血凝抑制和病毒中和法在大流行流感疫苗临床血清学评价中的应用和比较

在大流行流感疫苗临床试验的免疫效果评价中,分别采用血凝抑制(HI)和病毒中和(VN)法检测血清中抗体滴度,并对结果进行比较。在中和试验中,分别以观察细胞病变法和血球凝集法确定中和法终点,两种方法得到的结果相近。376份血清(63.4%)以VN法和HI法检测获得结果相同。经统计学分析证明两种方法有很好的相关性,r值为0.85,HI 1∶40对应的VN滴度为1∶33。因此,在大流行流感疫苗免疫效果评价中,两种抗体检测方法有较好的一致性。     

早期快速诊断登革热的血球吸附免疫法

马来亚大学医学微生物系主任S.K.Lan博士应邀于1986年来华访问,在病毒所作了题为“病毒病快速诊断”的学术报告,针对发展中国家病毒病快速诊断工作的需要,结合他本人的研究,介绍了检测登革热病毒IgM抗体的血球吸附免疫法(Hemadsorption Immunosorbent Technique),该方法基本上与捕捉法     

用于快速测定流感疫苗效力的新型抗体非依赖性受体结合SPR检测法

<正>2009年H1N1流感大流行之后世界卫生组织举办研讨会,提出优先开发测定流感疫苗效力的替代检测方法,以期满足流感大流行时加快流感疫苗批签发的需求。作者开发了一种抗体非依赖性的,简单的高通量的以受体结合SPR为基础的效力检测法,这种方法不需要任何参考抗血清,而且能够用于快速血凝素定量测定以及在流感大流行情况下便于流感疫苗的快速批签发。在这种受体结合SPR表面等离振共振测定中,利用在α-2,6或者在α-2,3     

一种更灵敏的特异性检测H9亚型禽流感抗体的间接ELISA方法的建立

H9亚型禽流感在全球范围内广泛流行,控制其传播需监测H9亚型禽流感病毒的感染情况及疫苗的免疫效果。为了建立便于检测且灵敏特异的H9亚型禽流感抗体间接ELISA方法,本实验利用不同亚型之间变异较大的H9亚型禽流感病毒HA蛋白的头部球状区作为包被抗原,确定了最佳复合封闭液和抗体稀释液,提高了其特异性。结果显示建立的ELISA方法灵敏度高于血凝抑制试验(HI),且与H3N2、H5N2、H7N9亚型流感病毒及新城疫病毒(NDV)、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)、鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV)和产蛋下降综合征病毒(EDSV)的阳性血清均无交叉反应。另外,利用该方法及HI试验对200份临床鸡血清样本进行检测,两种检测方法的符合率达97%,且存在较高的相关性(R2=0.981 1)。     

流感疫苗单向免疫扩散试验中抗血清制备新方法的研究

流感疫苗血凝素含量检测方法为单向免疫扩散试验,其抗血清通常由WHO参比实验室提供,通过纯化病毒、蛋白酶切获得血凝素主要抗原片段,然后再免疫动物获得抗血清。该方法制备时间较长,是制约流感疫苗研发及检测的主要因素。以RT-PCR方法获取甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素中主要抗原片段基因,构建重组质粒并在大肠杆菌中表达,表达产物经纯化、复性后,以蛋白电泳及免疫印迹方法进行了鉴定。以纯化蛋白免疫家兔,制备了相应的抗体,初步证明可用于常规的单向免疫扩散试验。以该法可以快速获得抗血清,尤其是在大流行流感疫苗的研发中,加快疫苗研发进程。     

