植物应答非生物胁迫的蛋白质组学研究进展

逆境对植物的生长发育产生不利影响,植物在长期适应环境中演化出了相应的机制。蛋白质是基因表达的最终产物,是细胞生命活动的基础,在逆境条件下,许多与逆境相关的蛋白质表达量发生变化。蛋白质组学技术的发展为鉴定和研究逆境响应相关蛋白提供了手段,为阐述逆境应答分子机理提供了重要的依据。本综述根据近年来采用蛋白质组学研究植物应答非生物胁迫(干旱,高盐和低温)的结果,总结并讨论了不同逆境下蛋白表达的组织特异性特点,旨在为理解植物的逆境胁迫响应机制提供更多信息。     

基因芯片研究植物逆境基因表达新进展

逆境胁迫影响植物的正常生长, 导致作物减产, 甚至绝收。提高作物的抗逆性一直是作物遗传育种学家追求的目标, 大量研究也正试图揭示这一复杂的生物学机制。传统的从生理生化水平到单一基因的研究都难以揭示植物复杂的抗逆机制, 而基因芯片(Gene chip)的应用使得这一目标成为了可能, 基因芯片从整个转录水平入手, 能够揭示大量基因的表达和调控情况, 同时结合蛋白质组学和代谢组学的研究方法, 将基因定位于代谢途径的某个位置, 寻找逆境胁迫响应的关键基因, 完善植物逆境胁迫响应的分子网络, 为今后利用生物技术手段提高作物抗逆境胁迫能力提供依据。文章主要对近年来基因芯片在植物逆境胁迫基因表达研究中的进展进行了综述。     

沙冬青属植物响应非生物胁迫的蛋白质组学研究进展

沙冬青属植物具有抗寒、抗旱、抗盐碱等特性,是研究植物逆境胁迫和筛选天然抗逆基因库的理想材料。非生物胁迫是限制沙冬青属植物生长发育及地理分布的重要因素,研究沙冬青属植物响应非生物胁迫的蛋白质组学为发掘其相关抗逆蛋白质及探索抗逆机理奠定基础。通过对近年来国内外利用蛋白质组学技术研究沙冬青属植物应答逆境胁迫的相关成果进行总结归纳,综述沙冬青属植物对低温、干旱、高盐等非生物胁迫响应的蛋白质组学最新研究进展,探讨在非生物胁迫下沙冬青属植物蛋白质水平的动态变化,揭示特定的蛋白质网络以及相关逆境应答机制,并对蛋白质组学技术应用前景进行展望,以期为沙冬青属植物抗逆分子机制更深入、全面的研究提供参考依据。     

蛋白质组学在植物逆境胁迫研究中的进展

蛋白质组学是后基因组时代研究的热点领域之一,自从蛋白质组这个概念被提出以来,其研究一直受到广泛关注,其研究技术也有了极大地进步。植物时刻都面临各种非生物胁迫,包括干旱、冷、盐、金属等,在长期进化过程中,植物形成独特的机制来响应逆境,然而目前对于植物如何适应逆境的分子机制尚未完全阐明。因此蛋白质组学作为一种强有力的研究技术手段,将为研究植物响应胁迫的分子机制提供理论支撑。介绍了蛋白质组学的产生背景、研究技术手段及植物在各种胁迫条件下的蛋白质组学研究、植物亚细胞器的蛋白质组学研究状况,同时对植物蛋白质组学的发展前景进行了展望。     

植物非组蛋白赖氨酸乙酰化修饰的蛋白质组学研究进展

蛋白质赖氨酸乙酰化是植物中普遍存在的重要蛋白质翻译后修饰过程。过去的研究主要集中在染色体组蛋白的乙酰化修饰及其调控机制。目前,随着定量乙酰化蛋白质组学技术的发展,大量非组蛋白赖氨酸乙酰化修饰被发现,其在植物中存在的普遍性及其生理功能的重要性也随之凸显。非组蛋白赖氨酸乙酰化修饰在植物不同组织、器官和细胞器中大量存在,广泛参与植物生长发育的各种代谢过程的调控,并在植物应答和适应逆境胁迫中发挥作用。综述了近年来植物非组蛋白赖氨酸乙酰化修饰的蛋白质组学研究进展,阐明乙酰化修饰在植物不同组织和亚细胞中的分布特征以及在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应中的作用,并阐述乙酰化修饰与其他蛋白质翻译后修饰的交互作用,最后对未来的研究进行展望和讨论。     

