伊犁沙虎的骨骼系统研究

本文研究了伊犁沙虎（Teratoscincus scincus）的骨骼系统,对其各部分骨骼的形成、形态和位置作了详细的描述,为沙虎属的分类及演化研究提供骨骼方面的资料。     

中国西部地区的壁虎科动物研究

现知我国西部地区有走爬型壁虎科动物９种,分隶于３个不同属：漠虎属：裸趾虎属和沙虎属。这是一些具有原始而脚趾不膨大成吸 状的穴居壁虎类。它们分布在新疆、西藏、宁夏、内蒙古和甘肃等省（自治区）。本文对我国走爬型壁虎类的鉴别特征、模式标本产地和分布作了简述,并列出了它们的分种检索表。     

新疆沙虎的两性异形

通过测量和比较采自新疆且末县的新疆沙虎Teratoscincus przewalskii成体的体型和口宽等6个形态特征,研究了新疆沙虎的两性异形。研究共采集64只新疆沙虎(雌性26只,雄性38只),雌雄成体最小体长(SVL)分别为63.6 mm和59.7 mm。口宽、头宽、头高、眼间距和尾长5个局部形态特征均与体长呈显著正相关。新疆沙虎体长雌雄间无差异,其它身体形态特征仅口宽具有显著的两性差异,且口宽相对于体长呈异速生长,雌性增长速率大于雄性。新疆沙虎口宽的两性异形可能与两性间食性的差异有关,而体长和其它身体形态特征无显著两性差异则可能与性选择和自然选择的综合作用有关。     

从12S rRNA基因序列探讨中国10种壁虎的系统关系

对肌肉样品采用SDS／蛋白酶K裂解,酚－氯仿抽提和乙醇沉淀提取总DNA,用线粒体12SrDNA通用引物扩增,用银染测序和ABI Prism 310型遗传分析仪测定了Gekko japonicus,G.swinhonis,G.hokouensis,G.gecko,Cyrtopodion elongatus,C.russowi,Teratoscincus roborowskii,Hemidactylus bowringii.,H.frenatus和Gehyra mutilata 10种壁虎的线粒体12SrRNA基因片段的序列,对位排列后的序列长421bp,含201个变异位点,属间核苷酸变异范围为0．228－0．282,属内是0．005－0．263。重建的分子系统树将10种壁虎聚为三支：第1支是大壁虎和截趾虎,第2支由壁虎属其余的3个种构成一个单系;第三支由基余3个属的5个种组成,研究结果表明：截趾虎与壁虎属4物种亲缘关系较近;吐鲁番沙虎和弯脚虎属2物种,晰虎属2物种之间的亲缘关系较近,支持Russell(1976)关于弯脚虎属与晰虎属间进化关系的研究结果而不支持Kluge(1987)将沙虎属另立亚科的系统发生假说;铅山壁虎与无蹼壁虎最先聚为姐妹群,再与多疣壁相聚组成一个单系。     

新疆维吾尔自治区爬行动物区系与地理区划

1　研究历史新疆地区爬行动物的研究资料散见于Ｂｅｄｒｉａｇａ(1 90 7～ 1 90 9)、Ｂｏｕｌｅｎｇｅｒ(1 885 ,1 887)、Ｂｏｅｔｔｇｅｒ(1 885～ 1 887)、Ｎｉｋｏｌｓｋｉｉ(1 91 5 )、赵肯堂 (1 979,1 983 ,1 996,1 998)、赵尔宓 (1 979,1 993 )等著作中。 2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,新疆学者也作了很多工作 :王国英等 (1 989) ,李胜忠、王国英 (1 989) ,周永恒等 (1 988)在沙蟒和沙虎动物方面作了很多工作 ,发表了两个新种和一个新纪录。赵肯堂 (1 985 )作过基于蜥蜴的区划研究 ,戴昆等(1 991 )对塔里木盆地南缘的两栖爬行动物作了区系分析…     

