动物乳杆菌的分离鉴定及其抑菌蛋白的特性分析

通过滤纸片法从健康肉猪猪大肠、小肠中分离得到212株抗生物质产生菌, 以杯碟法复筛, 得到1株对溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)等革兰氏阳性菌和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)等革兰氏阴性菌以及部分真菌如禾谷镰刀霉(Fusarium graminearum)均有强烈抑制作用的乳酸菌。经形态学、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列同源性分析等手段鉴定该菌株为动物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus animalis)。排除酸和过氧化氢的干扰后, 该菌株的发酵上清液对指示菌仍有明显抑菌活性; 用蛋白酶处理该菌株的发酵上清液后, 抑菌活性丧失; 发酵液粗提物具有较好的热稳定性(经121°C处理20 min仍有较强抑菌活性)以及较宽的抑菌活性pH值范围(3.5~5.5), 因此初步认为该菌株产生一类具有广谱抑菌活性的类细菌素物质。     

产抑菌物质乳杆菌的筛选及性质的研究

从健康成年人的口腔中筛选出一株产抑菌物质的菌株HO-69,经API系统鉴定为植物乳杆菌。排除酸性末端产物与过氧化氢的影响后,HO-69的发酵上清液对变形链球菌等革兰氏阳性菌、大肠杆菌等革兰氏阴性菌具有抑制作用。抑菌物质经初步提取,推测其分子量在10kDa以下,胰蛋白酶处理后抑菌活性部分损失,100℃水浴加热20min依然保持较高的抑菌活力,显示活性的pH范围是3.0~7.0,活力随pH的降低而增强。     

唾液乳杆菌ZDY159a抑菌机制的研究

目的对唾液乳杆菌(Lactobacillus salivarius)ZDY159a的产酸能力和体外抑菌影响因素进行初步研究。方法采用共培养法和牛津杯法,以大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli O157:H7)NCTC 12900和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)CMCC 26003作为指示菌。结果唾液乳杆菌ZDY159a发酵产生的乳酸和乙酸均具有较强抑菌活性;发酵全液的抑菌活性强于发酵上清液;低p H与发酵上清液的抑菌活性呈正相关;蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶处理可降低发酵上清液的抑菌活性。结论唾液乳杆菌ZDY159a的抑菌活性与发酵过程中产生的有机酸、细菌素(蛋白或多肽类物质)和过氧化氢有关,且菌体可提高发酵上清液的抑菌活性。     

筛选产类细菌素乳酸菌及类细菌素特性研究

从健康鸡肠道内容物及新鲜粪便中分离到21株乳酸菌,通过单层琼脂平板扩散实验,筛选出1株对藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和枯草杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)等革兰氏阳性菌和大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)等革兰氏阴性菌有明显抑菌活性代谢产物的乳酸菌,经细菌鉴定为乳杆菌属。排除酸和过氧化氢的干扰后,发酵液上清对指示菌仍有抑菌活性;用胰蛋白酶和蛋白酶K处理后抑菌活性明显降低,而胃蛋白酶对其活性无影响;用过氧化氢酶作用上清液,抑菌效果不变,说明过氧化氢未起作用;pH在2.0~7.0时,发酵上清液有抑菌活性;培养液粗提物经120℃处理20 min仍有部分活性,表明培养上清中有蛋白质类细菌素。     

植物乳杆菌CMCC-P0002代谢产物中抑菌物质的研究

目的通过对一株植物乳杆菌代谢产物的抑菌作用以及该产物的某些物理特性的研究,为进一步发现可替代现有抗生素的抗菌物质奠定基础。方法首先利用低温离心和超滤法对植物乳杆菌培养后的上清液进行初步提取,用打孔法行抑菌试验,明确其对铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等临床分离菌株的抑菌活性;并进一步经加热、调整pH及过氧化氢酶等处理上清液后,再验证其活性变化。结果植物乳杆菌的培养上清液对铜绿假单胞菌等多株临床分离菌株均具有一定的抑菌活性,且以pH在6以内时该物质抑菌活性较好,过氧化氢酶处理后或加热至100℃、30min,上清液的抑菌活性依然存在。结论在植物乳杆菌的培养上清液中存在着具有抑菌活性的物质,对从临床标本所分离的部分革兰阴性菌及革兰阳性菌有抑菌作用,该物质对热耐受,其活性受pH变化的影响。     

