壬基酚对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价壬基酚对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)蝌蚪的急性毒性,将26～28期的中国林蛙蝌蚪暴露于浓度为0.05～0.5 mg·L-1壬基酚(NP)的水体中进行急性毒性试验.结果表明:24、48、72、96h蝌蚪的死亡几率与浓度对数的回归方程分别为y=8.4087χ 10.202、y=9.5104χ 11.745、y=10.284χ 12.498、y=10.619,χ 13.095;半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.24、0.20、0.19、0.17 mg·L-1;安全浓度(SC)为0.017mg·L-1;96h的LC0为0.14 mg·L-1.证明林蛙蝌蚪的死亡几率与一定范围的NP浓度呈线性正相关.为探讨低浓度壬基酚对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的影响,将26期林蛙蝌蚪分别在100、60、30、10μg·L-1 NP的水体中连续暴露直至完全变态,并以3、0.3 μg·L-1雌二醇(E2)作为阳性对照,分别统计林蛙蝌蚪暴露于NP和E2,中20、40d和完成变态后幼蛙的体质量、全长以及从26期到完全变态所需的时间.结果表明,NP浓度在100 μg·L-1以下,对林蛙蝌蚪不能致死.100、10 μg·L-1NP与3 μg·L-1E2的效应相似,均可滞后蝌蚪变态时间,降低蝌蚪变态后幼蛙的体质量.说明NP浓度在100μg·L-1以下不直接损伤蝌蚪机体,但可以通过干扰内分泌活动影响林蛙幼体的生长发育.     

中国林蛙生长发育盐效应的研究进展

本文对中国林蛙受精卵、蝌蚪和幼蛙等不同发育阶段生长发育的盐效应进行了综述。盐度对不同发育阶段的中国林蛙均有影响。中国林蛙受精卵孵化的最适盐浓度范围为0~5 g/L,孵化率超过80%;在2~3 g/L盐浓度下孵化的中国林蛙雌性个体超过90%,孵化后中国林蛙蝌蚪的存活率没有显著变化;中国林蛙蝌蚪和变态幼蛙的安全盐度上限分别为2 g/L和1.5 g/L。这些研究结果为中国林蛙野生资源的保护和人工养殖提供了一定的理论基础。     

化肥磷酸二铵对花背蟾蜍蝌蚪发育的影响

目的为了探究化肥磷酸二铵对两栖类幼体发育的影响。方法以花背蟾蜍(Bufo raddei)蝌蚪为研究对象,用化肥磷酸二铵(DAP)进行染毒培育,并依据Gosner(1960)分期标准,将蝌蚪分为G0实验组和G20实验组,分别暴露于浓度为0.045g/L、0.135g/L、0.225g/L的DAP水溶液中,直至蝌蚪完成变态发育,并对孵化率、死亡率、畸形率以及发育时程等参数进行统计分析。结果随着化肥DAP浓度的升高,孵化率逐渐下降,但对照组与各侵染组之间均无显著性差异;侵染组蝌蚪死亡率均高于对照组,均呈极显著性差异(P0.01),且G20侵染组明显高于G0侵染组;蝌蚪畸形可分为四大类,侵染组蝌蚪畸形率均高于对照组,且均呈极显著性差异(P0.01),畸形率随着DAP浓度的升高而增加;完成变态发育所用时程,侵染组明显长于对照组。结论化肥磷酸二铵对蝌蚪发育具有显著影响及损伤。     

同水塘分布两种无尾两栖类蝌蚪的竞争策略

实验室条件下,通过活动性水平,变态时的体重、增长率和完成变态所需时间考察同水塘分布的中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)和高原林蛙蝌蚪(Rana kukunoris)的竞争策略。实验按照2×3因子设计,即:食物资源2个水平(高、低),组合方式3个水平(10只中华蟾蜍蝌蚪,记为B组;5只中华蟾蜍蝌蚪和5只高原林蛙蝌蚪,记为BR组;10只高原林蛙蝌蚪,记为R组)。中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的活动性在食物水平低时显著低于食物水平高时,而高原林蛙蝌蚪的活动性在不同食物水平下无显著差异;食物水平低时,混合组的高原林蛙蝌蚪变态时体重和体重增长率都显著高于R组,而混合组中华蟾蜍蝌蚪与B组相比无显著差异;在不同处理组中,食物水平低时混合组中华蟾蜍蝌蚪幼体期最短。这些结果表明:中华蟾蜍蝌蚪在不同食物资源条件下所选择的生存策略可能不同,即食物资源充足时,增加活动性获取更多食物;食物资源有限时,降低活动性且提前完成变态;与中华蟾蜍蝌蚪相比,在食物资源有限时高原林蛙蝌蚪获取食物能力更强。     