共表达H5N1、H7N1亚型AIV HA与鸡IL-18多价重组鸡痘病毒免疫保护性研究

用本实验室构建的重组鸡痘病毒rFPV-H5HA-IL18、rFPV-H5HA-H7HA-IL18和rFPV-H5HA,经翼蹼免疫1日龄SPF鸡和7日龄商品Leghorn蛋鸡,同时以H5亚型AIV全病毒灭活疫苗作为对照.免疫后测定HI抗体效价、淋巴细胞转化指标、重组疫苗对增重的影响、免疫后的攻毒保护效力、免疫后的抑制排毒情况.免疫后不同时间分别测定特异性抗体和淋巴细胞刺激指数.试验结果表明,3株重组鸡痘病毒株均能诱导鸡体产生血凝抑制抗体(HI);共表达鸡IL-18的rFPV-H5HA-IL18和rFPV H5HA-H7HA-IL18诱导商品蛋鸡的细胞免疫水平明显高于非共表达鸡IL-18的rFPV-H5HA.重组鸡痘疫苗免疫SPF和商品蛋鸡后第21d进行攻毒实验,rFPV-H5HA-IL18和rFPV-H5HA-H7HA-IL18免疫攻毒保护率达10/10,rFPV-H5HA免疫攻毒保护率达9/10,与常规疫苗相当.免疫的商品蛋鸡于攻毒后7d采集泄殖腔棉试子样品,检测排毒情况.结果表明,rFPV-H5HA-IL18、rFPV-H5HA-H7HA-IL18免疫组在攻毒后第7d无排毒,其抑制免疫鸡排毒效果优于常规疫苗和单独表达HA的rFPV-H5HA重组鸡痘病毒.rFPV-H5HA-IL18和rFPV-H5HA-H7HA-IL18免疫组鸡,在14日龄时的体重明显高于rFPV-H5HA免疫组和常规疫苗对照免疫组,表明共表达的鸡IL-18能降低鸡痘病毒载体对雏鸡增重的影响.     

共表达H5N1、H7N1亚型AIV HA与鸡IL-18多价重组鸡痘病毒免疫保护性研究

用本实验室构建的重组鸡痘病毒rFPV-H5HA-IL18、rFPV-H5HA-H7HA-IL18和rFPV-H5HA,经翼蹼免疫1日龄SPF鸡和7日龄商品Leghorn蛋鸡,同时以H5亚型AIV全病毒灭活疫苗作为对照.免疫后测定HI抗体效价、淋巴细胞转化指标、重组疫苗对增重的影响、免疫后的攻毒保护效力、免疫后的抑制排毒情况.免疫后不同时间分别测定特异性抗体和淋巴细胞刺激指数.试验结果表明,3株重组鸡痘病毒株均能诱导鸡体产生血凝抑制抗体（HI）;共表达鸡IL-18的rFPV-H5HA-IL18和rFPV H5HA-H7HA-IL18诱导商品蛋鸡的细胞免疫水平明显高于非共表达鸡IL-18的rFPV-H5HA.重组鸡痘疫苗免疫SPF和商品蛋鸡后第21d进行攻毒实验,rFPV-H5HA-IL18和rFPV-H5HA-H7HA-IL18免疫攻毒保护率达10/10,rFPV-H5HA免疫攻毒保护率达9/10,与常规疫苗相当.免疫的商品蛋鸡于攻毒后7d采集泄殖腔棉试子样品,检测排毒情况.结果表明,rFPV-H5HA-IL18、rFPV-H5HA-H7HA-IL18免疫组在攻毒后第7d无排毒,其抑制免疫鸡排毒效果优于常规疫苗和单独表达HA的rFPV-H5HA重组鸡痘病毒.rFPV-H5HA-IL18和rFPV-H5HA-H7HA-IL18免疫组鸡,在14日龄时的体重明显高于rFPV-H5HA免疫组和常规疫苗对照免疫组,表明共表达的鸡IL-18能降低鸡痘病毒载体对雏鸡增重的影响.     

大肠杆菌菌毛血球凝集的鉴定意义

细菌菌毛血球凝集试验,方法简便快速,不需特殊设备条件,但至今尚未被国内外有关学科广泛重视! 本文在概述致病性大肠杆菌最新分类的基础上,依据大肠杆菌普通菌毛能直接粘附凝集红细胞,及对不同动物红细胞的直接血凝具有明显差异的特性,进行分组比较,从中找出了一定的规律性。供快速鉴定致病性大肠杆菌时参考。     

影响腺病毒凝集血球特性的某些因素

本文报告采用人胚肾细胞制备的腺病毒血凝素,就不同个体猴血球、不同血球浓度、不同培养温度、不同pH对腺病毒血凝滴度的影响进行的研究。结果表明,3、7、11、1{、21型腺病毒血凝滴度不仅受不同个体猴血球影响,(其中以3、7、1 4型病毒显著),同样也受不同血球浓度、培养温度、不同pH液体影响。进行腺病毒血凝反应的适宜条件为：选用对腺病毒敏感的猴血球,1％红细胞悬液、用1／50 M pH 7.6—8．0PBS作稀释液、37℃培养1小时。人胚肾细胞和HcLa细胞均可用于制备腺病毒血凝素,在人胚肾细胞上制备腺病毒血凝素时采用103—105ICID50病毒感染细胞,受染细胞在染毒后3—5天出现完全病变,产生的血凝素滴度高,午型血凝素滴度高于3型。     

