胡瓜钝绥螨对日光大棚茄子上烟粉虱的控制作用

为了评价胡瓜钝绥螨在我国日光大棚中对茄子上烟粉虱虱的控制作用。笔者研究了在24～34℃下胡瓜钝绥螨以烟粉为猎物时的发育历期,并在我国山东省寿光市的蔬菜基地上开展了利用胡瓜钝绥螨控制日光大棚茄子上烟粉虱的研究与应用。结果表明:胡瓜钝绥螨能够取食烟粉虱的卵、成虫、若虫及伪蛹;利用胡瓜钝绥螨能有效地控制烟粉虱成虫、卵、若虫种群数量的增长。根据胡瓜钝绥螨和烟粉虱的生物学特性,结合大棚茄子栽培过程中的环境条件,笔者提出了在日光大棚中应用胡瓜钝绥螨控制茄子上烟粉虱的策略:(1)在茄子的整个生长季节(250d)中需释放胡瓜钝绥螨4～6次,苗期每次每株释放5～10头,结果期每次每株释放20～40头;(2)释放胡瓜钝绥螨的生防区比常规化防区减少农药使用18次;(3)安装防虫网、适时释放胡瓜钝绥螨是生防成功之关键,生防区配合使用黄板效果更好。     

中国植绥螨的研究应用

植绥螨是农业生产中极具价值的生防作用物.本文综述了四十年来我国在植绥螨种类调查、饲养繁殖、保护及释放利用等方面取得的成果及存在的一些问题,并展望了植绥螨研究应用的发展前景.     

Research on the application of Typhlodromips swirskii for the control of Bemisia tabaci

评价斯氏小盲绥螨Typhlodromips swirskii(Athias-Henriort)在我国日光大棚中对黄瓜上的烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)控制作用.在不同温度条件下研究斯氏小盲绥螨以烟粉虱为猎物的试验种群生命表,以及在日光大棚中释放斯氏小盲绥螨控制黄瓜上的烟粉虱所取的防治效果.斯氏小盲绥螨取食烟粉虱的卵、成虫、若虫、伪蛹能完成世代并能正常产卵.在19～35℃范围内总产卵量25～41粒／雌,产雌率60％～62.68％.在(20±1)℃.(25±1)℃,(30±1)℃,(34±1)℃温度条件下斯氏小盲绥螨净增殖率(R0)分别为12.6160、22.1021、17.4500、16.7463;内禀增长率(rm)分别为0.0865、0.1528、0.1535、0.1690.在大棚黄瓜上应用结果表明:释放斯氏小盲绥螨与目前大棚中的常规化学防治比较,生防区能有效地控制烟粉虱成虫、卵、若虫的种群数量增长.根据斯氏小盲绥螨和烟粉虱的生物学特性,结合大棚黄瓜栽培过程中的环境条件,笔者提出了在日光大棚中应用斯氏小盲绥螨控制黄瓜上烟粉虱的策略:在黄瓜生长的整个期间释放2～3次斯氏小盲绥螨,每20～25d释放1次,苗期每株释放20～25只,后期每株释放25～50只,才能达到预期效果.生防园每季减少农药使用次数5次.     

捕食螨在我国农林害螨生物防治中的应用

捕食螨是农林生产中极具价值的生防作用物。文章对捕食螨在我国农林害螨生物防治中的应用作一综述,内容包括:与释放应用相关的研究(引进与风险评估,饲养、贮存与运输,食性与释放,捕食与繁殖,定殖与扩散,外界影响因子)、几种主要捕食螨(智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis、西方盲走螨Typhlodromus occidentalis、伪钝绥螨Amblyseius fallacis、胡瓜钝绥螨A.cucumeris)的应用、释放应用前景与展望等,旨在提高我国的捕食螨研究与应用水平。     

