二氧化硫污染对植物影响的研究进展

20多年来 ,关于SO2 污染对植物伤害症状、生长发育、生理生化的影响以及伤害机理的研究获得了长足的发展。研究成果应用于大气SO2 的监测和评价 ,以及抗污树种的筛选。对目前刚开始的SO2 与NOx、O3 等复合污染和酸沉降对植物影响的研究 ,将会成为今后研究的主导方向。     

海南岛石灰岩特有植物的初步研究

特有植物是了解一个地区植物区系的起源与演化规律的关键。对海南岛石灰岩特有植物的地理分布特征和分类的初步研究表明:本区共有石灰岩特有植物63种,隶属于37科52属,其中热带性的属占的比例较高;属于海南石灰岩专性种的有18种,一些种类对生长基质的要求相当严格。与其它地区比较,石灰岩山地的特有化发展在海南不很明显。从特有植物的分布来看昌江是海南一个重要的石灰岩植物分化中心。对海南石灰岩特有种比例较低的原因和保育进行了探讨。     

茉莉酸及其前体12-氧-植物二烯酸的HPLC-MS/MS检测方法

茉莉酸是植物体内重要的伤反应特异激素,含量极低,但作用较大。当植物受到机械伤害时,茉莉酸调控一系列应激反应。12-氧-植物二烯酸(OPDA)是茉莉酸合成途径中的重要前体,与茉莉酸有密切的关系。该研究建立了一种HPLC-MS/MS分析检测方法,可同时检测植物材料中茉莉酸及其前体OPDA含量。利用该方法建立的标准曲线具有良好的线性相关性,相关系数达0.991 9–0.999 5,回收率范围为91.91%–101.56%。该方法同时具有较好的检测灵敏度,2种化合物的最低检测限为3.218和34.129 pmol。研究结果说明该方法切实可靠且具有较好的适用性。利用该方法检测了4种不同植物样品中目标化合物的含量,结果表明该方法能够用于不同植物材料中这2种活性化合物含量的检测分析。     

植物监测大气污染及其抗性

研究了在佛山市不同污染点东村和五星盆栽的30种绿化植物的叶面积、Fv/Fm、叶片细胞膜渗漏率及光合色素含量相对于清洁对照点华南植物园的差异。结果显示,大气污染条件下,绿化植物叶片的生长受到抑制,PSⅡ最大光化学效率下降,光合色素发生降解,细胞膜受到了伤害。各实验点所有植物叶面积、Fv/Fm及光合色素含量平均值均为:植物园>五星>东村,而叶片细胞膜渗漏率平均值为:植物园<五星<东村,与大气污染程度相一致。方差分析表明,上述指标中叶面积对大气污染最敏感,Fv/Fm受种间差异影响最小。受大气污染影响,各生理参数的变化具有不相关性。各项生理参数均表现出抗性的种有白桂木(Artocarpushypargyreus)、环榕(Ficusannulata)、广宁油茶(Camelliasemiserrata);而枫香(Liquidambarformosana)为敏感种。     

垃圾污水的植物毒性和植物净化效果之研究(英文)

广州李坑拉圾卫生填埋场的渗滤污水含有高浓度的污染物,经过人工净化后仍未达到排放标准,对植物产生毒害。在被观测的４种植物中,水葫芦（Ｅｉｃｈｈｏｒｎｉａｃｒａｓｉｐｅｓ）在高浓度和低浓度２种污水中均被毒害致死;百喜草（Ｐａｓｐａｌｕｍｎｏｔａｔｕｍ）在高浓度的渗滤液中不能存活,在低浓度中受严重伤害;水花生（Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｎｔｈｅｒａｐｈｉｌｏｘｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ）在高浓度污水中受较重伤害,但在低浓度形成庞大生物体,这可能是污水的“富营养化”所致;香根草（Ｖｅｔｉｖｅｒｉａｚｉｚａｎｉｏｉｄｅｓ）在这２种污水中亦受伤害,但受害程度为４种植物中最轻。在污水中表现相对较好的２种植物中,水花生对低浓度污水的净化效果总体上好于香根草,尤其对总氮和硝态氮的净化效果明显好于香根草,但香根草对高浓度污水中的７种“污物”的净化效果均优于水花生,且对低浓度污水中的磷与ＣＯＤ的净化亦优于水花生。在被观测的７种水质指标中,植物对氨态氮的净化效果最好,净化率在７７％～９１％之间。此外,香根草对磷也表现出了较强的净化能力,净化率高达７０％以上。香根草和水花生可分别作为高、低２种浓度垃圾污水的净化植物来辅助净化污水。     