温度对中国林蛙卵孵化和孵出热耐受性的影响

为了解中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)卵的孵化率、发育起点温度、发育有效积温、孵化后蝌蚪的成活率和蝌蚪的热耐受性,将当天产出的中国林蛙卵采集回实验室,分别置于5个不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)下孵化,观察和测量记录卵的孵化率、孵化3d后蝌蚪的成活率、全长及每个温度下卵的发育历期。利用温度梯度装置观察记录孵化10d后蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度。光照周期设为14L∶10D,湿度设为85%。结果表明,温度对中国林蛙卵的孵化率影响显著;孵化3d后蝌蚪的成活率随着温度的升高而降低,30℃下孵化的蝌蚪在2d之内全部死亡;温度对中国林蛙卵孵化3d后蝌蚪全长的影响极显著,蝌蚪的全长随着温度的升高而增加;应用直线回归法和直接最优化法计算中国林蛙卵的发育起点温度和有效积温,分别为0.51℃、65.29日度和0.38℃、65.52日度,直接最优化法优于直线回归法。经过4个不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃和25℃)孵化10d后蝌蚪的最适温度分别为(13.2±1.6)℃、(15.7±1.9)℃、(17.3±2.1)℃和(19.5±2.3)℃;逃避温度分别为(28.8±1.4)℃、(30.2±1.6)℃、(31.6±1.3)℃和(33.1±1.8)℃;致死温度分别为(32.9±1.7)℃、(33.8±1.5)℃、(35.2±1.2)℃和(36.7±0.9)℃。经过不同温度孵化10d后蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度都存在显著差异。     

冠心病患者血清尿酸、高敏C 反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原水平变化 的临床研究

目的:观察冠心病患者血清中尿酸、高敏C反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原水平的变化.方法:选取2010年11月至2011年11月于我院就诊的68例冠心病患者(稳定型心绞痛21例,不稳定型心绞痛24例,急性心肌梗死13例)作为研究对象,并选取同期于我院体检中心体检的62例健康人为对照组,检测受试者血清中尿酸、高敏C反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原的水平.结果:研究组患者血清中UA、CRP和FBG水平显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).与稳定型心绞痛组比,不稳定型心绞痛的CRP水平增高(5.34±1.98 mg/L vs.11.36±2.73 mg/L,P＜0.05),急性心肌梗死组的UA (345.63±86.4 μmol/L vs.493.76±101.2 μmol/L,P＜0.05)、CRP (5.34±1.98mg/L vs.21.3±2.24 mg/L,P＜0.05)和FBG(3.86±1.34 g/L vs.6.85±2.36 g/L,P＜0.05)水平显著增高,与不稳定型心绞痛组比,急性心肌梗死组的UA(378.91±89.7 μmol/L vs.493.76±101.2 μmol/L,P＜0.05)、CRP(11.36±2.73 mg/L vs.21.3±2.24 mg/L,P＜0.05)和FBG(4.27±2.08 g/L vs.6.85±2.36 g/L,P＜0.05)水平显著增高(P＜0.05).结论:冠心病患者血清中尿酸、高敏C反应蛋白和纤维蛋白原的水平升高,3个指标可用于评估治疗效果和预后.     

