刺五加、短梗五加的开花动态及繁育系统的比较研究

野外定位观测刺五加（Eleutherococcus senticosus),短梗五回（E.sessiliflorus)的开花进程,花朵的功能形态特征和开花动态,用杂交指数（OCI）,花粉－胚珠比（P／O）,去雄,套袋,人工授粉等方法分别测定刺五加,短梗五加的繁育系统,结果显示,刺五加种群,短梗五加种群的花期均持续1个月左右,刺五加比短梗五加早开花20d 左右,二均有雄蕊先熟现象,刺五加是单全异株植物,种群内既具有雄性,又具有雌株,还具有两性株,繁育系统主要为异交,需要传粉活动才能完成授粉过程,与刺五加不同,短梗五加仅具两性花,但繁育系统也以异交为主,短梗五加两性花中的雌,雄器官既在空间上分离,又在时间上分离,只能进行同株异花间或异株,异花间传粉才能受精结实。     

野生桂花繁育系统的观察和研究

对湖南省浏阳市周洛村桂花峡、福建省长汀县官坊村石峰寨东北坡和南坡、浙江省龙泉市供村及张公桥和毛圩村6个野生桂花〔Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour.〕居群中桂花单株的性别比例进行了统计,并对单性雄株和两性株的花部雌蕊形态、花粉粒数量和外部形态及花粉在柱头上的萌发情况进行了观察和比较。结果显示:6个居群中雄性比率差异较大(0～0.62),平均值接近0.5;其中,石峰寨东北坡和南坡居群的雄性比率最大(0.62),张公桥居群的雄性比率最小。两性株花的雌蕊发育正常,而单性雄株的花具有退化雌蕊的痕迹。不同居群及个体间每个花药的花粉粒数量存在一定差异,且单性雄株每个花药的花粉粒数量多于两性株,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。单性雄株和两性株的花粉粒形态一致,花粉粒均为长椭圆形、极轴长16μm、具三沟和网状雕纹型表面纹饰;花粉均具有较高活力且均能在柱头上萌发。结合对木犀属(Osmanthus Lour.)其他种类的观察结果认为:桂花的繁育系统应属功能性的雄全异株,这种繁育系统可能为两性同体与雌雄异株间的过渡类型,在木犀属的其他种类中也能观察到雄全异株的存在。     

中国淫羊藿属药用植物花粉特征及其分类学意义

淫羊藿属(Epimedium L.)植物多为常用药材,分类和药材鉴定较为困难。该文采用扫描电镜对中国产淫羊藿属31种药用植物花粉的形态、大小和表面纹饰等进行了比较观察。结果显示:(1)淫羊藿属植物花粉形态多为长球形,少数为球形,大小为(15.5~25.0)×(27.3~48.1)μm,极面观多为三裂圆形,具三孔沟。(2)花粉粒外壁表面纹饰有网状、条网状、条纹状等类型。(3)花粉粒外壁纹饰如网眼的形状、大小和网脊表面特征等在各物种间有一定差异。研究结果为淫羊藿属药材鉴定与植物分类提供了重要的参考。     

滇南风吹楠花粉形态观察

采用光镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对滇南风吹楠的花粉形态进行观察.滇南风吹楠的花粉粒呈单粒存在,远极面观为椭圆形,近极面观大体为三角形,为不等极,两侧对称.花粉粒具一条远极单萌发沟;花粉大小为(15)19.90(21) μm×(20)22.50(25) μm.花粉粒外壁纹饰为网状,网脊平均宽度为0.29 μm;网眼形状不规则...     

12种十字花科植物花粉形态研究

采用扫描电子显微镜对十字花科8属12种植物的花粉形态特征进行了观察分析.其中8种为首次报道.观察结果表明:4族8属12种十字花科植物花粉形态的一般特征为:花粉粒长球形至超长球形;极面观三裂圆形,少数四裂圆形;外壁纹饰为网状或细网状纹饰;三沟,偶四沟.12种植物的花粉可划分为5种类型:(1)花粉粒长球形,网状纹饰,三沟;(2)花粉粒超长球形,网状纹饰,三沟;(3)花粉粒长球形,细网状纹饰,三沟;(4)花粉粒超长球形,细网状纹饰,三沟;(5)花粉粒长球形,三或四沟,网状纹饰.十字花科花粉形态特征在不同族间、不同属间以及同属不同种间均没有明显规律,在十字花科分类过程中,不宜单独以花粉形态特征作为依据.     

刺五加、短梗五加的花蜜分泌节律、花蜜成分及访花者多样性的比较研究

野外定位观测刺五加（Eleutherococcus senticosus）、短梗五加（E.sessiliflorus）的花蜜分泌节律、访花者的多样性,室内分析其花蜜的主要成分。结果表明,刺五加雄株的花杂在开花1－3（4)d分泌花蜜,雌株在开花5－7,6－8或7－9d分泌花蜜;短梗五加以及刺五加两性株的部分花杂,在开花后有两次分泌花蜜的过程：第1次与花药开裂散粉时间一致,第2次与柱头具可授性的时间一致。而且,刺五加和短梗五加都由动物帮助传粉,花蜜分泌的时间与多数访花者的访花时间一致,在一天之中,散出花粉的花朵分泌花蜜的时间早于接受花粉的花杂,这种时间差异应该是植物控制该 花者流向并导致传粉成功的关键。短梗五加与刺五加之间以及刺五加不同性别的植株之间,花蜜的成分及相对含量各有特点,但都以果糖和葡萄糖为主。在刺五加、短梗五加花朵上记录到的访花昆明分别为50余种和40余种,多数隶属于膜翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目和半翅目。其中膜翅目的胡蜂、马蜂、熊蜂,双翅目的食蚜蝇、寄蝇等是刺五加、短梗五加的常见访花者。     

广西野生毛葡萄雌雄株花粉形态学研究

通过电镜扫描,对原产于广西石山地区的野生毛葡萄雌、雄株花粉形态进行比较研究。结果表明,野生毛葡萄花粉粒为小型花粉粒,雌、雄株花粉粒形状及纹饰、萌发孔特征均有较大差异:雄株花粉粒萌发孔为三孔沟类型,长球形,花粉粒P/E=1.20(P极轴值,E赤道轴值);雌株花粉粒无萌发孔,近球形,花粉粒P/E=1.12。     

凤仙花属总状花序组的花粉形态及其分类学意义

总状花序组隶属于凤仙花亚属凤仙花属,以具多花的总状花序、侧生萼片2枚、子房5室、果实为线状圆柱形、种子多数、迈卵形、种皮表面具指状突起等特征区别于该亚属的其他类群。前人对凤仙花花粉形态的研究表明凤仙花属的花粉形态对于属下分类及种间界定具有重要的分类学价值。而对于总状花序组来说,有关花粉形态方面的研究少有报道,为了进一步探讨该组花粉S的形态特征及其分类学意义,该研究应用扫描电镜技术对总状花序组的21种植物的花粉进行了观察。结果表明:总状花序组植物的花粉粒均具4条萌发沟,两侧对称,极面观为矩圆形、长矩圆形或近方形;长赤道面观多为椭圆形至矩圆形,短赤道面观为椭圆形;长、短赤道轴比值多在1.4~2.4范围内;表面具网状纹饰,网眼在花粉粒表面均匀分布或赤道面的网眼较极面观的小,网脊边缘光滑或具波状突起,网眼内具不同密度的颗粒状突起。该组的花粉形态与宏观形态性状相关性较小,但花粉极面观形状、长短赤道轴的比值、网眼的分布、网脊边缘形状、网眼内颗粒物密度等特征具有种水平上的稳定性和特异性,对该组植物种间界定具有重要的意义。     

中国15种变豆菜属植物的花粉形态及系统学分析

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对变豆菜属15种植物的花粉形态进行观察。结果表明,变豆菜属15种植物的花粉大小为（28.51~54.29） μm~（12.23~28.98） μm,极轴与赤道轴比值（Polar axis/Equatorial axis）为1.48~2.46,具三孔沟。花粉粒赤道面观有近矩形、赤道收缩形、长椭圆形等类型,其中近矩形和赤道收缩形占多数;极面观为圆形或三角圆形。在扫描电镜下,其外壁表面纹饰为网状。我们研究结果支持在伞形科变豆菜亚科中,变豆菜属植物的花粉具有中等进化、比较进化的形态特征,花粉形态可为个别物种的分类处理提供孢粉学证据。     

马兰属花粉形态的研究

本文对马兰属９种３变种１变型的花粉形态进行了光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜的观察和初步比较研究。花粉粒为近球形,极面观三裂圆形。具三孔沟。外壁表面具刺状纹饰。不同种类花粉大小和外壁表面纹饰不同,可以作为区分种类的依据或参考。据此,将马形马兰上升为种,羽叶马兰和羽裂叶毡毛马兰合并,甘川紫菀和高茎紫菀划归马兰属。     

山小橘属 (芸香科) 花粉形态及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜（SEM）对芸香科山小橘属（Glycosmis）12个分类群16个样品的花粉形态特征（包括花粉大小、萌发孔及外壁纹饰等）进行了观察研究,其中光叶山小橘（G.craibii var. glabra）、长果山小橘（G.erythrocarpa）、锈毛山小橘（G.esquirolii）、长叶山小橘（G.longifolia）、亮叶山小橘（G.lucida）、海南山小橘（G.montana）、少花山小橘（G.oligantha）、小花山小橘（G.parviflora）和华山小橘（G.pseudoracemos）等9个分类群的花粉形态为首次报道。结果表明,国产山小橘属植物的花粉均为单粒花粉,近球形或长球形,花粉大小范围为(15.90~23.92)×(14.56~22.00)μm,极面观为圆形、三裂圆形或近三角形,极轴与赤道轴比值（P/E）范围为1.03~1.31,均为3孔沟;根据花粉外壁纹饰可以将国产种类划分为条网状、复条网状、条纹-穿孔纹饰以及孔穴状纹饰等四种类型,其中小花山小橘不同来源花粉的外壁纹饰差异较大,至少存在5种类型：(1) 极面穴状,赤面条网状或穿孔,(2) 极面穴状,赤面均匀分布圆形穿孔,(3) 具复条网状,(4) 条网状兼具不规则小穿孔,(5) 条网状兼近圆形穿孔纹饰。研究发现山小橘属植物的花粉形态特征具有较高的多样性,为该属植物的分类及系统学研究提供了可用的孢粉学资料。     

绣球属(Hydrangea L.)及近缘属花粉形态的研究

为深入研究绣球属植物花粉形态的分类学价值和系统学意义,厘清绣球属与近缘属之间的系统发育关系,该文利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,scanning electron microscope)对国产绣球属及其近缘属41种绣球花科(Hydrangeaceae)植物的花粉形态以及表面纹饰进行了观察。结果表明:绣球属及其近缘属的花粉为三孔沟;形状多数为长圆体形或近球体形;赤道面观为椭圆形或圆形;极面观多为圆形,少数为三角形或圆三角形。花粉外壁纹饰可分为网状和孔穴状。网眼内的三级纹饰可分为光滑和具颗粒状突起。根据花粉形状和外壁纹饰类型将上述物种划分为4个组,即花粉的形状为长圆体形,表面纹饰为孔穴纹饰;花粉的形状为长圆体形,表面纹饰为网状纹饰;花粉的形状为近球体形,表面纹饰为孔穴纹饰;花粉的形状为近球体形,表面纹饰为网状纹饰。以上可进一步细分为8个类型。上述表明花粉形态证据可为绣球属及其近缘属的属下分类和种间界定提供重要佐证;但结合前人的系统发育重建分析该属植物花粉形态的系统学意义相对有限,如花粉形态证据对于该属及其近缘种属系统发育树上大支的界定难以提供有力的证据。     

A Study on Pollen Morphology of Tribe Rhamneae (Rhamnaceae)in China

Pollen morphology of 25 Chinese species, representing 6 five genera in the tribe Rhamneae of Rhamnaceae, was examined under LM and SEM. Pollen grains are subspheroidal or suboblate, obtuse-triangular in polar view, 3-colporate, with the polar axis (P)10.4-28.7μm long and equatorial axis (E) 11.3-30.5μm long, P/E = 0.81-1.11. Colpi generally narrow and long, ora lalongate, with two ends connected with the thinned part of exine, forming a H-shape. Four thickenings were observed where colpi and ora cross, but sometimes the thickenings were indistinct or formed a ring. The stratification indistinct. The ornamentation of exine obscure or indistinctly reticulate under LM, but rugulose, short-striate, rugulose-foveolate or reticulate under SEM. The exine ultrastructure of Rhamnus ussuriensis was examined under TEM. It consists of imperforate tectum, granular layer, foot layer and endexine. The tectum is rather thick with uneven surface, while the granular layer is rather thin. A key to the genera based on pollen characteristics is provided and the general pollenmorphology of five genera, i.e. Sageretia, Rhamnus, Hovenia, Colubrina and Alphitonia, is described respectively. Based on pollen size, the four thickenings and the ornamentation, the five genera under study may be distinguished from each other. For example, pollen grains are smaller in Sageretia; the four thickenings are larger and distinct in Hovenia and Alphitonia. However, the ornamentation is short-striate under SEM in Hovenia and Alphitonia, while reticulate in the Colubrina and Rhamnus ( Subgen. Rhamnus) .Two different concepts of Rhamnus exist among taxonomists. Heppeler and Suessenguth divided Rhamnus into two subgenera (Subgen. Frangula and Subgen. Rhamnus), whereas Grubov separated Subgen. Frangula from Rhamnus as an independent genus. According to the pollen morphology, the separationis reasonable.     

中国大蒜芥族植物花粉形态的研究

对中国大蒜芥族10属14种植物花粉形态分别进行了光镜和扫描电镜下的观察研究。结果表明该族花粉形态可划分为4种类型：（1）具3沟,超长球形,网状纹饰,外壁2层;（2）具3沟,超长球形,细网状纹饰,外壁1层;（3）具3沟（偶4沟）,长球形,网状纹饰,外壁2层;（4）具6沟,长球形,网状纹饰,外壁2层。因此,中国大蒜芥族的花粉形态多样性程度较高,说明了它不是一个自然类群,是一个多系类群,这与前人研究结果相一致。另外,本文首次报道十字花科锥果芥属植物具6沟花粉,具6沟花粉在十字花科中极为特殊,所以作者将锥果芥属提升为族级,另立新族,即锥果芥族（Tribe Berteroelleae F．Z．Li,G．Y．Tang ＆ Z．Y．Sun,trib．nov．）。     

Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. （Parnassiaceae） and Its Systematic Implications

The pollen morphology of 28 species of Parnassia L. was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of pollen grains in this genus varies from subspheroidal to prolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in the polar view. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate or syntricolporate, with reticulate sculpture. The pollen characteristics among species are fairly similar to each other. Morphological information regarding the pollen grains shows that Parnassia is a natural genus. Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, three types of pollen grains were recognized: (i) type I, with foveolate-reticulate sculpture; (ii) type II, with a finely reticulate sculpture; and (iii) type III, with a coarsely reticulate sculpture. Most sections of this genus have one type of sculpture of pollen morphology, but Sect. Nectarotrilobos has three types of sculpture and Sect.Saxifragastrum has two types of sculpture. All three types of sculpture can be found in Southwest China,with species with the longest (Parnassia delavayi Franch.) and shortest (Parnassiafaberi Oliv.) colpi,implying that Southwest China is the center of diversification of the genus.     

