羊草两个趋异类型的光合生物生态特性比较的初步研究

对羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）种群的两个趋异类型－－灰绿型羊草与黄绿型羊草的光合生理生态特性进行了研究,比较了同一生境条件下,两种趋异类型羊草的光合速率、蒸腾速率的日变化,以及两个羊草趋异类型的光合速率对光辐射强度、气温、相对湿度、叶温与气孔扩散阻力的响应。结果表明,同一生境条件下,灰绿型羊草的光合速率与蒸滕速率相对较高,两者的饱和光合速率分别为２３．２与１８．８μｍｏｌ     

刈割对羊草光合特性影响的研究

 刈割部位不同对羊草光合速率的影响不同。在土壤水分良好条件下,刈割全株之后,长出的再生叶片光合速率显著升高;刈割上位叶之后,残留的下位叶片光合速率有所增加;刈割叶片前部,残留的后部叶片光合速率未见变化。     

羊草两个趋异类型的光合生理生态特性比较的初步研究

对羊草（Ａｎｅｕｒｏｌｅｐｉｄｉｕｍ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）种群的两个趋异类型——灰绿型羊草与黄绿型羊草的光合生理生态特性进行了研究,比较了同一生境条件下,两种趋异类型羊草的光合速率、蒸腾速率的日变化,以及两个羊草趋异类型的光合速率对光辐射强度、气温、相对湿度、叶温与气孔扩散阻力的响应。结果表明,同一生境条件下,灰绿型羊草的光合速率与蒸腾速率相对较高,两者的饱和光合速率分别为２３．２与１８．８μｍ ｏｌＣＯ２／ｍ ２·ｓ,光饱和点分别为１３６７．６与１３８７．９μｍ ｏｌ／ｍ ２·ｓ,光补偿点分别为９．８与１４．０μｍ ｏｌ／ｍ ２·ｓ;灰绿型羊草与黄绿型羊草对光强度、气温、相对湿度、叶温、气孔扩散阻力的响应均有显著差异。实验测得的结果说明,同一生境条件下羊草两个趋异类型的光合生理特性变异是明显的,羊草这种生理上的变异为确定两个趋异类型是否为两个生态型提供了一些生理学方面的证据。     

内蒙古羊草草原群落光合与环境条件之间关系的模型初探

 在野外条件下,用同化箱CO2气体交换法测定了羊草群落光合速率日变化及其环境条件。结果表明：在干草原一般气候状态下,羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)群落光合速率日变化呈双峰型。上下午各有一高峰,中午光合有降低现象。形成这种类型与环境条件有密切的关系。在湿度条件较好时,群落光合主要随光合有效辐射而变化。在湿度条件较差时,群落光合的大小主要受湿度条件的影响。通过多元逐步回归,利用多项式把群落光合和环境条件之间的关系数量化。在自然条件下可用y=-4.28+0.77x1-0.09x12+12.85x2-8.7lx22方程来表示(其中y为群落光合速率,x1为光合有效辐射,x2为空气相对湿度)。此方程的复相关系数为0.92,相对误差为0.03,预测相对误差为0.21。为此根据上面的模型,可以估算群落光合速率和草原生产力。     

羊草(Leymus chinensis)叶片光合参数对干旱与复水的响应机理与模拟

利用典型草原优势植物羊草（Leymus chinensis）对不同水分胁迫与复水响应的植物光合生理生态模拟实验与野外观测资料,分析研究了羊草叶片光合参数Kcmax（Rubisco的最大羧化速率）、Jmax（最大光合电子传递速率）和TPU（磷酸丙糖利用率）对干旱与复水的响应机理。结果表明,无论是模拟实验还是野外观测均显示羊草叶片的光合参数随着土壤水分的增加呈抛物线曲线变化,但各光合参数最大值对土壤水分的响应不同。温室模拟下的羊草光合参数Vcmax,Jmax和TPU在土壤含水量分别在15．56％,15．89％和16．23％时达到最大,而野外观测羊草的光合参数Vcmax,Jmax和TPU在土壤含水量分别为16．89％,17％和16．79％时达到最大。复水后羊草植株叶片光合参数的变化取决于前期干旱的影响,土壤含水量18％～19％和15％～16％处理的羊草复水后光合参数能够恢复正常,前者甚至超过正常水平,说明适宜的水分胁迫在复水后能够提高羊草叶片的光合能力,促进光合作用;土壤含水量10％～12％和7％～9％处理下的羊草复水后光合参数则不能恢复到正常水平。土壤含水量15％～16％可能是羊草光合能力在水分胁迫后能否恢复的阈值。     