不同程度的尾损伤对镇海林蛙(Rana zhenhaiensis)蝌蚪游泳速度的影响

无尾两栖类蝌蚪的尾巴通过产生强大的游泳速度在反捕食中起到了重要的作用。以镇海林蛙(Rana zhenhaiensis)蝌蚪为实验动物来评估断尾的运动代价。以74尾具有完整尾蝌蚪作为实验组,通过截去不同尾长片段,人为分成轻微尾损伤组(30%)和严重尾损伤组(30%)并测定两组蝌蚪在断尾前后的游泳速度。以16尾完整尾蝌蚪作为对照组在实验组断尾前后同时进行游泳速度的测定。实验结果显示断尾影响蝌蚪的游泳速度,但仅在尾损伤程度达到尾长的30%以上时才产生不利的影响。这表明轻微尾损伤并不对镇海林蛙蝌蚪的游泳速度产生严重影响。在断尾前后实验组蝌蚪的游泳速度均与尾长呈正相关。在相同尾长状态下,尾损伤蝌蚪的相对游泳速度明显快于完整尾蝌蚪。因此,尾损伤的镇海林蛙蝌蚪有可能通过改变尾和身体的摆动频次等方式在断尾后对游泳速度进行了一定的补偿。尾损伤在野外频繁发生于蝌蚪的尾远端,据此推测镇海林蛙蝌蚪在自然条件下的尾损伤并不会产生严重运动代价。     

农药乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的耐受性研究

采用水生生物急性毒性试验方法,研究乐果对昭觉林蛙Rana chaochiaoensis蝌蚪的急性毒性影响,同时运用扫描取样法对正式实验的昭觉林蛙蝌蚪进行行为观察.结果 表明:昭觉林蛙蝌蚪在试验组中正常静止行为、异常静止行为、正常运动行为、异常运动行为分别占74.08%、9.41%、0.58%、2.36%;在对照组中,只有正常静止行为和正常运动行为,分别占90.99% 和9.01%.乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的半致死浓度 (LC50) 分别为:76.97 mg/L、67.85 mg/L、56.61 mg/L、52.80 mg/L,呈现出线性关系,安全浓度 (SC) 为5.28 mg/L.因此,乐果对昭觉林蛙蝌蚪当属于低毒性农药.但是当乐果残留量超过安全浓度时,将会影响昭觉林蛙蝌蚪的正常生长发育,并对其行为产生影响.     

同水塘分布两种无尾两栖类蝌蚪的竞争策略

实验室条件下，通过活动性水平，变态时的体重、增长率和完成变态所需时间考察同水塘分布的中华蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)和高原林蛙蝌蚪(Rana kukunoris)的竞争策略。实验按照2×3因子设计，即：食物资源2个水平(高、低)，组合方式3个水平(10只中华蟾蜍蝌蚪，记为B组；5只中华蟾蜍蝌蚪和5只高原林蛙蝌蚪，记为BR组；10只高原林蛙蝌蚪，记为R组)。中华蟾蜍蝌蚪的活动性在食物水平低时显著低于食物水平高时，而高原林蛙蝌蚪的活动性在不同食物水平下无显著差异；食物水平低时，混合组的高原林蛙蝌蚪变态时体重和体重增长率都显著高于R组，而混合组中华蟾蜍蝌蚪与B组相比无显著差异；在不同处理组中，食物水平低时混合组中华蟾蜍蝌蚪幼体期最短。这些结果表明：中华蟾蜍蝌蚪在不同食物资源条件下所选择的生存策略可能不同，即食物资源充足时，增加活动性获取更多食物；食物资源有限时，降低活动性且提前完成变态；与中华蟾蜍蝌蚪相比，在食物资源有限时高原林蛙蝌蚪获取食物能力更强。     

密度对大蹼铃蟾蝌蚪生长发育和存活率的影响初探

为了分析密度对大蹼铃蟾Bombina maxima蝌蚪生长发育和存活率的影响,将大蹼铃蟾蝌蚪分别饲养在A组(30只/L)、B组(60只/L)和C组(90只/L)3个不同的密度条件下,每天定时定量喂食和换水,每隔5 d测量和记录1次蝌蚪的全长、尾长、体宽和死亡数,并用相关性和线性回归进行分析。结果表明:密度与全长、尾长和体宽都具有显著的负相关性(P0.05),相关性系数r值为:A组B组C组;以各组密度为自变量,大蹼铃蟾蝌蚪全长、尾长和体宽为因变量的线性回归斜率表现为:A组B组C组。大蹼铃蟾蝌蚪的生长率随密度的增加而减小。密度与存活率具有显著相关性(r=0.877,P0.01),存活率在饲养早期较高,中后期逐渐降低,且高密度下的存活率始终小于低密度。推测高密度饲养下的大蹼铃蟾蝌蚪较早进入变态期,且密度越大,蝌蚪进入变态期时的全长、尾长和体宽越小。     

