最大。成熟期最小。施氮能够显著增加IAI;DIFN的变化规律与LAI相反。不同品种间IAI和DIFN差异显著。全程覆膜和覆膜150d的LAI极显著大于常规栽培、集雨面栽培和三密一稀栽培模式,DIFN与此相反;施氮后籽粒产量极显著增加。在不同栽培模式下,以全程覆膜、覆膜150d和集雨面栽培模式的产量较高,但从维持土壤质量角度考虑,则覆膜150d和集雨面2种栽培模式优于其它几种栽培模式;从冠层结构特征分析,这2种栽培模式更有利于增加群体光合能力。     

旱地小麦不同栽培模式对土壤水分和水分生产效率的影响

在陕西渭北黄土高原沟壑区,通过田间试验研究冬小麦不同栽培模式对旱地土壤水分和水分生产效率的影响。试验设栽培模式、施氮和密度等3种因子,栽培模式设露地栽培(常规)、秸秆覆盖(覆草)、地膜覆盖(平膜)、垄上覆膜沟中覆草垄沟种植(垄沟)4种方式;施氮设不施氮、施120kg／hm^2N和240kg／hm^2N三个水平;密度设播量180kg／hm^2和225kg／hm^2 2个水平。试验结果表明,不同栽培模式下土壤水分在不同生育期的变化趋势基本一致;平覆膜与垄沟种植均有良好的保墒和集水作用,平覆膜水分的生产效率比常规模式增加41．3％～52．4％;垄沟种植比常规模式增加38．8％～64．6％。覆草具有一定的保墒作用,在小麦生长前期及40cm以上的土层中效果明显,其水分生产效率高于常规种植的24．1％。氮肥对土壤贮水量具有极显著影响,但不同密度对土壤贮水量基本上无影响。     

紫色丘陵区玉米/大豆套作系统土壤磷吸附-解吸动力学

利用田间小区试验研究了玉米/大豆套作(M/S)、玉米单作(M)、大豆单作(S)3种栽培模式下施磷对土壤磷吸附解吸特征的影响.结果表明： 在不施磷处理下,M/S系统产量较M、S分别提高9.8%、79.1%,土地当量比为1.58;在施磷处理下,M/S系统产量较M、S分别提高10.4%、80.3%,土地当量比为1.62.与不施磷处理相比,施磷使M/S、M、S 3种栽培模式下的系统总产量分别提高12.7%、12.2%、17.6%.无论施磷与否,3种栽培模式下土壤最大缓冲容量(SBC)值均表现为M/S>M>S;但与施磷处理相比,不施磷处理下M/S、M、S栽培模式下土壤SBC值分别降低19.6%、30.3%、12.0%.各栽培模式在施磷处理下土壤单位吸附量的解吸量b值大小为M/S>M>S;与不施磷处理相比,施磷使M/S、M、S模式下b值分别增加10.9%、39.1%、-9.6%.土壤最大吸磷量(Q_m)及土壤磷解吸率也表现出相同的趋势.     

黄土高原半干旱区柴胡种植模式

采用大田试验,设计冬小麦收获后复播大豆、大豆套作柴胡(小麦-大豆/柴胡)和冬小麦收获后复播柴胡(小麦-柴胡)及玉米套作柴胡(玉米/柴胡)3种种植模式,探讨黄土高原半干旱区适宜柴胡的"粮药"栽培模式.结果表明:与玉米/柴胡和小麦-柴胡种植模式相比,小麦-大豆/柴胡种植模式经济产量最高,生态效益最好;不同柴胡品种中,万柴胡(原产地温度相对较高)产量最高,左柴胡(原产地温度相对较低)最低,表明柴胡适宜从高温地区引种到低温地区栽培,可提高产量.小麦-大豆/柴胡种植模式为最佳"粮药"栽培模式,其柴胡产量比玉米/柴胡和小麦-柴胡种植模式分别增产11.6%和16.8%.     