斯氏小盲绥螨在大棚上防治烟粉虱的研究与应用

评价斯氏小盲绥螨Typhlodromipsswirskii（Athias—Henriort）在我国日光大棚中对黄瓜上的烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci（Gennadius）控制作用。在不同温度条件下研究斯氏小盲绥螨以烟粉虱为猎物的试验种群生命表,以及在日光大棚中释放斯氏小盲绥螨控制黄瓜上的烟粉虱所取的防治效果。斯氏小盲绥螨取食烟粉虱的卵、成虫、若虫、伪蛹能完成世代并能正常产卵。在19—35℃范围内总产卵量25—41粒／雌,产雌率60％-62．68％。在（20±1）℃,（25±1）℃,（30±1）℃,（34±1）℃温度条件下斯氏小盲绥螨净增殖率（心）分别为12．6160、22．1021、17．4500、16．7463;内禀增长率（rm）分别为0．0865、0．1528、0．1535、0．1690。在大棚黄瓜上应用结果表明：释放斯氏小盲绥螨与目前大棚中的常规化学防治比较,生防区能有效地控制烟粉虱成虫、卵、若虫的种群数量增长。根据斯氏小盲绥螨和烟粉虱的生物学特性,结合大棚黄瓜栽培过程中的环境条件,笔者提出了在日光大棚中应用斯氏小盲绥螨控制黄瓜上烟粉虱的策略：在黄瓜生长的整个期间释放2—3次斯氏小盲绥螨,每20-25d释放1次,苗期每株释放20—25只,后期每株释放25～50只,才能达到预期效果。生防园每季减少农药使用次数5次。     

应用虫生真菌防治烟粉虱的现状

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci属世界性分布的大害虫.在一定条件下虫生真菌是控制烟粉虱种群的最有效天敌.本文就几种常见虫生真菌:蜡蚧轮枝菌Verticilliumlecanii、座壳孢Aschersoniaspp.、玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomycesfumosoroseus、球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana等防治烟粉虱的应用现状以及它们与其它天敌的关系进行了综述,以期对烟粉虱虫生真菌的合理利用提供参考.     

德氏钝绥螨的生物学和利用

植绥螨Phytoseiidae在螨类生物防治上被认为是有用的类群已有七十多年历史。Parrott等。首先注意到革绥螨Seius pomi可以控制梨叶肿瘿螨Eriophyes pyri(Pgst.);Gilliatt(1935)饲养成功少数个体并对它们的食量进行了观察。 Garman(1948)对植绥螨一些属从形态特征进行分类,使对一些常见种类的鉴定有所依据;Nesbitt(1951)在Garman的基础上进一步对植绥螨亚科进行了校正,并且认为这一类群在世界各地都是叶螨类的最重要天敌。此后,对植绥螨的生物学、分类、生态及利用方面的工作进展迅速。McMurtry(1964)观察到有些植绥螨种类可以用花粉进行正常繁殖,并设计了大量饲养植绥螨的工具和方法,使人工繁殖利用植绥螨工作前进了一步。     

烟粉虱对四种蔬菜寄主的选择性

为探讨利用趋避作用防治烟粉虱的可能性,进行了3方面试验：1）烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) 对黄瓜、花椰菜、油菜和莴苣等4种蔬菜的寄主选择性; 2）互喷烟粉虱不同嗜好的寄主植物汁液对其寄主选择性的影响; 3）不同间作方式对黄瓜叶上烟粉虱成虫密度的影响。结果表明,烟粉虱对供试植物有明显的选择性,其嗜好程度为花椰菜>黄瓜>油菜>莴苣。喷施莴苣和花椰菜汁液对烟粉虱的寄主选择性均有显著影响,喷施莴苣原液后,花椰菜和黄瓜上的成虫数分别减少79.6%和87.4%,花椰菜上的着卵量减少84.3%;喷施花椰菜原液后,莴苣上的成虫数和着卵量分别增加82.4%和79.2%,表明不同蔬菜中的内含物是引起烟粉虱对寄主选择性的重要原因。在黄瓜中间作莴苣可使黄瓜叶上烟粉虱成虫数平均减少76.5%;间作花椰菜时,通过诱集作用,也可使黄瓜叶上的成虫数平均降低69.7%。这些结果为利用喷施蔬菜汁液和间作方式控制烟粉虱危害提供了理论依据。     