Toxic Effects of Three Heavy Metallic Ions on Rana zhenhaiensis Tadpoles

Heavy metal pollution is widespread in some areas of China and results in contamination of land, water, and air with which all living organisms interact. In this study, we used three heavy metallic ions(Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+) to assess their toxicity effects on mortality, blood biomarker and growth traits(body length and body mass) of Rana zhenhaiensis tadpoles. The results showed that the toxicity levels of the three metallic ions were different when conducted with different experiment designs. For acute toxicity tests, Cu2+ was the most toxic with the highest tadpole mortality. The mortalities of tadpoles showed significant differences among the treatments at the same exposure time endpoints(24, 48, 72 and 96h). Results from repeated measures ANOVA indicated that metallic ion concentration, exposure time and their interactions significantly affected the mortalities of R. zhenhaiensis tadpoles. Also, the toxicity effects of all binary combinations of the three metallic ion treatments showed synergism. The half lethal concentrations(LC50) decreased with increasing exposure time during the experimental period, and the safe concentration(SC) values of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ were different from each other. Combined and compared LC50 values with previous data reported, it is suggestes that the toxicity levels of metal pollution to anuran tadpoles should be species-and age-related. For blood biomarker tests, Zn2+ was the most toxic with the highest total frequencies of abnormal erythrocytic nucleus. All three metallic ions caused higher abnormal erythrocytic nucleus compared with control groups. In a chronic toxicity test, Pb2+ was the most toxic with lowest growth traits. Survival rate(except for 18 days), total body length and body mass showed significant differences among the treatments. These findings indicated that tadpoles of R. zhenhaiensis should be as a bioindicator of heavy metals pollution.     

Effects of aluminium and low pH on growth and development in Rana temporaria tadpoles

Summary Rana temporaria tadpoles were raised to metamorphosis at 6 levels of pH (pH 3.6–6.5) and 2 levels of aluminium (800 and 1,600 g l^-1) at pH 4.4. Treatments involved both chronic and acute exposure to depressed pH. Decreasing pH reduced maximum body size and delayed metamorphosis. Growth was depressed and metamorphosis delayed by 800 g l^-1 Al, and several tadpoles died at foreleg emergence. At 1,600 g l^-1 Al, small tadpoles suffered arrested growth and development and eventually died, while larger tadpoles metamorphosed without delay, though at a very small size. There was no mortality among controls. The levels of pH and inorganic monomeric aluminium measured in the experiments were similar to field levels at a site in Scotland, and it is concluded that individual tadpoles will, in certain types of water body, be adversely affected by both acidity and aluminium. The impact of these factors on populations remains to be determined.     