抑制嗜水气单胞菌乳酸菌的筛选、鉴定及抑菌作用

从健康成年尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）肠道中分离纯化得到乳酸菌,采用牛津杯双层平板法筛选具有抑制嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)活性的乳酸菌菌株,借助16S rRNA分子鉴定乳酸菌种类。通过排除有机酸和过氧化氢干扰及蛋白酶敏感性等试验分析抑菌活性最佳乳酸菌的抑菌活性物质成分,并进行热、酸碱稳定性和扫描电镜观察等确定抑菌活性物质对嗜水气单胞菌的抑菌作用。结果显示,尼罗罗非鱼肠道中有3株乳酸菌对嗜水气单胞菌表现出良好的抑菌效果,经鉴定后分别为植物乳酸菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）和唾液乳杆菌（Lactobacillus salivarius）。其中,菌株LX3的抑菌活性最佳,抑菌圈直径可达到（25.25±0.23） mm且对多种蛋白酶敏感,经不同温度和酸碱性处理后抑菌活性物质仍保持较高的抑菌活性,特别是在pH 12和100 ℃处理后,抑菌圈直径仍达到（13.87±0.12）和（16.65±0.26） mm。此外,扫描电镜观察发现菌株LX3抑菌活性物质主要破坏了嗜水气单胞菌的细胞结构,使细胞内容物流出,致其死亡。上述结果表明,尼罗罗非鱼肠道中拥有较为丰富的抑制嗜水气单胞菌乳酸菌资源,尤其是菌株LX3显示出良好的抑菌活性与抑菌作用,这对于替代抗生素防治嗜水气单胞菌引发的相关鱼类疾病具有重要价值。     

瑞士乳杆菌M14-1所产细菌素的分离纯化及抑菌特性分析

瑞士乳杆菌M14-1发酵上清液经硫酸盐沉淀后得到粗蛋白提取物,再经离子交换、C18固相萃取进行进一步纯化后得到高纯度的纯化产物。研究细菌素M14-1酶敏感性、酸碱稳定性、热稳定性、抑菌谱以及细菌素产量与菌株生长关系。研究发现细菌素M14-1对蛋白酶K、胰蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶敏感,对过氧化氢酶不敏感。该细菌素热稳定性较差,121℃处理15 min后,活性下降。细菌素M14-1在pH2.0~10.0内具有抑菌活性。抑菌谱结果表明细菌素M14-1抑菌谱较窄,仅对单增李斯特氏菌有较好的抑制效果。瑞士乳杆菌M14-1在发酵16h后达到稳定期,而细菌素M14-1最佳收获时间为瑞士乳杆菌M14-1发酵12 h后。     

猪源产细菌素乳酸菌的抑菌产物特性研究

对R－21－1、R－21－3、R－17－3三株来自猪肠道的能够抑制大肠杆菌的乳酸菌所产生的抑菌物质进行了部分理化特性的考察、发现其对蛋白酶敏感,排除酸后仍有抑菌活性存在,初步判断其中含有细菌素。三株菌的发酵上清液分别用70℃和100℃（30min)、121℃（15min)处理后,仍然分别保持有84％、84％、91．6％以上抑菌活性,证明三株菌所产生的抑菌物质具有热稳定性。     

肠球菌E4及其抑菌产物特性的研究

目的获得抑制微生物生长的菌株。方法根据形态学和生理生化学特性进行菌种鉴定;采用牛津杯法测定抑菌谱和抑菌物质的理化特性。结果排除了过氧化氢和有机酸的作用,该菌发酵上清液对苏云金杆菌、枯草杆菌、大肠埃希菌、鸡白痢沙门菌等有抑制作用。根据菌株的生理生化特征,该菌株初步定为肠球菌属,定名为E4（Enterococcus sp．）。所产抑菌物质具有较好的热稳定性,在酸性条件下稳定且活性高。结论分离筛选了1株可产抑菌物质的肠球菌,其产生的抑菌物质具有良好的生物化学特性和广谱的抑菌能力。     

枯草芽胞杆菌FB123细菌素的理化性质及抑菌谱的研究

研究了细菌素产生菌枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)FB123 所产细菌素的理化性质及其抑菌谱.枯草芽胞杆菌FB123经过 28 ℃、32 h的发酵得到发酵上清液,用饱和度为50%的硫酸铵溶液沉淀发酵上清液中的细菌素.以革兰阴性菌大肠杆菌和革兰阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,采用牛津杯法检测细菌素抑菌活性,对细菌素粗品进行理化性质的研究.结果表明该细菌素最适作用pH为 6.0,最适作用温度 40 ℃,具有较宽的pH作用范围和较好的热稳定性.各种蛋白酶、金属离子对其活性有不同程度的影响.抑菌谱试验结果表明,该细菌素对多种革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌有明显的抑制作用,虽然对部分真菌有抑制作用,但抑制作用较弱.     