智利小植绥螨对茄子二斑叶螨控制效果研究

【目的】明确智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis对茄子上二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的控制效果,探索智利小植绥螨控制茄子二斑叶螨的最优释放数量。【方法】在1︰10、1︰30和1︰50不同益害比及10、30和60头/叶二斑叶螨不同猎物密度下,研究了智利小植绥螨捕食二斑叶螨的效果以及智利小植绥螨的增殖率。【结果】随智利小植绥螨释放比例的提高,防治效率明显提高,益害比1︰10、1︰30和1︰50的防效分别在释放后第14、22和26天达100%;在不同猎物密度下,按益害比1︰30释放智利小植绥螨,防效均随时间延长而提高,且6 d后不同猎物密度下防效差异不明显,第20天时3种密度下的防效均达100%,表明其捕食作用受到益害比影响较大而受猎物密度影响不明显。随着捕食螨释放比例的降低和二斑叶螨密度的提高,智利小植绥螨的增殖率增加,在益害比为1︰50、二斑叶螨种群密为60头/叶时,智利小植绥螨的最高增殖率分别达643%和893%,表明智利小植绥螨具有较高的种群增殖力。【结论】智利小植绥螨对茄子二斑叶螨具有较好的防控效果,推荐在二斑叶螨发生早期时按益害比1︰10~1︰30释放智利小植绥螨,以保证较快的防控效果和较少的捕食螨释放量。     

几种弱选择性寄主蔬菜对烟粉虱的驱避作用

【目的】烟粉虱是茄果类蔬菜上的重要害虫,已对常用的化学农药产生了较强的抗药性。目前,利用非嗜好植物对烟粉虱的驱避作用和嗜好植物的诱集作用控制烟粉虱则受到越来越多的关注。【方法】选择芹菜、韭菜、茼蒿、香菜、葱、蒜等6种烟粉虱弱选择性寄主蔬菜,测定烟粉虱对供试蔬菜的嗅觉和视觉反应。在此基础上,筛选出非嗜性相对更强的3种蔬菜进行田间烟粉虱驱虫性测定。【结果】在室内寄主选择性测定中,烟粉虱对供试6种蔬菜的选择性均较小,其中对芹菜的选择率最低,韭菜次之,其余4种蔬菜的选择率为茼蒿香菜葱蒜;采用嗅觉选择性测定的方法测定烟粉虱对供试蔬菜的相对选择性,发现烟粉虱对芹菜的选择率最低(13.0%),韭菜次之(25.5%),其余各蔬菜的选择率大小为茼蒿(47.8%)香菜(40.2%)葱(38.5%)蒜(37.0%);烟粉虱对6种供试蔬菜颜色的选择性也存在明显的差异,其中,烟粉虱对芹菜和韭菜的选择率相对较低。在室内筛选的基础上,选择芹菜、韭菜、葱等3种蔬菜在辣椒田里进行间作驱虫实验,发现芹菜对田间辣椒上烟粉虱的驱避效果最好,驱避率达90.6%,韭菜次之(86.5%),葱的驱避效果一般。【结论】芹菜和韭菜对烟粉虱的驱避效果较好,该结论为烟粉虱的绿色防控提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

Phytoseiid predators of whiteflies feed and reproduce on non-prey food sources

Two phytoseiid species, Euseius scutalis (Athias-Henriot) and Typhlodromips swirskii (Athias-Henriot), are able to suppress whitefly populations on single plants and are candidate biological control agents for whiteflies such as Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). These species can feed on pollen and insect-produced honeydew and these food sources are likely to be available in crops. If the utilization of these food types results in increased reproduction or survival, populations of predators can persist when whitefly prey is scarce or absent. We studied the impact of pollen and whitefly-produced honeydew on the life history of the two phytoseiids. Cattail pollen allowed for survival, development and reproduction of both predators. Whitefly-produced honeydew greatly increased survival of E. scutalis, allowed for development into adulthood and for a sustained low rate of oviposition. The survival of adult T. swirskii was high on cucumber leaf tissue, either with or without pollen or honeydew. Oviposition by adults and juvenile survival of T. swirskii was very low in presence of honeydew. Biological control of whiteflies may benefit from both pollen and honeydew because these non-prey food sources have a positive effect on the life history of the two predator species, especially E. scutalis.     