外来捕食者克氏原螯虾对黑斑侧褶蛙不同发育阶段幼体表型与运动能力的影响

外来物种入侵是造成本土无尾两栖类种群下降和灭绝的最严重威胁之一。在中国南部丽水地区,克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkiion)是一种捕食本土无尾类蝌蚪的入侵物种。在实验室条件下,通过对黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)受精卵和蝌蚪先后进行克氏原螯虾捕食风险的不同处理,检测孵出蝌蚪的形态特征、中期蝌蚪的形态特征、游泳表现及活动水平、变态时间与大小以及幼蛙跳跃表现,评估克氏原螯虾的捕食风险对黑斑侧褶蛙不同生长阶段幼体生长发育、运动能力及行为的综合影响。单因素方差分析表明,捕食者长期存在条件下黑斑侧褶蛙孵出蝌蚪的体长、尾长和尾肌宽均显著短于无捕食者的空白对照组和捕食者仅存在2 d的实验组,后两者处理下的蝌蚪体长差异显著,但尾长和尾肌宽差异不显著。长期捕食者存在条件下黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪的游泳总路程和平均游速均显著小于无捕食者和捕食者存在2 d的实验组,而蝌蚪体长、尾长、尾鳍高和尾肌高的组间差异均不显著。有捕食者存在下黑斑侧褶幼蛙的体长和体重均显著大于无捕食者和捕食者存在2 d的实验组的情况,而变态时间和幼蛙跳跃距离组间差异不显著。两因素方差分析表明,测试时间、捕食者设置和两因素的相互作用均显著影响蝌蚪的活动频次。不同实验时间,长期捕食者存在实验组蝌蚪活动频次均小于无捕食者和捕食者存在2 d的实验组。无捕食者实验组蝌蚪的活动频次前期高于捕食者存在2 d的实验组,后期低于捕食者存在2 d的实验组。线性回归分析结果显示,捕食者存在2 d实验组蝌蚪相对活动频次与检测时间相关不显著,长期捕食者存在实验组相对蝌蚪活动频次与检测时间呈显著的正相关。本研究表明了黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪能够感知来自入侵捕食者克氏原螯虾的捕食风险,诱导产生较小的孵出个体、蝌蚪较低的活动水平,但这种不足可通过后期补偿生长,不影响进入陆地生境的变态个体的表型与运动能力。     

黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪断尾后的补偿生长和发育研究

动物在经历不利的生长条件或环境后往往出现补偿生长。研究了黑斑侧褶蛙(Pelophylax nigromaculatus)蝌蚪经历来自食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)捕食造成断尾损伤后的补偿生长模式、断尾损失对蝌蚪游泳能力以及变态时间与大小的影响。结果表明,经历捕食压力后,全尾组和1/3断尾组蝌蚪的体长显著大于1/2断尾组蝌蚪的体长,全尾组和1/3断尾组之间的蝌蚪体长差异不显著;第19天时,1/2断尾组蝌蚪经过补偿生长后体长显著大于全尾组蝌蚪,1/3断尾组与全尾组和1/2断尾组之间的蝌蚪体长差异均不显著;三个实验组之间蝌蚪尾长差异不显著;全尾组蝌蚪的疾游速显著大于1/2断尾组蝌蚪的疾游速,1/3断尾组蝌蚪的疾游速与全尾组和1/2断尾组之间差异不显著,表明严重断尾对蝌蚪疾游速产生了消极影响。三个实验组蝌蚪的变态时间和变态前后形态差异均不显著。黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪能够在变态前调整生长轨迹补偿早期捕食风险造成的生长损失,断尾损失并不影响变态时间与大小,断尾超过一半的蝌蚪经过补偿生长后仍要付出一定的运动代价。     

水位对黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪形态表型、 白细胞数量和应激反应的影响

为探究水位变化对黑斑侧褶蛙（Pelophylaxnigromaculatus）蝌蚪形态表型、免疫功能和应激反应能力的影响,实验室内测定了水位恒定组以及水位快速、中速和慢速下降组37期蝌蚪发育至变态完成期的变态时长、身体大小和血液中各型白细胞的百分比,以及嗜中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值的变化。结果表明,水位快速下降显著缩短了蝌蚪的变态时长（P <0.05）,体长下降明显（P <0.05）,体重和体宽有所降低,但组间差异不显著（P> 0.05）。嗜中性粒细胞的百分比快速下降组显著高于其他处理组,单核细胞的百分比水位恒定组显著高于中速下降组（P <0.05）,嗜酸性粒细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞和淋巴细胞的百分比均无明显的组间差异（P>0.05）;嗜中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值快速下降组显著高于其他处理组（P <0.05）。水位加速下降导致登陆后幼蛙的个体变小,由嗜中性粒细胞和单核细胞所代表的天然免疫能力变化趋势不同,应激反应能力增强,可能不利于幼蛙的存活。     