紫金牛属植物中皂苷的研究进展

近7年来,紫金牛属植物中皂苷类成分的研究非常活跃,已相继从紫金牛属植物中分离得到34个皂苷类化合物,并对其药理活性进行了研究。本文查阅了近7年来国内外关于紫金牛属植物中皂苷的研究文献,并在此基础上对皂苷类化合物的种类、结构特点、药理活性等方面进行了系统的综述,为深入研究和开发利用紫金牛属药用植物中皂苷类成分提供详尽的参考资料。     

DNA序列在悬钩子属植物分子系统学研究中的应用进展

悬钩子属植物种类繁多,类群复杂,而且多为多倍体和杂种。该文就近年来国内外有关DNA序列在悬钩子属植物分子系统学研究中的应用现状和进展进行了综述,并对中国悬钩子属植物系统发育研究进行了展望。研究认为:叶绿体DNA序列多应用非编码区,且多与ITS序列联合分析;核基因组中ITS序列应用最为广泛,主要用于研究悬钩子属空心莓组与木莓组的进化关系、栽培品种间亲缘关系及部分杂种和多倍体的起源等;在该属植物中发现了ITS个体内多态性,但未进行ITS假基因检测,其系统学应用价值需重新评价;低拷贝核基因只有GBSSI和LEAFY有相关应用。同时认为,悬钩子属植物系统学研究中应用的DNA序列及研究类群均较少,缺乏对整个悬钩子属全面而系统的研究。指出应进一步选择具有代表性的样本、筛选合适的DNA片段,并结合形态学、孢粉学和细胞学等手段对中国悬钩子属植物系统关系进行深入研究。     

中国水华蓝藻的新记录属——拟浮丝藻属(Planktothricoides)

在近年来对水华蓝藻的调查中,确定了我国一水华蓝藻新记录属--拟浮丝藻属Planktothricoides (Woloszynska)Such et Watanabe 2002.文中对该属及该属一个新记录种的主要形态学特征进行了描述,并对其相近属浮丝藻属Planktothrix进行了形态学比较研究.     

中国丝膜菌属分类研究1. 黏盖亚属

丝膜菌属Cortinarius是真菌界中最大的属,囊括了重要的外生菌根真菌。黏盖亚属Phlegmacium是丝膜菌属中较大的亚属,该亚属的真菌在湿润条件下菌盖表面具有黏性。本研究运用形态分类与分子系统发育分析相结合的方法,对中国丝膜菌属黏盖亚属的馆藏标本开展分类学研究,共发现24个种,其中中国新记录种12个。本研究系统总结了各个物种的相关信息,对中国新记录种进行了详细描述。     

中国水华蓝藻的新记录属——拟浮丝藻属(Planktothricoides)

在近年来对水华蓝藻的调查中,确定了我国一水华蓝藻新记录属——拟浮丝藻属Planktothricoides(WoIoszyńska) Suda et Watanabe 2002。文中对该属及该属一个新记录种的主要形态学特征进行了描述,并对其相近属浮丝藻属Planktothrix进行了形态学比较研究。     

Morphology and function of the dorsal sound producing scales in the tail of Teratoscincus scincus (Reptilia; Gekkonidae)

The tail of Teratoscincus scincus has dorsal scales that have tubercles on their dorsal and ventral surfaces. Sounds are produced when these rub past each other as the excited animal moves its tail. The relative movement of scales is intensified by caudal torsion. The frequencies of the sounds cover a range from 9 to 25 kops and thus, differ from those produced during vocalizations.     

吐鲁番沙虎头、体大小的两性异形及其食性的季节性变化

于2008年4月—2009年5月在新疆中国科学院吐鲁番沙漠植物园,捕获155号吐鲁番沙虎(Teratoscincus roborowskii)活体,对其两性异形和食性季节变化进行了研究,并收集单独暂养的吐鲁番沙虎粪便167份用于食性分析,同时测量各项形态学指标,切趾标记后放回原捕获地。结果表明:吐鲁番沙虎成体有两性异形,表现为雄性个体有较宽的头部,成体雌性具有较大的腋胯距;不同年龄组的两性个体头长和雄性个体的头宽随吻肛长都呈同速增长,只有雌性头宽的增长速率在个体发育过程中逐渐减小;吐鲁番沙虎摄入的动物性食物均为节肢动物,植物性食物为刺山柑果实。4—5月的生态位宽度为4.15,6—7月的生态位宽度为4.23,8—9月的生态位宽度为4.48。其中6—7月和8—9月的生态位重叠度最高。     