Effects of prey mite species on life history of the phytoseiid predators Typhlodromalus manihoti and Typhlodromalus aripo

The effects of prey mite suitability on several demographic characteristics of phytoseiid predators and the relationship of these effects to the potential of phytoseiid predators to control herbivorous mite populations are well documented. Evidence has also accumulated in the last 20 years demonstrating that phytoseiid predators utilize herbivorous prey mite-induced plant volatiles as olfactory cues in locating their herbivorous mite prey. but less well established is the predictability of reproductive success from the ability of the predators to utilize olfactory cues to locate their prey, and how these processes are related to the success of the predators as biological control agents of the herbivorous mite. In this study, we determined in laboratory no choice experiments, the development, survivorship and fecundity of the two neotropical phytoseiid predators Typhlodromalus manihoti Moraes and T. aripo DeLeon when feeding on three herbivorous mites, including the key prey species Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar), and the two alternative prey species Oligonychus gossypii (Zacher) and Tetranychus urticae (Koch). Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of T. aripo was 2.1 fold higher on M. tanajoa as prey compared with T. urticae as prey, while it was almost nil on O. gossypii. For T. manihoti, rm was 2.3 fold higher on M. tanajoa as prey compared with O. gossypii as prey, while reproduction was nil on T. urticae. An independent experiment on odor-related prey preference of the two predator species (Gnanvossou et al. 2002) showed that T. manihoti and T. aripo preferred odors from M. tanajoa-infested leaves to odors from O. gossypii-infested leaves. Moreover, both predator species preferred odors from M. tanajoa-infested leaves over those from T. urticae-infested leaves. As reported here, life history of the two predatory mites matches odor-related prey preference if the key prey species is compared to the two inferior prey species. The implications of our findings for the persistence of T. manihoti and T. aripo and biological control of M. tanajoa in the cassava agroecosystem in Africa are discussed.     

Intra- and interspecific predation by adult female Metaseiulus occidentalis and Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when provisioned with varying densities and ratios of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and phytoseiid larvae

The phytoseiid mites Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhlodromus pyri Schueten are used together and alone as biological control agents against tetranychid pest mites of apple. Their effectiveness as control agents may be impacted by intraguild predation. The effects of prey species and prey density on the rates of inter- and intraspecific predation and oviposition by these two predators were investigated through a series of experiments. Adult female predators were given prey as mixed populations of phytoseiid larvae and larvae of a more preferred species, the spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, at different densities and ratios. Typhlodromus pyri, more of a generalist predator, showed higher rates of predation and cannibalism on phytoseiid immatures at most prey densities and ratios. Manly preference indices indicated that T. pyri switched to feed on phytoseiid larvae at higher prey levels and ratios of T. urticae than M. occidentalis. This greater ability to use phytoseiid larvae as prey may help stabilize T. pyri populations when more preferred prey is unavailable. This may, in part, explain the observed persistence of T. pyri populations when M. occidentalis populations were decreasing in orchard test plots.     

Effects of intraguild predation and cannibalism in two generalist phytoseiid species on prey density of the pink citrus rust mite in the presence of high-quality food

BioControl - Intraguild predation (IGP) and cannibalism influence the effectiveness of biological control with generalist predators. In Japanese citrus orchards, two generalist phytoseiid species,...     

我国烟粉虱主要捕食和寄生性天敌控制能力研究进展

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Gennadius是一种广泛分布于世界各地的多食性害虫,对我国多个省市区的农作物和观赏植物造成了严重的危害。化学杀虫剂的大量使用在杀伤天敌的同时使烟粉虱产生了不同程度的抗性,防治越来越困难;相较于化学防治,在不同地区筛选有效的天敌对烟粉虱进行生物防治是对烟粉虱进行有效控制的重要方法。我国报道的捕食性天敌共计26科109种,寄生性天敌共计2科59种。烟粉虱防治过程中由于单一的防治效果不理想,联合多个天敌资源的利用是增加对烟粉虱的生物防治效果的重要手段。本文通过对我国烟粉虱捕食性和寄生性天敌种类系统全面的整理,同时对烟粉虱优势种天敌中的单种或者多种组合利用后对烟粉虱的的控害潜能进行综述,以期为烟粉虱天敌昆虫种类的筛选和实现高效的生物防治提供科学依据。     

不同季节黄瓜上烟粉虱自然种群生命表研究

1引言自从Morris等[10]应用生命表技术研究云杉卷叶蛾(Choristoneura fumiferana)自然种群动态以来,生命表技术成为昆虫种群动态的重要研究方法.庞雄飞等[11~13]在Mor-ris和Miller生命表的基础上进行了补充和改进,提出组建由作用因子组配的生命表和相应的分析方法.烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci)属同翅目粉虱科.我国早在1949年就有烟粉虱的记载[27].长期以来,烟粉虱不是我国的主要害虫,近年来,由于一系列原因使烟粉虱成为蔬菜、园林植物上的重要害虫[1,5,9,16,17,21,22,25].有学者应用生命表方法评价各种措施对烟粉虱种群的控制作用[19,20].本研…     