DCD-1L在毕赤酵母中的克隆和表达

由于细菌对抗生素耐药性的产生 ,迫切需要寻求一种新的抗菌剂来代替它。DCD是最近从人汗腺中发现的具有广谱抗菌活性的抗菌肽。与抗生素不同 ,它不会在生物体内富集 ,也不会诱导产生耐药菌株。为了能快速并低成本地获得该肽 ,DCD 1L基因 ,第一次被克隆到毕赤酵母载体pPIC9中 ,并在毕赤酵母GS1 1 5中进行表达。实验结果显示毕赤酵母GS1 1 5系统所表达的DCD 1L在pH5 5～ 7 4范围内具有抗大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的活性。这个结果说明在毕赤酵母中表达的DCD 1L能够抗部分革兰氏阴性和阳性细菌。     

青海湖裸鲤肠道乳酸菌多样性与抑菌活性

【目的】通过生理生化特性,结合16S r RNA基因序列分析研究青海湖裸鲤肠道乳酸菌分离株的多样性,并对这些代表株的抑菌活性进行初步探讨,以期筛选具有高效抑菌活性的鱼源益生菌。【方法】对分离的47株乳酸菌代表株进行p H、温度生长范围、耐盐性等生理生化特征检测,结合16S r RNA基因序列对已分离到的乳酸菌进行基因分型和菌种鉴定,采用牛津杯双层平板法检测乳酸菌代表株的抑菌活性。【结果】鉴定结果显示:23株为Lactobacillus fuchuensis(48.94%),12株为Lactobacillus curvatus(25.53%),3株为Leuconostoc fallax(6.38%),2株为Lactobacillus sakei(4.26%),2株为Weissella ceti(4.26%);2株为Lactococcus cremoris(4.26%),1株为Leuconostoc lactis(2.13%),1株为Weissella minor(2.13%),1株为Enterococcus devriesei(2.13%)。qz1217、qz1196、qz1220所在的A、B、C三组乳酸菌在5-50°C的温度范围内生长良好,qz1196、qz1220所在的B、C组在pH 3.0-10.0的范围内生长良好,几乎所有乳酸菌都具有耐6.5%盐浓度特性。13株乳酸菌菌株对6种病原菌都具有抑制作用。通过排除酸、过氧化氢实验,发现上清液仍然具有抑菌活性。对qz1251发酵液进行蛋白酶处理,抑菌活性消失,确定其抑菌物质属于蛋白类物质,是一种细菌素。【结论】青海湖裸鲤肠道附着乳酸菌的多样性为益生性乳酸菌的筛选提供优质资源及数据参考。     

Antimicrobial activity of surface attached marine bacteria in biofilms

Relatively little is known about the microbial ecology of biofilm communities or the diversity of antimicrobial molecules that they produce to regulate these communities. This study tested whether the production of antimicrobial activity in biofilm cultures is enhanced towards competing bacteria found in those biofilms. First, the production of antimicrobial activity of marine bacteria grown in biofilms was tested. Fourteen of the 105 marine isolates tested were found to produce antimicrobial factors when grown in biofilms. The antimicrobial activity produced by these isolates in biofilms was more potent and inhibited a broader range of target bacteria grown in biofilms compared to shaken liquid cultures. In a separate experiment, we found that cultivation in biofilms containing produced metabolites from an ‘inducer’ bacterium stimulated the production of antimicrobial molecules by ‘producer’ bacteria that were active against the ‘inducer’ bacterium. Overall, the study suggests that surface attached marine bacteria can target their antimicrobial activity towards competing bacteria in biofilms.     