H7N9灭活疫苗联合MF59佐剂在小鼠体内诱导的长效体液免疫应答

以BALB/c小鼠为模型,探讨H7N9流感病毒灭活疫苗免疫小鼠后所诱导的长效体液免疫应答的动态变化。不同剂量的流感H7N9全病毒灭活疫苗单独或辅以MF59佐剂肌肉注射免疫小鼠一次。连续采集免疫后小鼠15个月的血清,用ELISA方法检测特异性IgG抗体水平,血凝抑制(hemagglutination inhibition,HI)试验和微量中和(microneutralization,MN)试验检测第15个月时的HI抗体和中和抗体效价。实验结果发现,小鼠血清中的特异性IgG抗体水平随时间变化持续缓慢上升,第5个月时达到顶峰,随后略有下降但一直持续平稳状态;IgG抗体滴度与疫苗剂量成正相关,且添加佐剂能提高抗体滴度。HI及MN抗体检测表明,免疫后第15个月产生的抗体能有效中和病毒,且抗体跟疫苗剂量成正比。以上研究表明,H7N9流感病毒灭活疫苗免疫小鼠一次诱导产生的特异性抗体能在较长期内保持比较平稳的抗体滴度,为小鼠提供免疫保护;增加抗原剂量和添加MF59佐剂能增加疫苗特异性抗体水平。该研究为H7N9流感疫苗产生的长期保护效应提供了一定的数据积累和参考。     

Distribution of the antibody to influenza C virus in dogs and pigs in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan

The distribution of the antibody to influenza C virus in the dogs and pigs in Yamagata prefecture, Japan was investigated by using three different serological methods: hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP), and immunoblotting. The antibody against influenza C virus glycoprotein (gp88) was detected in 5 out of 112 sera collected from mongrel dogs, three by RIP test and two by any of the three methods, suggesting that the virus can cause natural infection in dogs. Significant levels of HI activity were found in 58 out of 269 sera collected from domestic pigs, but none of them showed positive reaction in the more sensitive method, RIP, which suggests that the inhibitors against the hemagglutination by influenza C virus rather than the antibody to gp88 are responsible for the observed HI activity. It appears, therefore, that at least in the Yamagata area, pigs do not play significant roles in the spread of influenza C virus in humans.     

Comparison of serological assays for detecting antibodies in ducks exposed to H5 subtype avian influenza virus

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Chicken red blood cells (RBCs) are commonly used in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests to measure hemagglutinating antibodies against influenza viruses. The use of horse RBCs in the HI test can reportedly increase its sensitivity when testing human sera for avian influenza antibodies. This study aims to compare the proportion of positives detected and the agreement between two HI tests using either chicken or horse red blood cells for antibody detection in sera of ducks experimentally infected or naturally exposed to Indonesian H5 subtype avian influenza virus. In addition, comparison with a virus neutralisation (VN) test was conducted with the experimental sera. RESULTS: In the experimental study, the proportion of HI antibody-positive ducks increased slightly, from 0.57 when using chicken RBCs to 0.60 when using horse RBCs. The HI tests indicated almost perfect agreement (kappa = 0.86) when results were dichotomised (titre [greater than or equal to] 4 log2), and substantial agreement (weighted kappa = 0.80) for log titres. Overall agreements between the two HI tests were greater than between either of the HI tests and the VN test. The use of horse RBCs also identified a higher proportion of antibody positives in field duck sera (0.08, compared to chicken RBCs 0.02), with also almost perfect agreements for dichotomized results (Prevalence and bias adjusted Kappa (PABAK) = 0.88) and for log titres (weighted PABAK = 0.93), respectively. Factors that might explain observed differences in the proportion of antibody-positive ducks and in the agreements between HI tests are discussed. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we identified a good agreement between HI tests. However, when horse RBCs were used, a higher proportion of sera was positive (titre [greater than or equal to] 4 log2) than using chicken RBCs, especially during the early response against H5N1 virus. The HRBC-HI might be more responsive in identifying early H5N1 HPAI serological response and could be a recommended assay for avian influenza sero-surveillance in both wild and domestic birds.     