水位变化影响蝌蚪存活、形态表型和植物血凝素反应

为探究黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪形态和生理特征对水位变化的响应,对480只大小相似的蝌蚪进行快速、中速和慢速干涸处理,统计各发育时期时长和存活率,测定变态完成后幼蛙的身体和内脏器官大小,以及对植物血凝素(PHA-P)的反应。结果表明: 对照组蝌蚪的变态时长最长,显著长于快速、中速和慢速干涸组;不同处理变态存活率在72.5%～90.8%,其中对照组最高,快速干涸组最低。对照和慢速干涸组幼蛙的体重和体长均显著高于中速和快速干涸组,快速干涸组体宽、体重与体长的比值、胴体湿重以及肺和脂肪体的湿重系数均最低,但心、脾、肾和消化器官的湿重系数和消化道各段的长度系数均无明显的组间差异。不同处理幼蛙对PHA-P的最大反应值均出现于注射后3 h,且中速和慢速干涸组的最大反应值均显著高于对照组,而快速干涸组与各组均无显著差异。表明黑斑侧褶蛙蝌蚪可通过加速变态发育进程来应对干旱胁迫,但会出现个体变小、细胞介导的免疫能力下降,不利于其成功登陆。     

Effects of hydroperiod duration on developmental plasticity in tiger frog(Hoplobatrachus chinensis) tadpoles

While developmental plasticity can facilitate evolutionary diversification of organisms,the effects of water levels as an environmental pressure on tiger frogs remains unclear.This study clarifies the relationship by studying the responses of tiger frog(Hoplobatrachus chinensis)tadpoles to simulated hydroperiods(i.e.,constant low water levels,constant high water levels,increasing water levels,decreasing water levels,rapid changes in water levels and gradual fluctuations in water levels)in a laboratory setting.ANOVA analysis showed that none of the water level treatments had any significant effect on the total length,body mass,or developmental stages of H.chinensis tadpoles half way through development(11 days old).Tadpoles raised in rapidly fluctuating water levels had protracted metamorphosis,whereas tadpoles raised under low and gradually fluctuating water levels had shortened metamorphosis.None of the water level treatments had a significant effect on the snout-vent length(SVL)or body mass of H.chinensis tadpoles at Gosner stage 42,or on the body mass of tadpoles at Gosner stage 45.However,the tadpoles raised in high levels and rapidly fluctuating water levels,significantly larger SVL at Gosner stage 45,while ones under gradually fluctuating water levels had smaller SVL than the other groups.Time to metamorphosis was positively correlated with body size(SVL)at metamorphosis in H.chinensis tadpoles.H.chinensis tadpoles under constant low water level had the highest mortality rate among all the treatments(G-test).Moreover,ANOVA and ACNOVA(with body length as the covariate)indicated that water levels had no significant effect on either the morphology(i.e.head length,head width,forelimb length,hindlimb length and body width)or the jumping ability of juvenile H.chinensis.These results suggest that the observed accelerated metamorphosis and high mortality of H.chinensis tadpoles under decreasing water level treatment was driven by density-induced physical interactions among increasing conspecifics.     

Effects of emodin and vitamin C on growth performance, biochemical parameters and two HSP70s mRNA expression of Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala Yih) under high temperature stress

In order to study the effects of dietary emodin, high-dose vitamin C (Vc) and their combination on growth of Wuchang bream (Megalobrama amblycephala Y.) and its resistance to high temperature stress, 1200 healthy Wuchang bream with initial body weight of 133.44 ± 2.11 g were randomly divided into four groups: a control group fed with basal diet (containing 50.3 mg/kg Vc) and three treated groups fed with basal diets supplemented with 60 mg/kg emodin, 700 mg/kg Vc, and the combination of 60 mg/kg emodin + 700 mg/kg Vc, respectively. After feeding for 60 days, the growth performance of Wuchang bream was measured. Then 25 fish per tank were exposed to heat stress of 34 °C. The biochemical parameters of blood and liver, and expression levels of liver two HSP70s mRNA before and after heat stress were determined and the cumulative mortality of each group under heat stress was counted. The results showed that before stress, compared with the control, the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), serum total protein (TP), lysozyme (LSZ), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and expression level of HSP70 mRNA significantly increased in emodin and Vc groups while feed conversion rate (FCR), serum cortisol (COR), triglyceride (TG) and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) contents decreased (P < 0.05); liver catalase (CAT) activity also significantly increased in emodin group (P < 0.05). Although serum TP, LSZ, and liver HSP70 mRNA levels significantly increased and liver MDA level decreased in combination group (P < 0.05), no synergism was observed. After heat stress, compared with the control, the serum TP, LSZ, ALP levels, liver SOD, CAT activities, and expression levels of HSC70 and HSP70 mRNAs increased in emodin and Vc groups in varying degrees and serum COR, glucose, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), TG and liver MDA levels decreased to some extent. Although these parameters had similar changing trend as above ones in combination group, it did not show any synergism either. Statistics showed that under heat stress, the cumulative mortalities of emodin and Vc groups, except at 6 h in emodin group, were significantly lower than that of the control (P < 0.05) while the difference between the combination and control groups was not significant (P > 0.05). Thus, the basal diet supplemented with 60 mg/kg emodin or 700 mg/kg Vc could promote the growth of Wuchang bream, reduce FCR, increase non-specific immunity of fish, antioxidant capacity, and two HSP70s mRNA expression levels, and enhance resistance to heat stress in fish. However, the combination of emodin and high-dose Vc showed no better effect.     