Interrelationships among gekkonid geckos inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences

Gekkonid geckos, representing more than 85 percent of the gekkotan genera, are found on all major land masses and almost all oceanic islands in the tropics and subtropics. Intergeneric relationships of the Gekkonidae have been far more difficult to resolve than those among other gekkotan families. Our data set consists of a large number of complete mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences and partial nuclear C-mos gene sequences for 33 genera of geckos, two genera of pygopods and two genera of eublepharids. Maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) trees were generated based on unweighted analysis using PAUP 4.0b10. Bayesian inference (BI) analyses trees were generated by MrBayes 3.0B4. All phylogenetic trees supported the monophyly of Gekkonidae with great confidence. The 12S data and combined data (12S and C-mos) place Sphaerodactylus deeply within gekkonine geckos, whereas Teratoscincus+Pristurus are the sister group of the remaining gekkonids. However, it is known that 12S may be positively misleading when dealing with older divergences. Therefore, the conflict between the results in this study and the latest conclusions based on C-mos points to the need for future focus on the phylogenetic position of both Sphaerodactylus and Teratoscincus.     

基于骨龄学方法鉴定吐鲁番沙虎的年龄

基于113个标本的吻肛长频次数据,初步划分吐鲁番沙虎(Teratoscincus roborowskii)的年龄组,各年龄组共选取54例个体,分别截取第2右前趾骨第3趾节,用常规石蜡切片法进行了骨龄学鉴定。同时,根据野外标记重捕方法获得个体的形态学生长指标来验证年龄组划分的合理性。结果表明,吐鲁番沙虎雌雄个体间吻肛长差异不显著,可以合并进行年龄鉴定;吐鲁番沙虎的吻肛长和骨龄间有显著的相关性;对于小于6龄的个体,骨龄学的方法适用于吐鲁番沙虎年龄的鉴定。     

Vicariant Patterns of Fragmentation among Gekkonid Lizards of the Genus Teratoscincus Produced by the Indian Collision: A Molecular Phylogenetic Perspective and an Area Cladogram for Central Asia

A well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis is presented for gekkonid lizards of the genus Teratoscincus. Phylogenetic relationships of four of the five species are investigated using 1733 aligned bases of mitochondrial DNA sequence from the genes encoding ND1 (subunit one of NADH dehydrogenase), tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Gln), tRNA(Met), ND2, tRNA(Trp), tRNA(Ala), tRNA(Asn), tRNA(Cys), tRNA(Tyr), and COI (subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase). A single most parsimonious tree depicts T. przewalskii and T. roborowskii as a monophyletic group, with T. scincus as their sister taxon and T. microlepis as the sister taxon to the clade containing the first three species. The aligned sequences contain 341 phylogenetically informative characters. Each node is supported by a bootstrap value of 100% and the shortest suboptimal tree requires 29 additional steps. Allozymic variation is presented for proteins encoded by 19 loci but these data are largely uninformative phylogenetically. Teratoscincus species occur on tectonic plates of Gondwanan origin that were compressed by the impinging Indian Subcontinent, resulting in massive montane uplifting along plate boundaries. Taxa occurring in China (Tarim Block) form a monophyletic group showing vicariant separation from taxa in former Soviet Central Asia and northern Afghanistan (Farah Block); alternative biogeographic hypotheses are statistically rejected. This vicariant event involved the rise of the Tien Shan-Pamir and is well dated to 10 million years before present. Using this date for separation of taxa occurring on opposite sides of the Tien Shan-Pamir, an evolutionary rate of 0.57% divergence per lineage per million years is calculated. This rate is similar to estimates derived from fish, bufonid frogs, and agamid lizards for the same region of the mitochondrial genome ( approximately 0.65% divergence per lineage per million years). Evolutionary divergence of the mitochondrial genome has a surprisingly stable rate across vertebrates.     