北京远郊区臭氧污染及其对敏感植物叶片的伤害

臭氧(O3)是一种氧化性很强且生物危害很大的二次污染物.监测表明北京远郊区O3浓度高于近郊区和城区,经常超过敏感植物O3临界浓度(78.5μg/m3),自然植物的暴露剂量AOT40(超过78.5 μg/m3的空气O3浓度小时值累计量)值达到了98.9mg/m3,可能已经对植物生长造成危害.通过对远郊区O3浓度监测点(北京蟒山森林公园)26种乔木和灌木植物的调查,参考国外有关植物野外观测和模拟实验的植物O3伤害症状特征及植物O3伤害鉴别标准,发现其中15种植物出现了比较明显的O3伤害症状,表现为叶片出现点状、块状黄斑或褐色灼伤状干枯,表明北京远郊区的乔木和灌木已经受到了空气O3污染的危害.另外11种植物也出现了类似O3危害的伤害症状,需要进一步的研究验证是否由O3污染造成.     

低温处理对植物幼菌生长及根系ATPase同工酶的影响

过去所得的实验表明,植物中ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性变化与耐冷性有关。春小麦和番茄对低温是非常敏感的,当将这两种植物的幼苗在低温下培养时,质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性下降甚至消失。相反,在冬小麦中,当幼苗在低温下处理时,质膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性增加。为了研究ＡＴＰａｓｅ同工酶变化与植物耐冷性之间的关系,以小麦等四种植物为材料,在０－１℃低温下处理２天、２周和４周,然后检测幼苗根系内的ＡＴＰａｓｅ同工酶,结果发现,在０－     

Ca2+在植物盐胁迫响应机制中的调控作用

对植物而言,Ca2+不仅作为一种必须的营养元素,更重要的是作为耦联胞外信号与胞内生理反应的第二信使,当植物受到外界的环境刺激时,细胞中Ca2+会出现变化,引起一系列保护性生理反应,从而减轻环境胁迫对植物体的伤害.我国盐碱地面积广阔,极大地限制了作物种植和农业生产.大量研究表明,Ca2+可以提高植物对盐胁迫的抗性,针对盐胁迫对植物的伤害机制,重点讨论了盐胁迫条件下Ca2+参与的植物体内有关响应途径及作用机制.     

伤害信号分子及其信号转导

伤害对于植物是一种常见的环境刺激。目前,对伤害刺激产生的防御反应及其机理都有了较为广泛的研究。简述了目前已确定的参与伤害反应的信号分子：寡糖素,系统素,脱落酸,茉莉酸,乙烯和电信号等,并初步探讨了伤害信号分子的信号转导途径。     

