杉木幼林生态系统凋落物及其分解作用研究

在尤溪人工林生态站内,对杉木幼林生态系统凋落物数量、组成、动态、养分归还量及分解作用的定位研究结果表明：杉木幼林生态系统年均凋落量为１．０６ｔｈｍ－２,杉木凋落物各组分占总量的比例表现为：叶＞枝＞杂物＞花果,其中枝叶占杉木幼林凋落物的９３．４０％。杉木幼林凋落物凋落节律表现为双峰型,两个凋落高峰分别为３月和１２月。每年通过凋落回归林地的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ分别为８．５０ｋｇｈｍ－２、０．６８ｋｇｈｍ－２、６．５２ｋｇｈｍ－２,不同处理凋落物的分解速率表现为：埋置处理＞地表淋溶处理＞地表无淋溶处理,地下埋置及降水淋溶能促进凋落物的分解。     

三倍体毛白杨不同有机残体分解特征的研究

为探明三倍体毛白杨纸浆林林地养分状况,寻求可能的养分输入途径,实现林地长期生产力的维持和提高,采用网袋法研究了三倍体毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)落叶、枝条(直径小于0.5 cm)、细根(直径小于2 mm)以及树皮的分解率和分解过程的变化规律。结果表明:4种残余物在一年中分解速率的变化总体表现为快—慢—快的节律,但位于地下的细根分解过程与位于地表的落叶、枝条和树皮有所不同,方差分析表明,不同阶段的分解率之间存在显著差异;4种残余物的分解速率不同,实验后期细根的分解率为42.5%,落叶的分解率为30.5%,树皮的分解率为26.0%,枝条的分解率为20.9%,不同残余物的分解速率之间存在显著性差异。这充分说明三倍体毛白杨纸浆林中不同有机残体在不同分解阶段具有不同特征,今后应进一步研究其养分释放规律,采取针对性措施加快其分解,以不断提高立地生产力。     

森林生态系统中枯落物分解速率研究方法

林地枯落物分解率是研究森林生态系统养分循环的重要内容之一,传统的尼龙网袋实测法虽然能提供某一具体年份枯落物分解率的准确数据,但因其费时费力且不能反映整个历史时期的平均水平而难以推广,基于林地枯落物积累平衡原理,首次提出了利用枯落物平衡模型推算枯落物分解率的方法（简称平衡法）,并将之应用于黄土残塬沟壑区刺槐林地枯落物分解率的计算。这种由平衡法推算所得枯落物分解率能反映林地的历史水平,弥补了尼龙网袋实测法的不足,建议在森林生态系统研究中推广应用。     

冰雪灾害对杉木林土壤特性的影响

2008年初,在波及我国南方大部分地区的雨雪冰冻灾害中,冻雨在杉木枝叶上形成冰柱,造成大量的杉木个体折冠。通过开展杉木林凋落物和树干残体的养分及土壤理化性质的研究,可以了解冰雪灾害后杉木林的土壤肥力动态。冰雪灾害造成的林冠折损引起了林地的光照增强,导致了土壤温度上升及土壤水分增加,从而促进了凋落物的分解,凋落物经过1a的分解后,N、P和K含量分别下降了7%、12%和21%。凋落物储量减少了22%,N、P和K的储量分别下降了27%、31%和38%。2009年树干残体的N和P含量分别上升5%和6%,而K含量降低15%。树干残体由于分解缓慢,其储量下降3%,N储量增加了2%,P储量不变,而K储量下降了18%。冰雪灾害后森林凋落物积累于地表,分解后形成较厚的有机质层,土壤结构因此变得疏松。2009年的土壤容重和毛管孔隙度减小,总空隙度和毛管持水量增加,非毛管孔隙显著增加。林冠残体在分解过程中促进了土壤有机质和养分的积累。2009年的土壤pH降低,有机质、全N、全P和全K含量分别增加了16%、11%、14%和8%,碱解N和速效P含量分别增加了113%和17%,而速效K含量下降了36%。     

红松阔叶林倒木贮量动态的研究

在森林倒木研究的基础上探讨长白山红松阔叶林倒木贮量的动态,涉及红松阔叶林倒木分解及其贮量的动态规律。研究表明,倒木分解,除心腐木外,均由表及里进行;倒木分解速率在其它生态条件相同时因树种、直径和部位而异。红松阔叶林倒木贮量动态包括现有倒木贮量和倒木年输入量两个分解动态过程,现有倒木贮量在头100年其干重迅速减少,其中椴树比红松尤速,前者分解91%,后者为72%.林地倒木贮量动态与倒木年输入量分解动态相似,但前者在分解初期贮量增加较大,因为部分现有倒木未完全分解;100年后趋于一致,并恒定于16～17t·hm^-2,直至群落的顶极阶段结束.     