羊草草原枯枝落叶分解的研究——枯枝落叶分解与生态环境的关系

枯枝落叶的分解受生态环境的影响,枯枝落叶置于不同的生态环境下,其分解速率不同。例如,羊草(Leymus chinensis)在6种不同生境中的分解存在着明显差异。枯枝落叶位于地表和地下,其分解速率则不同,埋入地下的分解比位于地表的迅速。分解速率与土壤水分、地表温度和土壤pH呈指数正相关,与相对湿度呈线性正相关,它们对分解有积极的促进作用。通过生态因子对分解影响的综合分析表明,在羊草草原上,诸生态因子对枯枝落叶分解的重要性依次为:土壤水分、土壤pH、地表温度、相对湿度。     

不同生长时期羊草大针茅光合速率与气温关系的比较研究

 本文对羊草( Aneurolepidium chinense)和大针茅(Stipa grandis)营养枝生长初期、盛期和后期的光合速率—气温关系进行了比较研究。结果表明：羊草的相对光合速率—气温关系是一条三次函数曲线,大针茅则是一条三次项趋于零的四次函数曲线;羊草光合作用的低温补偿点低于大针茅,而高温补偿点则高于大针茅：光合作用—气温曲线斜率,即温度系数[1],两种植物间有差异,但不显著。光合作用的高温补偿点和最适温度,即温度饱和点[2],都以生长盛期最高,生长后期又低于初期。光合作用的半饱和温度和近饱和温度,也以生长盛期最高;生长后期与初期相比较：曲线处于下降阶段时,两种牧草的这一温度均是后期低于初期;曲线处于上升阶段时,大针茅仍是后期低于初期。羊草则是后期高于初期。     

土壤水分、光照和空气湿度对木薯气孔导度的影响

为探讨土壤水分、光照等环境因子对华南8号木薯气孔导度的影响,构建气孔导度与相关环境因子的数学模型,设置7个土壤水分梯度(相对含水量20%～80%),盆栽华南8号木薯,测量净光合速率、气孔导度和空气相对湿度等参数.结果表明:空气相对湿度与气孔导度之间呈极显著正相关;光合有效辐射、土壤相对含水量与气孔导度之间呈显著正相关,但它们对气孔导度的影响程度随土壤相对含水量的变化而变化,当土壤相对含水量较低时,土壤相对含水量是影响气孔导度的主导因子,而当土壤相对含水量较高时,光合有效辐射是影响气孔导度的主导因子;土壤相对含水量、光合有效辐射、空气相对湿度与气孔导度的关系可用指数模型表达;华南8号木薯的适宜土壤相对含水量的低限临界值为52%.     

羊草和大针茅群落光合速率的比较研究

本研究用同化箱法,在野外条件下测定了羊草群落和大针茅群落的光合速率日进程和季节变化。得到如下结果：1;在整个生长期中,测得羊草和大针茅两群落光合速率的日进程都属双峰型,上、下午,各有一个高峰,但一般以上午峰值较高。2．羊草和大针茅两群落日净光合量的季节变化趋势是相似的。自返青后迅速的提高,到7月上旬达最大值,羊草和大针茅两群落的日净光合量分别为31.68和11.5 gCO2／m2d,随后逐渐降低。3.两群落光合能力的大小,峰值的高低和出现的早晚、中午光合降低的幅度以及季节变化的特点等都与植物生长发育阶段和环境条件有密切的关系。 4．羊草群落各阶段的瞬时光合、日净光合,LAI和生物量等都高于相近时期的大针茅群落。但在环境条件较差(干旱)时,羊草群落光合增加的幅度要比环境条件好时小。5．大针茅群落要比羊草群落耐旱,对不良环境的适应能力强,但在条件较好时增产幅度小。     

金冠,毛里斯,新红星苹果光合特性的研究

通过对金冠、新红星、毛里斯３种苹果品种光合特性日变化,季节变化的研究,结果表明：金冠、新红星２种苹果树的光合速率（Ｐｎ）在日变化中出现相似的峰值,日变化呈单峰曲线,高峰值出现在一日中的９：００－１１：００。毛里斯苹果的光合速率（Ｐｎ）日变化呈双峰曲线,高峰值出现在一天之中的９：００－１１：００,３种苹果光合速率（Ｐｎ）在季节变化曲线中高峰值期为６月份。并得出各种苹果的光合速率（Ｐｎ）与其蒸腾强度Ｉ     

Discovery of a Homolog of Siderophilin in a Plant

Members belonging to the siderophilin family are iron-binding and iron-transporting proteins, which includes transferrin and lactoferrin. They have only been found in animals previously. If siderophilin could be found in and isolated from a plant, its production and subsequent extensive application could be increased. The present study is the first to report the discovery of a homolog of siderophilin in a plant. In order to purify antifreeze proteins from Ammopiptanthus mongolicus （Maxim.） Cheng f., the authors processed the proteins from the leaves using techniques such as column chromatography using DEAE-Cellulose-52, gel filtration via Sephacryl S-100 HR medium, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mass spectroscopy was performed on the three proteins purified and the sequence of one of the proteins （containing 32 amino acids） was found to have 97% homology with the corresponding part of one type of human lactoferrin. Moreover, one of the two peptides belongs to an iron-binding domain. So, it is possible that siderophilin also exists in plants and plays a role as an antibacterial and antifungal, among other actions.     