蛋白质组学研究揭示的植物根盐胁迫响应机制

植物根是感知外界盐胁迫信号的首要器官。近年来,人们利用高通量的差异表达蛋白质组学技术,分析了水稻(Oryzasativa)、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、大豆(Glycine max)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)、木榄(Bruguieragymnorhiza)和匍匐翦股颖(Agrostis stolonifera)等植物根应答盐胁迫过程中蛋白质组的动态变化特征。通过整合植物根响应盐胁迫蛋白质组学研究结果,揭示了植物根部响应盐胁迫的多种调节机制,包括:利用多种信号通路与蛋白质磷酸化/去磷酸化感知并传递盐胁迫信号;通过膜蛋白与转运蛋白调节离子吸收/外排与区室化;通过抗氧化酶系统活性清除活性氧,并通过合成多种渗透调节物质与防御物质减轻细胞受到的伤害;通过改变参与糖类与能量代谢相关酶的表达调节能量代谢水平;通过细胞骨架动态重塑保持正常的细胞结构、物质运输与信息传递;通过转录、翻译与翻译后调控调节各种蛋白质的动态变化与相互作用;通过调控各种基础代谢与次生代谢水平保持细胞结构与代谢状态正常。     

植物逆境胁迫抗性的功能基因组研究策略

植物对逆境胁迫抗性的功能基因组研究主要是寻找胁迫抗性位点在相关物种基因组中的保守位置,发现胁迫反应中的高度保守序列,确定植物胁迫反应的调控机理,进而得到植物对逆境胁迫抗性的关键代谢途径和其中的关键调控因子,为进一步选择用于改良植物对逆境胁迫抗性的关键基因奠定基础。本文从主要模式植物(苔藓类植物、复苏植物、盐土植物和甜土植物)、主要技术策略(基因的差异表达分析、基因表达序列标签、cDNA芯片技术。基因表达序列分析和基因敲除和突变体筛选分析)和生物信息学方法(数据分析的生物信息学方法设计到序列比较、比较基因组学、电子克隆)等三个方面对国内外植物逆境胁迫抗性的功能基因组研究策略作了全面综述。     

植物逆境miRNA研究进展

包括生物和非生物在内的多种逆境胁迫是植物正常生长和作物产量提高的重要限制性因素。植物在长期的进化过程中, 通过诱导表达某些抵御或防卫途径的关键基因来实现对胁迫的响应。研究表明, 逆境胁迫不仅会诱导植物蛋白质编码基因的表达, 也会诱导一些非蛋白质编码基因的表达, 这类非蛋白质编码基因的表达产物在植物的生长、发育和应对逆境胁迫等过程中起到重要的调控作用。miRNA(小分子RNA)就是这类非蛋白质编码基因产物中的重要类群, 研究发现, 多种逆境均会诱导miRNA的产生, 其作用是通过引导目的基因mRNA的降解和阻止翻译过程来调控靶基因, 最终通过形态或生理上的变化达到对逆境的适应。文章主要对植物逆境胁迫下miRNA的研究, 特别是逆境胁迫诱导miRNA的产生、靶基因调控以及miRNA在植物适应逆境胁迫过程中的作用进行了综述, 同时, 文章还对在逆境胁迫下植物miRNA的研究方法进行了初步的探讨。     

植物质膜蛋白质组的逆境应答研究进展

质膜作为原生质体与外界环境的屏障, 除了维持正常的细胞内稳态和营养状况, 还参与感知和应答各种环境胁迫。近年来, 植物质膜蛋白质组学研究为深入分析植物应答不同生物和非生物胁迫的分子机制提供了重要信息, 已经报道了模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和水稻(Oryza sativa)等10种植物质膜应对生物胁迫(白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)感染)与非生物胁迫(冷、盐、水淹、渗透、高pH值、Fe缺乏及过量、氮素、脱落酸、壳聚糖和壳寡糖)过程的蛋白质丰度模式变化。通过整合分析植物质膜响应逆境的蛋白质组学研究结果, 揭示了质膜在植物应答逆境胁迫过程中的重要作用。植物通过调节转运蛋白、通道蛋白及膜泡运输相关蛋白的丰度变化促进细胞内外的信号传递、物质交换与运输; 同时利用膜相关的G蛋白、Ca²⁺信号、磷酸肌醇信号途径及BR信号途径等多种信号通路, 通过蛋白质可逆磷酸化作用感知和传递胁迫信号, 调节植物抵御胁迫。研究结果为从蛋白质水平认识质膜逆境应答分子调控机制提供了新线索。     