陆生植物生物量分配对模拟氮沉降响应的Meta分析

分析了陆生植物地上、地下各组织中生物量分配对氮沉降的响应,为研究大气氮沉降背景下陆地生态系统的碳、氮循环过程及植物生物量分配、立木收获、定向培育等相关研究和实践提供参考依据。共收集整理了国内外63篇论文的原始数据资料进行Meta分析(Meta-analysis),用以定量评估氮沉降对植物生物量分配的影响,并通过亚组分析进一步探讨了不同生态系统类型、植物种类、氮肥形式、施氮水平和持续时间对生物量分配的影响。结果表明,总体来看施氮会显著促进植物地上部分生物量分配,植物叶生物量和茎生物量在施氮条件下均显著增加;然而地下生物量所受促进作用要低于地上部分,表现为植物细根生物量和粗根生物量在氮输入下并没有显著变化;植物根冠比在氮沉降下显著降低;叶重比、茎重比和根重比在氮沉降下没有显著变化。此外,亚组分析结果表明生态系统类型和植物类型会显著影响植物总生物量和根冠比对氮沉降的响应,草本植物在氮沉降下的生物量累积明显优于木本,这说明短期氮沉降可能会增加草本的覆盖面积;施肥形式对根冠比的影响存在明显差异,相比于尿素,硝酸铵对植物根冠比的作用更显著;不同施氮水平显著影响地上生物量分配,中氮水平(本研究为60—120 kg hm-2a-1)促进作用最大,高氮水平(本研究为≥120 kg hm-2a-1)促进作用明显减弱,这与总生物量的变化一致,表明过高的氮沉降量将抑制植物生长;氮沉降处理时间长短对植物地上生物量的影响也存在显著差异,当施氮时间高于3年,氮沉降对地上生物量的促进作用几乎消失。总之,短期氮沉降会使植物分配更多生物量给地上部分,且氮沉降对草本植物生物量的累积作用明显优于木本,这些发现可为未来大气氮沉降背景下植物地上、地下部分碳存储、植物群落结构、植被动态等相关研究提供科学依据。     

Differing organic Acid exudation pattern explains calcifuge and acidifuge behaviour of plants

Many vascular plant species are unable to colonize calcareous sites. Thus, the floristic composition of adjacent limestone and acid silicate soils differs greatly. The inability of calcifuge plants to establish in limestone sites seems related to a low capacity of such plants to solubilize and absorb Fe or phosphate from these soils. Until now, mechanisms regulating this differing ability of plants to colonize limestone sites have not been elucidated. We propose that contrasting exudation of low-molecular organic acids is a major mechanism involved and show that germinating seeds and young seedlings of limestone plants exude considerably more di- and tricarboxylic acids than calcifuges, which mainly exude monocarboxylic acids. The tricarboxylic citric acid is a powerful extractor of Fe, and the dicarboxylic oxalic acid a very effective extractor of phosphate from limestone soils. Monocarboxylic acids are very weak in these respects. The study is based on ten species from limestone soils and ten species from acid silicate soils.     

广州地区酸雨对植物的影响及损失估算

综合分析了广州地区酸雨污染对植物的影响,并根据有关植物生态基准值,估算酸沉降影响农作物、森林的损失．结果表明,酸雨对广州地区植物生态环境已造成较大的危害,应引起重视     

Acid deposition in Snowdonia, North Wales

GRITTEN, R. H., 1992. Acid deposition in Snowdonia, North Wales. It has come as something of a surprise that the Snowdonia National Park, one of the least polluted areas in Europe, is suffering from the effects of acid deposition. A high annual rainfall and a hard geology combine to make the area vulnerable to wind-blown pollutants. The most sensitive ecosystems in the area are lakes and rivers which, showing signs of acid stress, are suffering diminishing salmonid and macroinvertebrate faunas. Upland populations of dippers also appear to be at risk and there is much evidence to show that coniferous afforestation is exacerbating the problems of acidification. There are indications that both broadleaved and coniferous trees are being damaged by acid deposition and certain upland plant communities are at risk. The possible effects on human health are also very worrying. It is the job of the National Park Authority to preserve the landscape of Snowdonia. How do we protect it from acid deposition?     