Dynamics of a mutualism in a multi-species context

Despite recent findings that mutualistic interactions between two species may be greatly affected by species external to the mutualism, the implications of such multi-species interactions for the population dynamics of the mutualists are virtually unexplored. In this paper, we ask how the mutualism between the shoot-base boring weevil Apion onopordi and the rust fungus Puccinia punctiformis is influenced by the dynamics of their shared host plant Cirsium arvense, and vice versa. In particular, we hypothesized that the distribution of the weevil's egg load between healthy and rust-infected thistles may regulate the abundance of the mutualists and their host plant. In contrast to our expectations we found that the dynamics of the mutualists are largely determined by the dynamics of their host. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration that the dynamics of a mutualism are driven by a third, non-mutualistic species.     

Decay instability of a laser pulse propagating in a transverse direction in a magnetized plasma

The decay instability of a lser pulse propagating across an external magnetic field in a subscritical plasma is investigated analytically and numerically. It is shown that, when the relaxation of the pulse is taken into account, the hydrodynamic growth rate of the decay instability is slower than that obtained earlier in the constant-amplitude pump wave approximation. The results of numerical simulations by a particle-in-cell method demonstrate that an increase in the amplitude of the parametrically excited waves is accompanied by a decrease in their group velocity; in this case, up to 85% of the laser energy is converted into the energy of the plasma particles. It is found that, under resonance conditions, the magnetic field acts to increase the energy of the accelerated ions that escape from the plasma slab through its front boundary.     

Prostatectomy in a county hospital; a review of 677 cases in a six-year period

Transurethral procedures were used in 620 of 677 cases in which prostatectomy was done (principally by residents supervised by a urologist) at a county hospital in a six-year period. Open operations were used in the other 57 cases. Results were classified as "excellent" in 46.8 per cent of the transurethral cases and as "good" in 36.3 per cent.     

Evolution of a Langmuir wave in a weakly inhomogeneous plasma in a longitudinal electric field

The spatial evolution of a Langmuir wave excited by external sources in a weakly inhomogeneous electron plasma in a longitudinal electrostatic field is considered. It is shown that, in a longitudinal electrostatic field, a Langmuir wave can only be amplified in an inhomogeneous plasma provided that the current of trapped electrons exceeds that of untrapped electrons. In this case, as the wave propagates through the inhomogeneous region where its phase velocity increases, some untrapped electrons become trapped in the wave potential wells. As a result, the current of trapped electrons increases and the wave is amplified. Moreover, in the regions where the bulk electrons are localized, the minima of the wave are amplified to a greater extent than its maxima.     

LCA of a tomato crop in a multi-tunnel greenhouse in Almeria

Purpose

Protected crops have expanded significantly in the Mediterranean area over the last few decades as a successful means to provide abundant and high-quality produce. Although resources are generally used efficiently, greenhouse areas cause major environmental impacts. The aim of this work was to study, from an environmental point of view, the improvement capacity of greenhouse areas in the Mediterranean region and to assess several alternative agricultural practices to decrease their contribution to the environmental impacts in this system.

Materials and methods

The methodology used was life cycle assessment (LCA) based on a tomato crop grown in a multi-tunnel greenhouse in Almeria, on the southeast coast of Spain. The functional unit chosen was 1 ton of loose classic tomatoes. Five midpoint impact categories and one energy flow indicator were selected for their relevance. The agricultural practice alternatives evaluated were reduction of volume of substrate and fertilizers, extension of substrate and greenhouse life span and increase in renewable energy for electricity production.

Results and discussion

The results indicated that the main contributors to impact categories in the tomato production were structure, auxiliary equipment and fertilizers. Structure accounted for between 30 and 48?% of the contributions, depending on the impact category. The principal burdens in the auxiliary equipment stage were substrate and consumption of electricity. Fertilizers environmental impacts were due to emissions during their manufacture and application to the crop. In a best-case option, taking into account the best alternatives, contributions to the impact categories were reduced by between 17 and 30?%. The LCA methodology proved to be a useful tool to evaluate the environmental damage of this agricultural activity. The importance of including farm infrastructure in the assessment was demonstrated as it was a major contributor. The risk of eutrophication could be reduced by adjustment of the fertilizers?Cwater balance and implementation of a closed-loop irrigation system. Future technological improvements should be developed to increase yields and thereby directly reduce the environmental burdens per unit produce.

Conclusions

The present study served to assess the environmental impacts of a tomato crop in a multi-tunnel greenhouse on the coast of Almeria. The assessment was used to evaluate alternatives for improvement of cleaner production in greenhouse areas. Further research should focus on assuring the feasibility of the suggested options.