利用蛋白质组学技术揭示的植物高温胁迫响应机制

高温是限制植物生长和产量的主要非生物胁迫因子.近年来,蛋白质组学研究为我们从系统生物学水平深入认识植物高温胁迫应答的复杂的分子机制提供了重要信息.目前,已经分析了模式植物拟南芥、主要粮食作物(大豆、水稻和小麦)、耐热植物(匍匐剪股颖、马齿苋、假虎刺),以及野生毛葡萄、胡杨、苜蓿、半夏等应答高温胁迫过程中的蛋白质组变化特征.这些研究共鉴定到838种响应高温胁迫的蛋白质,其中534种蛋白质表达受到高温诱导,304种蛋白质表达受到抑制.本文整合分析了上述植物在应对不同程度高温胁迫(30～45 ℃处理0～10 d)时蛋白质表达模式的变化特征,为解释高温胁迫应答网络体系中重要的信号与代谢通路(如：信号转导、胁迫防御、糖类与能量代谢、光合作用、转录、蛋白质合成与命运、膜与转运等)的变化提供了证据和线索,为深入认识植物应答高温胁迫的分子调控机制奠定了坚实的基础.     

MutS HOMOLOG1 is a nucleoid protein that alters mitochondrial and plastid properties and plant response to high light

Mitochondrial-plastid interdependence within the plant cell is presumed to be essential, but measurable demonstration of this intimate interaction is difficult. At the level of cellular metabolism, several biosynthetic pathways involve both mitochondrial- and plastid-localized steps. However, at an environmental response level, it is not clear how the two organelles intersect in programmed cellular responses. Here, we provide evidence, using genetic perturbation of the MutS Homolog1 (MSH1) nuclear gene in five plant species, that MSH1 functions within the mitochondrion and plastid to influence organellar genome behavior and plant growth patterns. The mitochondrial form of the protein participates in DNA recombination surveillance, with disruption of the gene resulting in enhanced mitochondrial genome recombination at numerous repeated sequences. The plastid-localized form of the protein interacts with the plastid genome and influences genome stability and plastid development, with its disruption leading to variegation of the plant. These developmental changes include altered patterns of nuclear gene expression. Consistency of plastid and mitochondrial response across both monocot and dicot species indicate that the dual-functioning nature of MSH1 is well conserved. Variegated tissues show changes in redox status together with enhanced plant survival and reproduction under photooxidative light conditions, evidence that the plastid changes triggered in this study comprise an adaptive response to naturally occurring light stress.     

NaCI胁迫对转基因杨树外源基因表达的影响

以具高抗虫性的转抗虫基因‘74l杨’及在此基础上转入了发根农杆菌融质粒T-DNA株系的组培苗为材料,研究了转基因株系BtCrylAc抗虫基因和发根基因的表达及其对NaCI胁迫的反应。结果表明,转入Ri质粒T-DNA上的rol基因后,导致苗木根系数目增加,根系长度减小,IAA和GA含量显著提高,抗虫BtCrylAc基因编码的毒蛋白的表达量降低;随着NaCI胁迫强度的增加,苗高、根系数量、叶绿素含量及IAA、GA含量逐步降低,而根系的长度加大,Bt毒蛋白含量显著提高,表明NaCI胁迫使转基因杨外源Bt毒蛋白基因的表达增强,而发根农杆菌．Ri质粒T-DNA的表达下降。     