柳州市龙潭、都乐公园植物区系特点

柳州市龙潭—都乐公园植物区系是广西中部一个被破坏后经多年保护恢复起来的岩溶石山植物区系。总面积9平方公里,共有维管束植物152科455属675种。由于处于中亚热带向南亚热带过渡的气候带上,气候温和,阳光充足,雨量充沛,植物的地理成分复杂,但以亚热带和热带成分占优势;特有种、属少,但岩溶成分较明显;由于岩溶生态条件影响,与(?)岗植物区系相比,属的相似性比率略高于与大瑶山植物区系的比率。按吴征镒教授对中国植物区系的划分,它应属于泛北极植物区、中国—日本森林植物亚区、滇黔桂地区的一个小区。     

Differences between calcifuge and acidifuge plants in root exudation of low-molecular organic acids

The nature and quantity of low-molecular organic acids (LOAs) exuded by the roots of nine species of calcifuge and nine species of acidifuge wild plants from northern Europe were determined by ion chromatography. Particular attention was paid to differences between the calcifuge and the acidifuge species in the proportions of different LOAs in their root exudates. Great differences in mol% root exudation between the calcifuge and the acidifuge species were found in some acids. The calcifuge species exuded more acetic acid, the acidifuge species more oxalic acid and much more citric acid. In three calcifuge species, however, root exudation of oxalic acid was appreciable, whereas acetic acid exudation was low in these species. The phosphate- and Fe-solubilizing ability of eight LOAs in a rhizosphere limestone soil was also tested. Oxalic acid was the most efficient phosphate solubilizer and citric acid, by far, the most efficient Fe-solubilizer at the concentration (10 mM) tested. It might be hypothesized that acidifuge species use oxalate to solubilize phosphate and citrate to solubilize Fe, in limestone soil. The inability of calcifuge species to grow in limestone soil might, therefore, be due to low root exudation of these acids and, as a result, inability to solubilize phosphate and Fe in limestone soil.     

滇南热带雨林物种多样性的取样面积探讨

通过不同面积样方种数的比较、物种多样性指数等的计算和逐步扩大样地面积的调查, 本文研究了滇南热带雨林种数/面积关系、个体/种数关系、物种多样性及树种的频度分布规律, 认为滇南热带雨林群落学调查的最适取样(样方)面积是0.25 hm², 这个面积接近该类型热带雨林理论上的群落最小表现面积。 为能体现一个具体森林(群落)类型的基本的植物区系组成, 需设置4～5个这样的样方(总面积累计1 hm²以上)。从与世界不同地区热带雨林的比较亦可见,云南热带雨林有类似的树种频度分布规律,单位面积上的物种多样性比典型的东南亚低地热带雨林稍低,但比非洲的热带雨林要高。     

石山稀有濒危植物在迁地保护后的性状变异

本文对比研究了7种石山稀有濒危植物在石灰岩土壤以及迁移到酸性土壤后的外形特征,生长发育习性及化学元素含量,结果表明,7种石山稀有濒危植物迁移到酸性土壤后发生了以下变化：1）外形变化主要表现为叶片变大变薄,有的植物种子或叶形有变化;2）迁移后开花,结实,落叶期晚1周以上,在气候条件相同的地区,营养生长期没有变化;3）植物体内的化学元素N,Zn,B,Al的含量增加20％以上,而Ca含量减少10％;4）Al的含量虽增加很多,但仍远低于酸性土壤中的植物;Ca的含量虽然减少,但仍高于酸性土壤植物;5）元素K,B的生物吸收系数在石灰岩土壤高于酸性土壤,其他元素N,P,Ca,Mg,Fe,Al,Mn,Zn的生物吸收系数则是酸性土壤高于石灰岩土壤。     