环境友好型杨梅园高效栽培类型与综合效益评价

杨梅园实行精耕细作,会造成生物多样性下降、水土流失加重、杨梅病虫害加剧等不良后果。为克服或缓解这些难题,对杨梅林开展了不同类型的混交栽培模式和抚育方式的研究。结果表明:进行机械割草的杨梅园生物多样性较优,其维管束植物总计达78种,而以药剂除草的,总计仅11种,差异极显著;"杨梅针、阔、竹混交林+自然生草+机械割草"、"杨梅纯林+自然生草+机械割草"和"杨梅纯林+清耕(除草剂除草)"等三种栽培与抚育类型的主要病害有杨梅癌肿病等2种,主要虫害有白蚁类、袋蛾类、栗黄枯叶蛾等7种(类),均以针、阔、竹混交栽培模式受害最轻。对"杨梅+蓝莓"、"杨梅+蕨类(种植)"和杨梅自然生草等3种栽培模式以及机械割草、人工割草和药剂除草等3种抚育方式的"三大效益"进行了综合评价。     

三种栽培模式下不同基因型冬小麦旗叶衰老代谢比较

为了探索冬小麦在不同栽培模式下功能叶片衰老代谢的生理机制,以cp02(213)、cp99(1)和陕农512为材料,比较研究了常规栽培、覆草栽培、地膜覆盖3种栽培模式下小麦旗叶衰老代谢特性.结果表明,覆草栽培叶面积、旗叶功能期、叶绿素含量、叶片保护酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)显著高于常规栽培,膜脂过氧化程度较低,叶片衰老速度缓慢,代谢强度旺盛,有利于籽粒灌浆和光合产物的积累.灌浆前期,地膜覆盖叶面积、旗叶功能期、叶绿素含量、叶片保护性酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT)显著高于常规栽培,膜脂过氧化程度低于常规栽培;灌浆后期,叶绿素含量急剧下降,叶片衰老速度加快,膜脂过氧化程度加剧.参试品种(系)中陕农512叶片衰老速度缓慢,保绿性好.     

栽培方式对杜仲皮次生代谢物含量的影响

采用叶林和乔林两种栽培模式对杜仲定向培育,并分别对杜仲皮次生代谢物含量进行了测定.结果表明:在不同的栽培模式下,杜仲皮中次生代谢物的含量存在差异,杜仲醇和杜仲胶的含量,乔林皮高于叶林皮;京尼平甙酸、绿原酸、桃叶珊瑚甙的含量则是叶林皮高于乔林皮;总黄酮的含量随提取溶剂的不同而有高有低.对杜仲皮进行不同的预处理和选用不同的提取溶剂,能改变提取得率,但是,叶林皮与乔林皮次生代谢物含量变化趋势基本不变,说明栽培方式对杜仲皮次生代谢物有一定影响.     

A novel LED‐based 2D‐fluorescence spectroscopy system for in‐line bioprocess monitoring of Chinese hamster ovary cell cultivations—Part II

This study was performed in order to evaluate a new LED‐based 2D‐fluorescence spectrometer for in‐line bioprocess monitoring of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture processes. The new spectrometer used selected excitation wavelengths of 280, 365, and 455 nm to collect spectral data from six 10‐L fed‐batch processes. The technique provides data on various fluorescent compounds from the cultivation medium as well as from cell metabolism. In addition, scattered light offers information about the cultivation status. Multivariate data analysis tools were applied to analyze the large data sets of the collected fluorescence spectra. First, principal component analysis was used to accomplish an overview of all spectral data from all six CHO cultivations. Partial least square regression models were developed to correlate 2D‐fluorescence spectral data with selected critical process variables as offline reference values. A separate independent fed‐batch process was used for model validation and prediction. An almost continuous in‐line bioprocess monitoring was realized because 2D‐fluorescence spectra were collected every 10 min during the whole cultivation. The new 2D‐fluorescence device demonstrates the significant potential for accurate prediction of the total cell count, viable cell count, and the cell viability. The results strongly indicated that the technique is particularly capable to distinguish between different cell statuses inside the bioreactor. In addition, spectral data provided information about the lactate metabolism shift and cellular respiration during the cultivation process. Overall, the 2D‐fluorescence device is a highly sensitive tool for process analytical technology applications in mammalian cell cultures.     