Memory and CAR-NK cell-based novel approaches for HIV vaccination and eradication

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the critical infectious agents with thousands of newly infected people worldwide. High mutational capability and rapid diversification, inhibition of humoral and cellular immune responses, and thus inability for recognition of an immunogenic region in the viral envelope by the immune system are major challenges. Natural killer (NK) cells are multifunctional, playing a key role in the identification and elimination of HIV-infected cells. These cells identify and eliminate virus-infected cells in a multilateral manner, such as ligand stress, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), T follicular helper (Tfh), and the activation of most of the stimulatory receptors. Moreover, these cells release cytokines leading to the activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) and dendritic cells (DCs), contributing to efficient viral elimination. Some subsets of NK cells exhibit putatively enhanced effector functions against viruses following vaccination easily expanded and identified by NK cell lines culture. Furthermore, NK cells promote the elimination of HIV-infected cells which reduce the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Memory NK cells have higher functionality and renewable potential. A pioneering strategy to establish an efficacious HIV vaccine would include stimulation of the accumulation and long-term maintenance of these HIV-reactive NK cells. CAR-NK (chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer) cells-based antiviral therapies have emerged as novel approaches with the ability of antigen recognition and more advantages than CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor-T) cells. Recent development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived NK cells with enhanced activity and efficiency conferred a promising insight into CAR-NK cell-based therapies. Therefore, memory and CAR-NK cells-based approaches can emerge as novel strategies providing implications for HIV vaccine design and therapy.     

The expression of essential components for human influenza virus internalisation in Vero and MDCK cells

MDCK and Vero cell lines have been used as substrates for influenza virus replication. However, Vero cells produced lower influenza virus titer yield compared to MDCK. Influenza virus needs molecules for internalisation of the virus into the host cell, such as influenza virus receptor and clathrin. Human influenza receptor is usually a membrane protein containing Sia(α2,6) Gal, which is added into the protein in the golgi apparatus by α2,6 sialyltransferase (SIAT1). Light clathrin A (LCA), light clathrin B (LCB) and heavy clathrin (HC) are the main components needed for virus endocytosis. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the expression of SIAT1 and clathrin in Vero and MDCK cells. This study is reporting the expression of SIAT1 and clathrin observed in both cells with respect to the levels of (1) RNA by using RT-PCR, (2) protein by using dot blot analysis and confocal microscope. The results showed that Vero and MDCK cells expressed both SIAT1 and clathrin proteins, and the expression of SIAT1 in MDCK was higher compared to Vero cells. On the other hand, the expressions of LCA, LCB and HC protein in MDCK cells were not significantly different to Vero cells. This result showed that the inability of Vero cells to internalize H1N1 influenza virus was possibly due to the lack of transmembrane protein receptor which contained Sia(α2,6) Gal.     

Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-glycans in embryonated chicken egg chorioallantoic and amniotic cells responsible for binding and adaptation of human and avian influenza viruses

The initial step essential in influenza virus infection is specific binding of viral hemagglutinin to host cell-surface glycan receptors. Influenza A virus specificity for the host is mediated by viral envelope hemagglutinin, that binds to receptors containing glycans with terminal sialic acids. Human viruses preferentially bind to α2→6 linked sialic acids on receptors of host cells, whereas avian viruses are specific for the α2→3 linkage on the target cells. Human influenza virus isolates more efficiently infect amniotic membrane (AM) cells than chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) cells. N-glycans were isolated from AM and CAM cells of 10-day-old chicken embryonated eggs and their structures were analyzed by multi-dimensional HPLC mapping and MALDI-TOF-MS techniques. Terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid contents in the two cell types were similar. However, molar percents of α2→3 linkage preferentially bound by avian influenza virus were 27.2 in CAM cells and 15.4 in AM cells, whereas those of α2→6 linkage favored by human influenza virus were 8.3 (CAM) and 14.2 (AM). Molar percents of sulfated glycans, recognized by human influenza virus, in CAM and AM cells were 3.8 and 12.7, respectively. These results have revealed structures and molar percents of N-glycans in CAM and AM cells important in determining human and avian influenza virus infection and viral adaptation.     