烟粉虱在我国的发生为害现状及其非化学控制对策(英文)

烟粉虱 (BemisiatabaciGennadius )是热带、亚热带和温带地区主要害虫之一。烟粉虱早在 40年代在我国就已有记载 ,现广泛分布于我国的 2 2个省市。过去烟粉虱在我国为害并不严重 ,近年来在广东和北京等地已成为蔬菜和园艺作物生产的严重障碍。除直接为害外 ,烟粉虱可传播番茄和南瓜曲叶病等5种难于防治的病毒病。到目前为止 ,已报到 1 8种寄生性天敌、1 7种捕食性天敌及 1种虫生真菌。本文简要慨述烟粉虱在我国的发生为害与传毒现状 ,并结合我国的具体情况提出非化学控制烟粉虱的对策。     

Biocontrol of Pests of Apples and Pears in Northern and Central Europe - 3. Predators

Predators of apple and pear pests in northern and central Europe and their use as biological control agents are reviewed. Many natural enemy species are specialized feeders and are able to respond to the population dynamics of particular pest species. The most oustandingly successful example of this is the use of phytoseiid mites, particularly Typhlodromus pyri , against phytophagous pest mites in apple. This mite management strategy is now widespread throughout European apple growing regions. Another example is the use of Anthocoris nemoralis against pear psyllids, Cacopsylla pyricola and C. pyri . Several groups of naturally occurring polyphagous predators, such as chrysopids, coccinellids, syrphids and spiders, also prey on a number of pest species in orchards, contributing generally to the reduction in pest populations. However, they are unlikely alone to prevent pest damage fully and reliably. In seeking biological control opportunities for a particular pest, these polyphagous natural enemies are unlikely to be a high priority. An exception, due to its abundance in orchards, is the common earwig, Forficula auricularia , although this predator may also cause some fruit injury. Another option to consider when reviewing possibilities for biological control in orchards is the introduction of biological control agents. The success rate of this approach, using arthropod predators to control pests of field crops, has been generally poor. Furthermore, mass production methods for predators are likely to be difficult and very costly. The biological supplies industry is constantly seeking culture techniques, largely for arthropod biological control agents of pests of protected crops. It is possible that some future advance may be relevant to orchards, though currently available predators do not appear promising. A careful economic appraisal of the feasibility of use of any potential biological control agent would be prudent before embarking on research.     

Phytoseiid predators suppress populations of Bemisia tabaci on cucumber plants with alternative food

Phytoseiids are known to attack whiteflies, but it is an open question whether they can be used for biological control of these pest insects. Preselection experiments in the laboratory showed that two out of five phytoseiid species tested, Euseius scutalis and Typhlodromips swirskii, stood out in terms of their ability to develop and reproduce on a diet of Bemisia tabaci immatures. In this paper, we show that both predators are able to suppress whitefly populations on isolated cucumber plants in a greenhouse. Predatory mites were released 2 weeks in advance of the release of B. tabaci. To enable their survival and promote their population growth, they were provided weekly with alternative food, that is, Typha sp. pollen. A few weeks after whitefly introduction, the numbers of adult whiteflies on plants with predators were consistently lower than on plants without predators, where B. tabaci populations grew exponentially. After 9 weeks, this amounted to a 16- to 21-fold difference in adult whitefly population size. This shows that the two phytoseiid species are promising biocontrol agents of B. tabaci on greenhouse cucumber. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Survey of natural enemies of spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in citrus orchards in eastern Spain

Field surveys were conducted from 2004 to 2007 to determine the species composition and relative abundance of natural enemies associated with colonies of either the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri, or the two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in Valencian citrus orchards (eastern Spain). Fourteen species were recorded, six phytoseiid mites and eight insect predators. Two of them are reported for the first time on citrus in Spain and two more are first reports as predators associated with T. urticae. The community of predators associated with T. urticae and P. citri was almost identical, and the Morisita–Horn index of similarity between both natural enemy complexes was close to one, suggesting that predators forage on both pest species. Quantifying the presence of many known spider mites predators in Valencian citrus orchards is an important first step towards spider mite control. A challenge for future studies will be to establish conservation and/or augmentation management strategies for these predators, especially to improve T. urticae biological control.