光生物反应器培养微藻研究进展

微藻具有固定CO2和净化有机废水的能力,在环保、食品饲（饵）料、医药和生物能源开发等领域备受关注,但规模化培养及其产业化仍是研究的难点,亟待解决。就常用于大规模培养微藻的光生物反应器的特点和结构进行了综述。其中,封闭式微藻光生物反应器能够较好地调控藻种的培养条件、不易遭受污染,藻种的纯度容易控制,但培养规模小,生产成本较高;而开放式微藻光生物反应器无法精确控制藻种生长环境,但生产规模大、产量高、生产成本低,因此应用广泛。最佳的方法是综合两者优点,即首先利用封闭式微藻光生物反应器进行中试放大,大量繁殖藻种,然后投入开放式微藻光生物反应器内进行大规模商业生产,此方法有望成为微藻光生物反应器的发展方向,以期为微藻大规模培养提供参考借鉴。     

鸡枞的驯化栽培现状

本文论述了当前鸡枞菌驯化栽培的两种模式即:以培养鸡枞菌为重心的腐生菌模式、以扩繁鸡枞菌共生白蚁为重心的原生态模式,并对其驯化栽培过程中所面临的问题及其可能的解决方案进行了阐述。     

苦瓜良种──台湾苦瓜引种栽培研究

本文报道苦瓜良种──台湾苦瓜引种栽培结果。台湾苦瓜在桂林地区种植具有生长快、长势好、瓜大、瓜期长、产量高、质优等综合优良性状,引种栽培获得成功。适时播种、施足基肥、适量追肥是台湾苦瓜获得丰产的技术措施。     

暗褐网柄牛肝菌人工驯化研究的回顾与前瞻

在全球的牛肝菌物种中,暗褐网柄牛肝菌Phlebopus portentosus是唯一一种成功被人工驯化、实现了周年工厂化栽培的牛肝菌,总产能已达日产16t。暗褐网柄牛肝菌人工栽培技术,从初期的实验室探索阶段,到工厂化栽培的发展阶段,再到工厂化菌株菌种选育的提升阶段,都取得了一定的进步。本文将从暗褐网柄牛肝菌的生态学特性、人工栽培、菌种选育及营养活性物质等方面对目前的研究现状进行综述,总结现阶段产业和学科的问题,并针对性地提出基础研究和生产产业未来的发展方向。     

植被冠层尺度生理生态模型的研究进展

随着人们对植物生命活动各个过程研究的不断深入,以植物生理过程、物理过程为基础的各种生理生态学模型逐渐发展起来,而植被冠层尺度生理生态学过程模型已成为生态系统模型的核心之一。目前植被冠层尺度的大叶模型、多层模型、二叶模型以其成熟的理论基础及对植被冠层的光合作用、蒸腾作用较为成功的模拟,得到了广泛的应用。3个模型都以光合作用-气孔导度-蒸腾作用耦合模型为基础,但又具有各自的特点。本文对3种模型的结构及特点进行了总结,并对其进行了比较,简要介绍了目前植被冠层尺度生理生态学模型的应用及存在的问题和发展状况。     

Dynamic modelling of high biomass density cultivation and biohydrogen production in different scales of flat plate photobioreactors

This paper investigates the scaling‐up of cyanobacterial biomass cultivation and biohydrogen production from laboratory to industrial scale. Two main aspects are investigated and presented, which to the best of our knowledge have never been addressed, namely the construction of an accurate dynamic model to simulate cyanobacterial photo‐heterotrophic growth and biohydrogen production and the prediction of the maximum biomass and hydrogen production in different scales of photobioreactors. To achieve the current goals, experimental data obtained from a laboratory experimental setup are fitted by a dynamic model. Based on the current model, two key original findings are made in this work. First, it is found that selecting low‐chlorophyll mutants is an efficient way to increase both biomass concentration and hydrogen production particularly in a large scale photobioreactor. Second, the current work proposes that the width of industrial scale photobioreactors should not exceed 0.20 m for biomass cultivation and 0.05 m for biohydrogen production, as severe light attenuation can be induced in the reactor beyond this threshold. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015;112: 2429–2438. © 2015 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Peiodicals, Inc.     