Alterations in receptor binding properties of recent human influenza H3N2 viruses are associated with reduced natural killer cell lysis of infected cells

Natural killer (NK) cell recognition of influenza virus-infected cells involves hemagglutinin (HA) binding to sialic acid (SA) on activating NK receptors. SA also acts as a receptor for the binding of influenza virus to its target host cells. The SA binding properties of H3N2 influenza viruses have been observed to change during circulation in humans: recent isolates are unable to agglutinate chicken red blood cells and show reduced affinity for synthetic glycopolymers representing SA-alpha-2,3-lactose (3'SL-PAA) and SA-alpha-2,6-N-acetyl lactosamine (6'SLN-PAA) carbohydrates. Here, NK lysis of cells infected with human H3N2 influenza viruses isolated between 1969 and 2003 was analyzed. Cells infected with recent isolates (1999 to 2003) were found to be lysed less effectively than cells infected with older isolates (1969 to 1996). This change occurred concurrently with the acquisition of two new potential glycosylation site motifs in HA. Deletion of the potential glycosylation site motif at 133 to 135 in HA1 from a recent isolate partially restored the agglutination phenotype to a recombinant virus, indicating that the HA-SA interaction is inhibited by the glycosylation modification. Deletion of either of the recently acquired potential glycosylation sites from HA led to increased NK lysis of cells infected with recombinant viruses carrying modified HA. These results indicate that alterations in HA glycosylation may affect NK cell recognition of influenza virus-infected cells in addition to virus binding to host cells.     

N-linked glycosylation facilitates sialic acid-independent attachment and entry of influenza A viruses into cells expressing DC-SIGN or L-SIGN

It is widely recognized that sialic acid (SA) can mediate attachment of influenza virus to the cell surface, and yet the specific receptors that mediate virus entry are not known. For many viruses, a definitive demonstration of receptor function has been achieved when nonpermissive cells are rendered susceptible to infection following transfection of the gene encoding a putative receptor. For influenza virus, such approaches have been confounded by the abundance of SA on mammalian cells so that it has been difficult to identify cell lines that are not susceptible to infection. We examined influenza virus infection of Lec2 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, a mutant cell line deficient in SA. Lec2 CHO cells were resistant to influenza virus infection, and stable cell lines expressing either DC-SIGN or L-SIGN were generated to assess the potential of each molecule to function as SA-independent receptors for influenza A viruses. Virus strain BJx109 (H3N2) bound to Lec2 CHO cells expressing DC-SIGN or L-SIGN in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, and transfected cells were susceptible to virus infection. Treatment of Lec2-DC-SIGN and Lec2-L-SIGN cells with mannan, but not bacterial neuraminidase, blocked infection, a finding consistent with SA-independent virus attachment and entry. Moreover, virus strain PR8 (H1N1) bears low levels of mannose-rich glycans and was inefficient at infecting Lec2 CHO cells expressing either DC-SIGN or L-SIGN, whereas other glycosylated H1N1 subtype viruses could infect cells efficiently. Together, these data indicate that human C-type lectins (DC-SIGN and L-SIGN) can mediate attachment and entry of influenza viruses independently of cell surface SA.     

Impact of antigenic and genetic drift on the serologic surveillance of H5N2 avian influenza viruses

Background  

Serologic surveillance of Avian Influenza (AI) viruses is carried out by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using reference reagents. This method is recommended by animal health organizations as a standard test to detect antigenic differences (subtypes) between circulating influenza virus, vaccine- and/or reference- strains. However, significant discrepancies between reference antisera and field isolates have been observed during serosurveillance of influenza A viruses in pig and poultry farms. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of influenza virus genetic and antigenic drift on serologic testing using standard HI assays and reference reagents. Low pathogenic AI H5N2 viruses isolated in Mexico between 1994 and 2008 were used for phylogenetic analysis of AI hemagglutinin genes and for serologic testing using antisera produced with year-specific AI virus isolates.     

Structure-aided optimization of 3-O-β-chacotriosyl epiursolic acid derivatives as novel H5N1 virus entry inhibitors

It is urgent to develop new antiviral agents due to the continuous emergence of drug-resistant strains of influenza virus. Our earlier studies have identified that certain pentacyclic triterpene saponins with 3-O-β-chacotriosyl residue are novel H5N1 virus entry inhibitors. In the present study, a series of C-28 modified 3-O-β-chacotriosyl epiursolic acid derivatives via conjugation with different kinds of sides were synthesized, of which anti-H5N1 activities in A549 cells were evaluated in vitro. Among them, 10 exhibited strongest anti-H5N1 potency at the low-micromole level without cytotoxicity, surpassing the potency of ribavirin. Further mechanism studies of the lead compound 10 based on HI, SPR and molecular modeling revealed that these new 3-epiursolic acid saponins could bind tightly to the viral envelope HA protein, thus blocking the invasion of H5N1 viruses into host cells.