黄顶菊凋落物分解对节肢动物群落结构的影响

选择黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)入侵的林地、农田、荒地、沟渠等4种生境作为调查样地, 比较黄顶菊与本地植物凋落物的分解速率及凋落物分解对节肢动物群落结构的影响。于2014年10月凋落物高峰期在各样地内分别搜集黄顶菊与本地植物的凋落物, 每种凋落物称取20 g装入尼龙网分解袋中, 放入各生境。2015年的每个月将不同生境不同处理凋落袋各取回10袋, 用Tullgren法分离节肢动物。 4种生境共捕获17,466头, 隶属8纲18目, 4种生境的优势类群皆为蜱螨目和啮目。其中, 林地、农田、荒地、沟渠4种生境处理组中节肢动物数量分别为1,698头, 1,838头, 2,631头, 3,413头, 分别比对照组高18%, 53%, 22%, 11%。多数月份黄顶菊凋落物中的节肢动物丰富度及多样性指数高于同生境对照组, 并且在黄顶菊生长盛期差异显著; 黄顶菊凋落物的分解速率高于对照植物分解速率, 且各月份凋落物分解速率动态与节肢动物数量变化动态呈显著相关。黄顶菊凋落物对节肢动物的影响与人为干扰程度有关, 这种影响在人为干扰较小的荒地与沟渠生境中更为明显。综上所述, 黄顶菊凋落物的分解改变了节肢动物群落结构, 并引起节肢动物多样性的升高。     

西双版纳季节雨林与橡胶多层林凋落物动态的比较研究

本语文对西双版纳季节雨林及橡胶多层林的凋落物量动态、各组分的季节变化规律、林地残留物现存量及其分解进行了研究,分析比较了两个种群落的凋落节律,结果显示,“双凋落峰”及“叶分解速率较枝分解更快”为两类群落的共有特征;森林凋落物量及凋落物分解速率则因群落类型而异,橡胶多层林年凋落物总量为９．８５±０．７８ｔ·ｈｍ＾－２·ａ＾－１,大于季节雨林的年凋落物总量８．４２±０．１６ｔ·ｈｍ＾－２·ａ＾－１。     

紫苏和紫苏油

紫苏又名白苏、芭子,是唇形科草本植物,云南省盈江县傈傈族、景颇族和汉族群众把紫苏作为传统栽培的大春油料作物。根据紫苏的生长习性,群众多选择海拔1800米左右的高山冷凉区的疏林地带栽培,冬季将所用地块上的灌草等底层植被砍倒,干后烧灰作肥料,清明节前播种,在高大乔木枝叶掩映下,一般亩产子     

火力楠、荷木和黎蒴林的土壤特性及涵养水源的研究

对火力楠、荷木和黎蒴纯林的土壤物理性质、林地持水特性、土壤养分、微生物数量及酶活性进行了研究.结果表明,3种林地的土壤容重分别为1.19、1.26和1.06 g·cm^-3,总孔隙分别为56.73%、54.18%和60.74%,土壤自然含水量分别为51.7%、13.0%和19.4%,毛管持水量分别为43.2%、37.8%和4.8%.火力楠林地的土壤保水性一般而通气性差;荷木林地的土壤保水性和通气性均差,黎蒴林地的土壤保水性和通气性好.火力楠、荷木和黎蒴单株凋落物持水量分别为20、8和15kg,林地分别为16、13和17 t·hm^-2;火力楠、荷木和黎蒴单株凋落物养分储量分别为112.71、31.20和87.30g、林地分别为84.3、51.86和98.11kg·hm^-2.3种林地呈强酸性.黎蒴林地的土壤有机质、全N、全P、全K、碱解N和速效P含量最高,而速效K含量为荷木林地＞黎蒴林地＞火力楠林地.火力楠林地有机质含量、全N和碱解N含量＞荷木林地,荷木林地的全P、全K、速效P含量＞火力楠林地.细菌占微生物总量的94%以上,黎蒴林地的细菌数量高达41×10⁵个·g干土,而火力楠林地和荷木林地分别为3.4×10⁴个·g干土和.3×10⁴个·g干土.黎蒴林地的脲酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶活性最大,荷木林地纤维素分解酶活性最大5.3种林分中,黎蒴林的土壤肥力最高.     

陇中黄土丘陵区乡镇尺度林地转型时空分异:生态建设工程的效用

基于GIS技术及定西市安定区1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年5期Landsat遥感影像解译数据,开展乡镇尺度的林地转型来源、幅度、速度和转型时空分异特征研究,并探讨林地变化形式。结果表明:1995—2015年,林地转型数量处于增加态势,草地和耕地是主要来源; 1995—2015年林地转型幅度和转型速度均呈先减后增趋势;整个研究时段内,林地转型空间分布有所差异,乡镇林地面积转型各不相同;林地转型变化随着坡度增加而不同,林地净转换量和转型幅度均先升后降,而转型速度与其相反,林地转型主要发生在坡度15°以上区域。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV