干旱沙区２种梨树光合特性的研究

通过对沙地栽培的苹果梨和锦丰梨２种梨树光合速率(Pn)日变化、季节变化的测度研究表明,苹果梨Ｐn日变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在上午９：００为１０．１５８μmol.m^-2.s^-1.。锦丰梨Ｐn变化呈双峰曲线,和一峰值在上午９：００,第二峰值在下午１３：００,第一峰值高于第二峰值Ｐn分别为１４．５６６μmol.m^-2.s^-1.和１０．９７２μmol.m^-2.s^-1.。并分析得出２种梨树Ｐn与其蒸腾速率（ＴＲＡＮ）、胞间ＣＯ２浓度（ＣＩＮＴ）、水平气压缺（ＶＰＤ）等影响因子之间存在着极显著相关关系和回归方程,以及２种梨树的水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）。     

水稻光合速率、气孔导度和Rubisco活力的日变化

在晴天有时有云天,水稻剑叶的最大光合速率出现在午前９：００左右。中午前后,无论光合量子通量（ＰＰＦ）等于或略低于９：００前后,净光合率（Ｐｎ）及Ｐｎ／ＰＰＦ比值均较低。ＲＯｂｉ８ＣＯ＆化活力有明显的日变化,无论以单位面积计算或以该酶蛋白为基数计算,其总活力和初始活力均呈日出前最低,中午最高,傍晚又下降的单峰曲线。中午Ｐｎ下降期间,Ｐｎ与Ｃｉ有极显著正相关,与ＲＯｂｉｓＣＯ初始活力无相关;而早晚,瞬时人工光照下Ｐｎ与Ｒｕｉｓｃｏ初始活力呈直线正相关,与Ｃｉ呈直线负相关。这表明中午光合下降来自气孔限制,而晚低光合主要由低Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力所致。     

田间大白菜光合速率日变化与“午睡”现象的研究

以“鲁白３号”为材料,对共结球初期的光合速率、气孔导度日变化“午睡”现象进行了研究,表明,田间大白菜ＰｎП日变化呈双峰曲线,两峰分别出现在上午１０时３０分－１１时和下午１４时－１４时３０分,１３时有一低谷（午睡）。中午光合作用的气孔限制是引起“午睡”的重要原因之一,光强和ＣＯ２浓度对“午睡”现象有较大影响,降低光强,增加叶室中的Ｃ２２不出现“午睡”现象,此外,叶片与大气间水蒸气压亏缺,叶温、大气相     

民勤沙区几种果树水分生理和土壤水分的关系

通过对民勤沙区几种果树进行节水灌溉,研究了苹果梨、锦丰梨、金冠苹果、新红星苹果和毛里斯苹果,在控水和正常灌溉条件下的水分生理变化特征。结果表明：在民勤沙区对这5种果树实行节水灌溉是可行的,且在控水和对照条件下5种果树各项水分生理指标之间的关系略不相同。     

不同环境条件下沙生植物的CO2气体交换研究

对腾格里沙坡头地区两种沙生植物：油蒿（ＡｒｔｅｍｉｓｉｓａｏｒｄｏｓｉｃａＫｒａｓｃｈ．）和柠条（ＣａｒａｇａｎａｋｏｒｓｈｉｎｓｋｉｉＫｏｍ）。在旱季和雨季时ＣＯ２气体交换特点及其动态变化进行了研究,结果表明：在干旱条件下,油蒿（Ａ）和柠条（Ｃ）的光合作用均受到严重影响,其光合率率日变化日出后（７：００－９：ａ．ｍ．）有一较小高峰外,基本处于很低水平。降水后,Ａ和Ｃ的光合作用均明显提高,但Ｐｎ     

虎杖光合生理生态特性日变化研究

用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统对5个虎杖材料的光合生理特性日变化及其与气象因子关系进行了研究。结果表明：（1）虎杖的净光合速率日变化呈‘单峰’型曲线,日最大净光合速率（15．0μmol·m^-2·s^-1）值出现在9：00左右;（2）叶片水压亏缺、气孔导度和蒸腾速率的峰值在同一时间出现（13：00）,胞间CO2浓度不随气孔导度的降低而减小,控制虎杖光合速率因子为非气孔限制;（3）供试5个材料的净光合速率日变化趋势基本一致,并以地栽组培苗的净光合速率最高,而‘贵州凯里’的最低。光合有效辐射对光合特征参数的变化影响最大,且对净光合速率起决定性作用（r-0．534^＊＊）,环境因子主要通过对蒸腾速率、叶片水压亏缺和叶面温度的作用来影响虎杖叶片净光合速率。     

美味猕猴桃净光合速率日变化与光合特性的初步研究

在春季田间条件下,我们对美味猕猴桃品种米良１ 号（Ａｃｔｉｎｉｄｉａ ｄｅｌｉｃｉｏｓａ ｃｖＭｉｌｉａｎｇ－１）的光－光合特性与净光合速率日变化及其与环境因子的关系进行了初步研究．结果表明美味猕猴桃米良１ 号在适宜的环境条件下（气温３４ ℃,相对湿度６２％ ）,同化ＣＯ２ 的光合速率达到１７．３７～１８．６９ μｍ ｏｌｍ － ２ｓ－ １,但是在高温和干旱条件下（气温４１℃,相对湿度３０％ ）,其光合能力降低到７．３２ μｍ ｏｌｍ － ２ｓ－ １．该品种的光饱和点与光补偿点分别为１ １００ 和２０ μｍ ｏｌｍ － ２ｓ－ １, 表明是一种阴性偏阳的树种． ５ 月初的晴天,美味猕猴桃米良１号的净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线型,第一高峰出现在上午１０∶００,１８．６５ μｍ ｏｌｍ － ２ｓ－ １,午间１３∶００ 剧降到３．１５ μｍ ｏｌｍ － ２ｓ－ １,下午１６∶００ 出现第二高峰,其值为１０．３５ μｍ ｏｌｍ － ２ｓ－ １． 在测定净光合速率的同时,还对田间条件下环境因子如光照、气温、空气湿度与ＣＯ２浓度以及植物叶表面温度与蒸腾速率日变化等进行了监测,用多元线形回归的方法分析了环境因子对猕猴桃光合作用日变化的影响     

沙坡头主要建群植物油蒿和柠条的气体交换特征研究

在自然条件下对沙坡头人工固沙区主要建群植物油蒿和柠条的气体交换特征进行了比较研究。结果表明,油蒿和柠条都具有典型的双峰型光合速率日进程曲线,它们的气孔导度日变化趋势也与净光合速率日变化相一致;在一日内油蒿的气孔导度、净光合速率和蒸腾速率始终大于柠条。油蒿和柠条在８：００￣１０：００光合速率下降的主要决定因素是气孔导度,而在午间（１０：００￣１４：００）和午后（１６：００￣１９：００）,光合速率的上     

大豆开花后叶片衰老规律的研究

大豆开花后叶片光合速率和气孔导度呈单峰曲线变化,光合速率在叶片展开后２１ｄ达到高峰,气孔导度在展开后８ｄ达到高峰（１９９８年）。ＣＡＴ活性、ＳＯＤ活性和ＰＯＸ活性的变化似于光合速率,也呈单峰曲线变化,叶片展开后８ｄ内和３３ｄ后其含量都比较低,一般在２５ｄ达到高峰。叶片可溶性蛋白质含量呈双峰曲线变化,分别在叶片展开后８ｄ和２５ｄ达到高峰,只是前一高峰的峰值比较低。叶绿素ａ、叶绿素ｂ和类胡萝卜含量也呈     

5种木本豆科植物的光合特性研究

本文测定了鹤山丘陵地豆科阔叶混交林中５种植物（大叶相思、马占相思、绢毛相思、海南红豆和新银合欢）在林地条件下的光合速率、呼吸速率和叶绿素含量以及５种植物光合速率的日变化和季节变化。结果表明：植物在冬季和春季的光合速率较低,夏季和秋季都相对较高。年日平均光合速率（μｍｏｌＣＯ２ｍ－２ｓ－１）绢毛相思最高６．１３,海南红豆最低４．６５;植物的呼吸各异,其中新银合欢的呼吸作用最强,海南红豆最低;叶绿素含量与光合速率不存在相关关系。从国外引种植物（包括新银合欢和３种相思树）的光合速率高于乡土树种海南红豆,表明这几种引种植物适应南亚热带丘陵地区的自然环境。     