A multi‐Gaussian model for predicting crawler occurrence of Unaspis yanonensis in citrus orchards

Arrowhead scale, Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), feeds on the foliage, stems, and fruits of citrus trees and causes tree dieback when heavy infestations occur. Multi‐Gaussian models (three‐ and two‐peak models) were developed for better management of the arrowhead scale in citrus orchards and later validated against several field data sets. The oviposition activities observed in the laboratory were highly correlated with both models (r² = 0.88). The three peak oviposition times estimated by the three‐peak model were at 282, 500, and 694 degree‐days, based on a low threshold temperature of 13 °C. Also, the peak oviposition times of the two‐peak model were identical to the first and second peak times of the three‐peak model. Both models accurately predicted the first oviposition peak period of field populations. In the later peak period, both model outputs well predicted the actual crawler populations, except for the tail end of actual peak periods which were underestimated in the two‐peak model and overestimated in the three‐peak model. Overall, both models showed a strong robustness for correlation with actual data. The newly developed multi‐Gaussian models better described the actual population phenology of U. yanonensis than the previously published models, and either model would be useful for the management of U. yanonensis in the field.     

Minimum requirements for modelling bivalve carrying capacity

The concept of carrying capacity of an ecosystem fornatural populations is derived from the logisticgrowth curve in population ecology, and defined as themaximum standing stock that can be supported by agiven ecosystem for a given time. This definitionneeds to be modified for the exploitation ofecosystems. Carrying capacity for exploitation isdefined as the standing stock at which the annualproduction of a marketable cohort is maximized. Forbivalve suspension feeders, the dominant factordetermining the exploitation carrying capacity at theecosystem scale is primary production. At a localscale carrying capacity depends on physicalconstraints such as substrate, shelter and food supplyby tidal currents.We evaluate critically some existing models ofexploited ecosystems for shellfish cultivation inorder to formulate the minimum requirements of ageneric carrying capacity model. Generic models canbe developed for both the ecosystem scale and thelocal scale, depending on the aim of the modelling.Transport processes, sediment dynamics and submodelsfor organism and population level processes areminimum requirements for carrying capacity modelling. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

鄂西南亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林物种多度分布格局

基于七姊妹山自然保护区内6 hm~2监测样地多度数据,通过累计经验分布曲线(ECDF)表征该样地内不同生活型功能群的物种-多度分布格局,并采用6种模型对各功能群不同取样尺度物种等级-多度曲线进行拟合并检验其拟合效果,分析多度格局与模型拟合在不同尺度间的差异,探讨其背后的生态学过程与机制。结果表明:(1)各尺度下落叶种比常绿种的物种数多,物种多样性指数更大,但个体数相对较少;不同功能群稀有种比例排序为:落叶种所有种常绿种。(2)6种模型中的断棍模型的拟合效果较差;中大尺度(50 m×50 m、100 m×100 m)上不同生活型树种多度分布能接受的模型较少,除大尺度的常绿树种外,拟合最优模型均为对数正态分布模型,大尺度的常绿树种拟合最优模型为中性模型;小尺度上(20 m×20 m)常绿树种的最优模型为对数正态分布模型,落叶树种最优模型为生态位优先模型,所有树种在小尺度最优模型为Zipf-Mandelbrot模型。研究认为,随着尺度逐渐扩大,中性过程较生态位过程对物种-多度格局的解释力度更大,落叶树种物种多度格局的形成机制较常绿树种更接近于样地所有树种物种-多度格局的形成机制。