樱属花粉形态研究

本文对樱属(Cerasus)9个种和变种的花粉形态进行光学显微镜观察,并结合电镜观察结果进行初步比较。结果表明,樱属花粉的极面观为圆形或近三裂圆形,赤道面观为椭圆形,三孔沟,外壁纹饰多为条纹状。属内特征基本一致,但种间存在着花粉大小、外壁纹饰的细微差别。     

Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. (Parnassiaceae) and Its Systematic Implications

The pollen morphology of 28 species of Parnassia L. was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of pollen grains in this genus varies from subspheroidal to prolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in the polar view. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate or syntricolporate, with reticulate sculpture. The pollen characteristics among species are fairly similar to each other. Morphological information regarding the pollen grains shows that Parnassia is a natural genus. Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, three types of pollen grains were recognized: (i) type Ⅰ, with foveolate-reticulate sculpture; (ii) type Ⅱ, with a finely reticulate sculpture; and (iii) type Ⅲ, with a coarsely reticulate sculpture. Most sections of this genus have one type of sculpture of pollen morphology, but Sect. Nectarotrilobos has three types of sculpture and Sect.Saxifragastrum has two types of sculpture. All three types of sculpture can be found in Southwest China,with species with the longest (Parnassia delavayi Franch.) and shortest (Parnassia faberi Oliv.) colpi,implying that Southwest China is the center of diversification of the genus.     

东北杜鹃花属植物花粉形态的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对东北杜鹃花属(Rhododendron Linn.)6种, 1变种, 1变型的花粉形态进行了观察和比较研究。该属花粉粒均为四合花粉。四合花粉呈正四面体排列。花粉粒近球形。每粒花粉均具3沟,在四合花粉粒上,相邻花粉粒上的沟相接,有些种可见沟内的萌发孔。光镜下可见花粉外壁为内外两层,厚度约相等。不同的种在花粉粒大小上有区别。在扫描电镜下观察可见不同的种花粉表面具有不同的纹饰。即该属在花粉形态上具有种的特性。     

Studies on the Pollen Morphology of Trapa from Zhejiang

In the present work, pollen grains of 9 species of Trapa L. from Zhejiang were examined under LM and SEM. They are subsphaeroidal or subprolate, obtuse-triangular in polar view, elliptic or subrounded in equatorial view, and 3-colpate. In the equatorial area, there are three ridge-shaped appendages which elongates along apertures toward two poles and ultimately combined, the ornamentation of other part of exine is minute-verrucate. The genus Trapa is uniform in shape of pollen grains, type and position of apertures and ornamentation of exine, while differentiation can be found in size of pollen grains and shape of ridge-shaped appendage. All of these provide valuable evidence for the classification of Trapa and the verification of their affinities. The validity of Trapaceae, the evolutionarytrends of pollen morphology and the affinities of some species are discussed in this paper.     

中国芸香科植物的花粉形态

本文用光学显微镜对我国21属52种2变种芸香科(Rutaceae)植物的花粉形态进行了详细地观察研究,其中对6属6种进行了扫描电镜观察。本科花粉具沟孔,是花粉单类型的科之一。根据萌发孔的数目和外壁纹饰特点,本文将芸香科的花粉分为具3孔沟和4-6孔沟两个花粉类型,并根据各属花粉形态特征,作出了花粉形态分属检索表。此外,本文还对花椒(Zanthoxylum L.)和Fagara两属的合并问题及花椒与吴茱萸(Evodia Scop.)两属之间的亲缘关系等问题进行了讨论。