On integrating climatic change and culture change studies

In the last few decades, advances in understanding and modeling climate have paralleled the growth of an impressive log of radiocarbon dates and quantitative analyses of climatic indicators including pollen, tree rings, and lake levels. At the same time, archeological research has given us an impressive assemblage of cultural information. We also have the tools for sorting out the diverse sources of variance in our datasets. The time has come to begin to integrate these lines of scientific endeavor to produce a mutually coherent picture of at least one of the mechanisms that have affected the history of humankind, and one that undoubtedly will affect the future as well.     

中国遥感干旱指数时空特征及其对气候和地表覆盖变化的响应

干旱严重影响植被生长,威胁粮食安全,基于遥感计算的植被状态指数（Vegetation Condition Index,VCI）、温度状态指数（Temperature Condition Index,TCI）和植被健康指数（Vegetation Health Index,VHI）是常用的干旱指数,被广泛应用于干旱监测。为了探究近年来我国干旱特征及其对气候和地表覆盖变化的响应,分析了2003-2016年期间VCI、TCI和VHI的时空变化特征;采用最小二乘（OLS）和偏相关分析方法分析了这些指数对气候和地表覆盖变化的响应。基于上述干旱指数计算的干旱频率表明,中温带中部和南温带等地区干旱发生频率高,干旱指数变化趋势表明在2003-2016年期间中国大部分地区干旱缓解,但在中温带、南温带和高原气候区等局部地区干旱加剧;总体而言,干旱指数随着年平均温度的上升和年降水量的降低而减小,VHI与温度和降水量的相关性在不同气候区的一致性优于VCI和TCI;裸土的减少和植被的增加导致干旱指数增大,树木转变为低矮植被干旱指数降低。     

Current issues in tropical phenology: a synthesis

We retrace the development of tropical phenology research, compare temperate phenology study to that in the tropics and highlight the advances currently being made in this flourishing discipline. The synthesis draws attention to how fundamentally different tropical phenology data can be to temperate data. Tropical plants lack a phase of winter dormancy and may grow and reproduce continually. Seasonal patterns in environmental parameters, such as rainfall, irradiance or temperature, do not necessarily coincide temporally, as they do in temperate climes. We review recent research on the drivers of phenophase cycles in individual trees, species and communities and highlight how significant innovations in biometric tools and approaches are being driven by the need to deal with circular data, the complexity of defining tropical seasons and the myriad growth and reproductive strategies used by tropical plants. We discuss how important the use of leaf phenology (or remotely‐sensed proxies of leaf phenophases) has become in tracking biome responses to climate change at the continental level and how important the phenophase of forests can be in determining local weather conditions. We also highlight how powerful analyses of plant responses are hampered at many tropical sites by a lack of contextual data on local environmental conditions. We conclude by arguing that there is a clear global benefit in increasing long term tropical phenology data collection and improving empirical collection of local climate measures, contemporary to the phenology data. Directing more resources to research in this sector will be widely beneficial.     

Response of Chlamydomonas to Temperature Change

SYNOPSIS. Response of Chlamydomonas to temperature change was investigated. When the temperature of the medium was suddenly increased (decreased) the abrupt velocity rise (drop) was observed. This abrupt velocity change was induced immediately after the temperature change. Then, the high (low) level of the velocity was maintained for a few minutes. Finally the velocity decreased (increased), tending to a stationary level at the new temperature with the decay time of a few minutes. The rate of the temperature change determined the magnitude of response. The threshold value was found in the rate of the temperature change to produce the transient change of the velocity. It was ∼ 0.2 C/sec.     

A methodology for mapping current and future heat stress risk in pigs

Heat stress is a global issue constraining pig productivity, and it is likely to intensify under future climate change. Technological advances in earth observation have made tools available that enable identification and mapping livestock species that are at risk of exposure to heat stress due to climate change. Here, we present a methodology to map the current and likely future heat stress risk in pigs using R software by combining the effects of temperature and relative humidity. We applied the method to growing-finishing pigs in Uganda. We mapped monthly heat stress risk and quantified the number of pigs exposed to heat stress using 18 global circulation models and projected impacts in the 2050s. Results show that more than 800 000 pigs in Uganda will be affected by heat stress in the future. The results can feed into evidence-based policy, planning and targeted resource allocation in the livestock sector.     