Antimicrobial and antiviral activities of an actinomycete (Streptomyces sp.) isolated from a Brazilian tropical forest soil

A promising producer of bioactive compounds isolated from a Brazilian tropical soil was tested for its range of antimicrobial activities. Strain 606, classified as Streptomyces sp., could not be identified up to species level, suggesting a possible new taxon. The supernatant and 10 extracts and fractions, obtained by extraction and chromatographic techniques, presented antimicrobial activity using antibiograms. The methanolic fraction was highly active against pathogenic bacteria, phytopathogenic fungi and the human pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. It also possessed high antiviral activity inhibiting the propagation of an acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 1 strain on HEp-2 cells at non-cytotoxic concentration. The strong cytotoxic effect suggests an antitumour action. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The antimicrobial activity of substances derived from the lichens Physcia aipolia, Umbilicaria polyphylla, Parmelia caperata and Hypogymnia physodes

In this study, in vitro antimicrobial activity of the physodic acid, usnic acid, atranorin and gyrophoric acid isolated from the lichens Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia caperata, Physcia aipolia and Umbilicaria polyphylla, has been investigated. An antibiotic assessment was done against six bacteria (three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative) and eight fungi by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the broth tube dilution method. The tested lichen substances inhibited growth of all the tested microorganisms. The bacteria showed a higher sensitivity against the tested fungi. The highest antimicrobial activity was found in the usnic acid of the Parmelia caperata lichen, where the lowest MIC was 0.0037 mg/ml against the Klebsiella pneumoniae (even lower than the one given by the streptomycin standard). The weakest antimicrobial activity was found in the physodic acid, which inhibited most of the microorganisms in the concentration of 1 mg/ml. Generally, all the components had relatively strong antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms, among which were human and animal pathogens. This could be of significance for their use for pharmaceutical purposes.     

Identification and Characterization of Novel Lipophilic Antimicrobial Peptides Derived from Naturally Occurring Proteins

Microbes are increasingly developing defensive mechanisms against known drugs via mutations. There are signs of emergence of superbugs immune to most known antibiotics available. The need for a new class of drugs to counteract this problem is of paramount importance for continued general well being of mankind. A new class of drugs, antimicrobial peptides, has not been fully exploited primarily due to high cytotoxicity, poor lipophilicity preventing systemic distribution and stability. We have synthesised 9-amino acid residue cationic peptides RH01 and RH02 lipidated with myristoyl and octyl groups respectively. These peptides exhibited potent antimicrobial activity and low cytotoxicity. The lipopeptide RH01 has antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microorganisms including bacteria, yeast and filamentous fungi with greatest activity toward Gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus MRSA stain, MIC’s ranging between 2–8 μM. The MIC for Gram-negative bacteria was higher ranging from between 30–250 μM. RH01 also had antimicrobial activity towards fungi showing good activity against the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans but was less active towards the filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger. The antimicrobial activity of RH01 as a measure of Ki₍₅₀₎ for E. coli and S. aureus was 35–60 μM and 3–7 μM, respectively. In-house data showed the compound is bactericidal even at higher bacteria concentration. The octylated lipopeptide RH02 has similar activities towards S. aureus (3.3 μM) and E coli (53.3 μM) as the myristolated RH01. There was no haemolytic activity of the lipopeptide RH01 towards human blood. Acute intravenous toxicity study in mice showed that both RH01 and RH02 induced no macroscopic abnormalities at their highest non-lethal dose of 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg bodyweight, respectively.Australian Peptide Conference Issue.     

鲑点石斑鱼皮肤抗菌活性蛋白的纯化及抗菌活性(英文）

近年来在多种生物体中都发现有抗菌活性蛋白和多肽。由于其具有生物化学多样性,抗病毒、微生物、真菌、原生动物、肿瘤,促进伤口愈合等生物学活性,而引起研究者的极大兴趣。抗菌活性蛋白和多肽在动物的先天免疫中具有重要作用,它们直接作用于细菌,并将其杀死。鲑点石斑鱼(Epinephelusfario)是中国南方水产养殖中重要的海水鱼。近年来,由于细菌和病毒引发的病害造成鲑点石斑鱼大量死亡,但其抗菌活性蛋白及多肽目前还未见报道。本研究发现鲑点石斑鱼皮肤具有抗菌活性成分,鲑点石斑鱼皮肤匀浆物经胰蛋白酶水解后抗菌活性丧失,说明该活性是由蛋白质引起的。经离子交换层析及凝胶过滤层析,从鲑点石斑鱼皮肤中分离纯化到抗菌活性蛋白(Efap)。SDS-PAGE显示,Efap为单链蛋白,分子量约41kD。该成分能同时抑制革兰氏阳性菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌、滕黄微球菌、枯草牙胞杆菌和革兰氏阴性菌,如溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、嗜水气单胞菌、大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌。革兰氏阴性菌中,溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌和多杀性巴氏杆菌对Efap较敏感,MIC<20mol/L,其他3种菌敏感性较差,MIC>20mol/L。另外,Efap显示出较强的抗金黄色葡萄球菌的活性,MIC为5—10mol/L。Efap的广谱抗菌性,说明其在鲑点石斑鱼免疫防御中具有一定的作用。     