Evolutionary implications of Leishmania amastigotes in circulating blood cells of lizards

Amastigotes of 2 Leishmania species are reported from the Pakistani lizards Teratoscincus scincus (Gekkonidae) and Agama agilis (Agamidae) collected in western Baluchistan and north-central Sind, respectively. Parasites were seen only in blood cells primarily within thrombocytes, and were detected on smears of peripheral blood. Slides made at 3-day intervals for 38 days from an infected hatchling T. scincus demonstrated an increase with time in the mean number of amastigotes/infected thrombocyte. No evidence of an infection focus in fixed cells of the viscera was found. It is suggested, in view of reports of amastigotes in circulating blood cells of hosts belonging to 5 genera, collected in 5 countries from India to France, that saurian Leishmania may behave simply as parasites of circulating blood cells, thus illustrating an early stage in the adaptation of leishmanias to the vertebrate host.     

大壁虎不同地理居群的遗传变异与分化

以线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因作为分子标记,对中国广西12个地区,以及越南和老挝大壁虎(Gekko gecko)进行序列测定,获得Cytb基因424bp的序列片段,共有7个单倍型。以白脊壁虎和沙虎为外群,用邻接法和最大简约法构建了大壁虎不同地理种群的系统发育关系,其结果显示中国广西4个不同单倍型黑大壁虎之间的平均遗传距离为0.20%—1.20%,越南红大壁虎与老挝红大壁虎之间的平均遗传距离为0.50%,广西宁明红大壁虎与越南红大壁虎和老挝红大壁虎之间平均遗传距离分别为1.70%和2.20%。广西黑大壁虎种群与红大壁虎种群之间的平均遗传距离为8.60%—9.50%,达到了亚种或种分化的差异。     

The distribution and number of the skin sense organs of agamid, iguanid and gekkonid lizards

The topography and numerical distribution of the skin receptors in 29 lizard species including 18 agamids, eight iguanids and three gekkonids, are compared and contrasted. There are no marked differences in the number of receptors in the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body in the different groups. The maximal density of the receptors occurs on the head and decreases in the caudal direction.
Iguanids and gekkonids have 5–6 times more receptors than agamids. Agamids Gonocephalus grandis from S.E. Asia, Pogona barbata, Diporiphora bilineata from Australia and Ceratophora tennentii from Sri-Lanka, however, are distinguished by their high density of receptors, especially on the head. Species of Physignathus are similar to iguanids in this way. The agamid Phrynocephalus mystaceus shows considerable differences, in receptor number, from other species of this genus. There is a high density of receptors on the caudal scales of the Madagascan iguanid Oplurus , and a similar high density of receptors on the ventral surface of the gecko Teratoscincus scincus.     

Intermittent locomotion increases endurance in a gecko

Nocturnal geckos can actively forage at low temperatures. A low minimum cost of locomotion allows greater sustainable speeds by partially offsetting the decrease in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) associated with low nocturnal temperatures. The nocturnality hypothesis (Autumn et al. 1997) proposes that the reduced cost of continuous locomotion is a shared, derived characteristic that increases the capacity to sustain locomotion at low temperatures. Yet many lizards move intermittently at speeds exceeding those that elicit VO2max. We exercised the frog-eyed gecko, Teratoscincus przewalskii, continuously and intermittently on a treadmill. At an exercise speed of 0.90 km h-1 (270% maximum aerobic speed), lizards alternating a 15-s exercise period with a 30-s pause period exhibited a 1.7-fold increase in distance capacity (total distance traveled before fatigue) compared with lizards exercised continuously at the same average speed (0.30 km h-1). The average aerobic cost of intermittent exercise was not significantly different from VO2max. Locomoting intermittently could augment the increase in endurance resulting from the low minimum cost of continuous locomotion in nocturnal geckos. Intermittent behavior could increase the endurance of lizard movement in general.