应用SWAT模型研究潮河流域土地利用和气候变化对径流的影响

为定量分析潮河流域土地利用和气候变化对流域径流变化的影响,应用SWAT模型对流域上游至下游的大阁、戴营和下会3个水文站径流进行模拟,采用情景法分析径流对土地利用和气候变化的响应。在模型校准期和验证期采用两个参数:p因子和r因子来评价模拟的拟合度及不确定性。结果表明,3个水文站在校准期和验证期的p因子值分别为:0.70和0.77,0.87和0.82,0.92和0.78,r因子值分别为0.63和0.90,0.97和0.79,0.88和0.92,评价整个流域模拟有效性的模型目标函数g最佳值为0.66,说明该模型对潮河流域的产水量模拟具有很好的适用性。以1981—1990年为基准期,1991—2000年流域土地利用变化造成年径流量减少了4.10 mm,而气候变化导致年径流增加了29.68 mm;2001—2009年土地利用变化造成年径流量减少2.98mm,气候变化造成年径流量减少了14.30 mm。与1999年土地利用条件模拟径流值相比,几种极端情景法模拟分析结果表明:灌木林地情景下年径流增加了158.2%,草地情景下年径流增加了4.1%,林地和耕地情景下年径流分别减少23.7%和41.7%;不同气候变异情景模拟结果显示,径流对降水的变化敏感性高于对温度变化的敏感性,降水每增加10%,径流平均增加23.9%。温度每增加12%,径流平均减少6%。因此,在气候变化背景下,优化土地利用结构与方式是实现流域水资源科学管理的途径之一。     

Ecological implications of climate change will include surprises

In addition to assessing the impacts of CO₂ doubling on environment and society, more consideration is needed to estimate extreme events or surprises. This is particularly important at the intersection of disciplines like climate and ecology because the potential for large discontinuities is high given all the possible climate/biota interactions. The vast disparities in scales encountered by those working in traditional ecology (typically 20 m) and climatology (typically 200 km) make diagnoses of such interactions difficult, but these can be addressed by an emerging research paradigm we call strategic cyclical scaling (SCS). The need to anticipate outlier events and assign them subjective probabilities suggests emphasis on interdisciplinary research associations. The desire to reduce societal vulnerability to such events suggests the need to build adaptive management and diverse economic activities into social organizations. The effectiveness of adaptation responses to anticipated climatic changes is complicated when consideration of transient changes, regional disturbances, large unforseeable natural fluctuations and surprises are considered. Slowing down the rate of disturbances and decreasing vulnerability are advocated as the most prudent responses to the prospect of human-induced climatic changes.     

毕节试验区石漠化时空演变过程和演变特征

基于RS和GIS技术,解译了2000、2005和2010年3期毕节试验区石漠化数据,利用空间分析和数理统计分析方法,在探讨石漠化时空演变总体特征的基础上,选取演变方式、演变方向和演变速率等指标,重点分析了不同石漠化强度之间的内部转移特征,演绎了10年间毕节试验区石漠化演变过程。研究表明:(1)10年间,石漠化总面积呈现先增加后趋稳的演变态势,石漠化扩张趋势虽然初步遏制,但局部地区还在恶化,防治形势仍很严峻;(2)石漠化演变方式以渐变式为主,跳跃式为辅,返变式最少;(3)石漠化演变的方向既存在改善也存在恶化,且轻度改善和轻度恶化的面积均比较大,一边治理、一边破坏的现象还没有根本遏制;(4)非石漠化与石漠化相互转换非常活跃,潜在石漠化虽被定义为非石漠化,但并不稳定,容易转变为石漠化;(5)石漠化演变速率分为转入速率、转出速率和综合速率,中度石漠化综合速率最高,转入速率大于转出速率,潜在石漠化和轻度石漠化是中度石漠化增加的主要来源;(6)石漠化时空演变特征与生态环境建设及社会经济发展具有一定的相关性。该研究成果为喀斯特山区生态环境保护和石漠化防治提供了有益的参考。