Effects of developmental and growth history on metamorphosis in the gray treefrog, Hyla versicolor (Amphibia, Anura)

In ecological models, the timing of amphibian metamorphosis is dependent upon rate of larval growth, e.g., tadpoles that experience a decrease in growth rate can initiate metamorphosis early. Recent authors have suggested that this plasticity may be lost at some point during the larval period. We tested this hypothesis by exposing groups of tadpoles of the gray treefrog, Hyla versicolor, to different growth schedules. In endocrine models, metamorphosis is dependent on thyroxine levels and thyroxine is antagonized by prolactin (amphibian larval growth hormone), consistent with the idea that a rapidly growing tadpole can delay metamorphosis. Thus, we also manipulated the rate of development by supplementing or maintaining natural thyroxine levels for half of the tadpoles in each growth treatment. All tadpoles that received thyroxine supplements metamorphosed at the same time regardless of growth history. They also metamorphosed earlier than tadpoles not treated with thyroxine. Tadpoles not given thyroxine supplements metamorphosed at different times: those growing rapidly during day 15-34 metamorphosed earlier than tadpoles growing slowly. Growth rate before day 15 and after day 34 had no effect on metamorphic timing. The difference in larval period between these rapidly growing tadpoles and their sisters given thyroxine treatments was less than the same comparison for tadpoles that grew slowly during the same period. This apparent prolactin/thyroxine antagonism did not exist after day 34. These results are consistent with the hypothesis of a loss of plasticity in metamorphic timing.     

日粮中不同水平维生素C对团头鲂幼鱼免疫力的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源,豆油为脂肪源配制团头鲂幼鱼基础饲料,制成维生素C水平为0.2、33.4、65.8、133.7、251.5和501.5 mg/kg 的6种等氮等能的试验饲料。对均重为（6.400.05）g的团头鲂幼鱼进行为期90d的饲养试验,以血清相关免疫指标、肝脏抗氧化指标、三种HSPs mRNA表达以及抗病原菌能力等指标为依据,研究Vc 对团头鲂幼鱼免疫力的影响。试验结果表明,与对照组相比,501.5 mg/kg Vc 试验组能显著提高血清补体3（C3）的浓度,133.7 mg/kg Vc 试验组能显著提高补体4（C4）的浓度;65.8、133.7和 251.5 mg/kg Vc 试验组能显著提高肝脏超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性,各Vc 试验组均能显著提高肝脏抗超氧阴离子（ASAFR）的活性;133.7和251.7 mg/kg Vc 试验组能显著提高肝脏HSP60基因表达水平,251.5 mg/kg Vc 试验组能显著提高肝脏HSP70和HSP90基因表达水平（P0.05）;各Vc 试验组鱼的成活率在感染嗜水气单胞菌后12h、24h均显著高于对照组（P0.05）,其中以251.5 mg/kg Vc 试验组效果最佳。在日粮中添加Vc 对鱼体血清碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（Alb）、皮质醇（COR）以及肝脏丙二醛（MDA）的水平无显著影响（P0.05）。综上所述,在试验条件下,Vc 作为免疫刺激剂,其水平为133.7251.5 mg/kg时能有效地增强团头鲂幼鱼的免疫力。