GENOTYPIC VARIATION IN LEAF DAMAGE IN PIPER ARIEIANUM (PIPERACEAE) BY A MULTISPECIES ASSEMBLAGE OF HERBIVORES

The shrub Piper arieianum (Piperaceae) has a diverse herbivore fauna (95 species total) in Costa Rican rain forest. The effect of plant genotype on leaf damage by individual herbivore species and total leaf area removed was studied in P. arieianum through a cloning experiment. Damage patterns were measured over 3.5 years for two plots, four genotypes per plot, in the understory of lowland rain forest. In both plots, there were significant differences among genotypes in total leaf area missing throughout the study period. Rankings of genotypes based on overall damage remained constant over time in plot 1 but changed in plot 2. Certain individual herbivore species caused significantly higher damage in some genotypes than in others; the change in genotype rankings in plot 2 was associated with increased damage to particular genotypes by specific herbivore groups. The genotype most heavily damaged by a given insect species varied depending on the herbivore species; thus, resistance to one herbivore species did not necessarily confer resistance against all species. Those herbivore species causing the greatest proportion of damage for a given plant changed over time. Because total damage resulted from the summation of losses to individual herbivore species, whether an individual plant lost more leaf area than its neighbors depended on the relative abundance of the herbivore species at any one time. Finally, for a portion of the study period in each plot, more heavily damaged clones grew less than lesser damaged clones. Together with previous reports that naturally growing plants differ significantly in damage and that these differences are sufficient to cause fitness differences, the results presented here suggest that the herbivores of P. arieianum represent a selective force for changes in resistance but that this selective force changes both in intensity and quality over time.     

Evidence that phylogenetically novel non-indigenous plants experience less herbivory

The degree to which biotic interactions influence invasion by non-indigenous species may be partly explained by the evolutionary relationship of these invaders with natives. Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis controversially proposes that non-native plants are more likely to invade if they lack close relatives in their new range. A possible mechanism for this pattern is that exotics that are more closely related to natives are more likely to share their herbivores, and thus will suffer more damage than phylogenetically isolated species. We tested this prediction using exotic plants in Ontario, Canada. We measured herbivore damage to 32 species of exotic plants in a common garden experiment, and 52 in natural populations. We estimated their phylogenetic distances from locally occurring natives in three ways: as mean distance (age) to all native plants, mean distance to native members of the same family, and distance to the closest native species. In the common garden, the proportion of leaves damaged and the average proportion of leaf area damaged declined with mean phylogenetic distance to native family relatives by late summer. Distance to native confamilials was a better predictor of damage than distance to the closest native species, while mean distance to the entire native plant community failed to predict damage. No significant patterns were detected for plants in natural populations, likely because uncontrolled site-to-site variation concealed these phylogenetic trends. To the extent that herbivory has negative demographic impacts, these results suggest that exotics that are more phylogenetically isolated from native confamilials should be more invasive; conversely, native communities should be more resistant to invasion if they harbor close familial relatives of potential invaders. However, the large scatter in this relationship suggests that these often are likely to be weak effects; as a result, these effects often may be difficult to detect in uncontrolled surveys of natural populations.     

Diet of the Delacour's langur (Trachypithecus delacouri) in Van Long Nature Reserve,Vietnam

The six limestone langur taxa of Southeast Asia inhabit the rugged limestone karst mountains, although the reason for their current restriction to this habitat is unclear. From August 2007 to July 2008, I collected data on the diet and feeding behavior of the critically endangered Delacour's langur (Trachypithecus delacouri) in Van Long Nature Reserve, Vietnam. I used these data to evaluate the hypothesis that limestone langurs are found on karst habitat because they depend on endemic limestone plants. Feeding accounted for 29% of the langurs' activity budget. Young leaves dominated the diet monthly, seasonally, and annually. The annual diet consists of nearly 79% foliage with almost 60% young leaves. Despite a distinct wet and dry season, over the study period, seasonal variation in plant part consumption was slight. Fruit and seeds were a small contribution to the diet. Delacour's langurs ate 42 of 145 available species, and they concentrated on a subset of this number. Five plant species comprised more than 60% of the diet and 16 species comprised more than 93%. More than half of the diet came from climbers. Delacour's langurs are among the most highly folivorous of studied colobines and, along with the closely related T. leucocephalus of southern China, the most folivorous of the Asian langurs. Whether high folivory is owing to a lack of available fruits and seeds in limestone habitats is unknown. What is certain, however, is that the plant species most important in the Delacour's langurs' diet at VLNR, throughout the study, were not plants endemic to limestone. Feeding dependence alone, therefore, cannot explain the current distribution of limestone langurs on karst habitat. Am. J. Primatol. 72:317–324, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.