宁夏枸杞内生细菌的多样性及其抑菌活性研究

【目的】对宁夏枸杞各药用部位内生细菌的分布特征、遗传多样性和抑菌活性进行分析。【方法】采用菌落计数和16S rRNA基因序列分析法研究枸杞内生细菌的分布特征、遗传多样性,采用琼脂扩散法测定其抑菌活性。【结果】从各药用组织器官中分离出内生细菌34株,隶属于7科11属,内生细菌的数量和群落组成存在明显的组织特异性,其数量表现为根皮>叶>花>果实,而多样性则表现为花>根皮>叶>果实。芽孢杆菌属为枸杞优势内生菌群,分布于所有组织中;抑菌实验结果表明有76.5%的内生菌对一种或多种病原菌的生长有抑制作用,芽孢杆菌属菌株R2、R7、L3和短波单胞菌属的R3拮抗番茄炭疽杆菌和玉米大斑病菌的能力较强,而多数菌株对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制能力较弱。【结论】枸杞可培养内生细菌遗传多样性丰富,对植物病原菌有较强的抑制活性。     

Design,structural and functional characterization of a Temporin-1b analog active against Gram-negative bacteria

Background

Temporins are small antimicrobial peptides secreted by the Rana temporaria showing mainly activity against Gram-positive bacteria. However, different members of the temporin family, such as Temporin B, act in synergy also against Gram-negative bacteria. With the aim to develop a peptide with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity we designed and analyzed a series of Temporin B analogs.

Methods

Peptides were initially obtained by Ala scanning on Temporin B sequence; antimicrobial activity tests allowed to identify the TB_G6A sequence, which was further optimized by increasing the peptide positive charge (TB_KKG6A). Interactions of this active peptide with the LPS of E. coli were investigated by CD, fluorescence and NMR.

Results

TB_KKG6A is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria at low concentrations. The peptide strongly interacts with the LPS of Gram-negative bacteria and folds upon interaction into a kinked helix.

Conclusion

Our results show that it is possible to widen the activity spectrum of an antimicrobial peptide by subtle changes of the primary structure. TB_KKG6A, having a simple composition, a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and a very low hemolytic activity, is a promising candidate for the design of novel antimicrobial peptides.

General significance

The activity of antimicrobial peptides is strongly related to the ability of the peptide to interact and break the bacterial membrane. Our studies on TB_KKG6A indicate that efficient interactions with LPS can be achieved when the peptide is not perfectly amphipathic, since this feature seems to help the toroidal pore formation process.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of propolis and synergism between propolis and antimicrobial drugs

The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial properties of ethanolic extract of 13 propolis (EEP) samples from different regions of Serbia against 39 microorganisms (14 resistant or multiresistant to antibiotics), and to determine synergistic activity between antimicrobials and propolis. Antimicrobial activity of propolis samples was evaluated by agar diffusion and agar dilution method. The synergistic action of propolis with antimicrobial drugs was assayed by the disc diffusion method on agar containing subinhibitory concentrations of propolis. Obtained results indicate that EEP, irrespectively of microbial resistance to antibiotics, showed significant antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 0.078%–1.25% of EEP) and yeasts (0.16%–1.25%), while Gram-negative bacteria were less susceptible (1.25&%ndash;>5%). Enterococcus faecalis was the most resistant Gram-positive bacterium, Salmonella spp. the most resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans the most resistant yeast. EEP showed synergism with selected antibiotics, and displayed ability to enhance the activities of antifungals. The shown antimicrobial potential of propolis alone or in combination with certain antibiotics and antifungals is of potential medical interest.