Strategy of transcription regulation in the budding yeast

Cells must adjust their gene expression in order to compete in a constantly changing environment. Two alternative strategies could in principle ensure optimal coordination of gene expression with physiological requirements. First, characters of the internal physiological state, such as growth rate, metabolite levels, or energy availability, could be feedback to tune gene expression. Second, internal needs could be inferred from the external environment, using evolutionary-tuned signaling pathways. Coordination of ribosomal biogenesis with the requirement for protein synthesis is of particular importance, since cells devote a large fraction of their biosynthetic capacity for ribosomal biogenesis. To define the relative contribution of internal vs. external sensing to the regulation of ribosomal biogenesis gene expression in yeast, we subjected S. cerevisiae cells to conditions which decoupled the actual vs. environmentally-expected growth rate. Gene expression followed the environmental signal according to the expected, but not the actual, growth rate. Simultaneous monitoring of gene expression and growth rate in continuous cultures further confirmed that ribosome biogenesis genes responded rapidly to changes in the environments but were oblivious to longer-term changes in growth rate. Our results suggest that the capacity to anticipate and prepare for environmentally-mediated changes in cell growth presented a major selection force during yeast evolution.     

Mammalian PASKIN, a PAS-serine/threonine kinase related to bacterial oxygen sensors.

The PAS domain is a versatile protein fold found in many archaeal, bacterial, and plant proteins capable of sensing environmental changes in light intensity, oxygen concentration, and redox potentials. The oxygen sensor FixL from Rhizobium species contains a heme-bearing PAS domain and a histidine kinase domain that couples sensing to signaling. We identified a novel mammalian PAS protein (PASKIN) containing a domain architecture resembling FixL. PASKIN is encoded by an evolutionarily conserved single-copy gene which is ubiquitously expressed. The human PASKIN and mouse Paskin genes show a conserved intron-exon structure and share their promoter regions with another ubiquitously expressed gene that encodes a regulator of protein phosphatase-1. The 144-kDa PASKIN protein contains a PAS region homologous to the FixL PAS domain and a serine/threonine kinase domain which might be involved in signaling. Thus, PASKIN is likely to function as a mammalian PAS sensor protein.     

植物蛋白质翻译后修饰组学研究进展

蛋白质翻译后修饰(Protein post-translational modification,PTMs)是一种重要的细胞调控机制,通过在蛋白质的氨基酸侧链上共价结合一些化学小分子基团来调节蛋白质的活性、结构、定位和蛋白质间的互作关系,从而精细调控蛋白质生物学功能的动态变化。PTMs是植物对环境变化最快、最早的反应之一,是植物蛋白质组多样性的关键机制,在植物生长发育和对环境适应中起重要作用。主要介绍了近年来植物磷酸化、乙酰化、琥珀酰化、糖基化、泛素化、巴豆酰化、S-亚硝基化及2-羟基异丁酰化等PTMs研究进展,旨为认识植物PTMs的关键生物学功能和研究前景提供参考。     

Receptor-like protein kinases: the keys to response

Plants are constantly challenged by changes in temperature, light, nutrient conditions, and exposure to pathogens and by other fluctuations in their environment. The molecular basis of how plants respond to these external factors is an active area of investigation. Plant cells often use receptors at the cell surface to sense environmental changes, and then transduce this information via activated signaling pathways to trigger adaptive responses. In Arabidopsis, the receptor-like protein kinase (RLK) gene family contains more than 600 members, many of which are likely to respond to the external challenges presented by an ever-changing environment. RLKs are involved in hormonal response pathways, cell differentiation, plant growth and development, self-incompatibility, and symbiont and pathogen recognition.     

The chloroplast triggers developmental reprogramming when mutS HOMOLOG1 is suppressed in plants

Multicellular eukaryotes demonstrate nongenetic, heritable phenotypic versatility in their adaptation to environmental changes. This inclusive inheritance is composed of interacting epigenetic, maternal, and environmental factors. Yet-unidentified maternal effects can have a pronounced influence on plant phenotypic adaptation to changing environmental conditions. To explore the control of phenotypy in higher plants, we examined the effect of a single plant nuclear gene on the expression and transmission of phenotypic variability in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). MutS HOMOLOG1 (MSH1) is a plant-specific nuclear gene product that functions in both mitochondria and plastids to maintain genome stability. RNA interference suppression of the gene elicits strikingly similar programmed changes in plant growth pattern in six different plant species, changes subsequently heritable independent of the RNA interference transgene. The altered phenotypes reflect multiple pathways that are known to participate in adaptation, including altered phytohormone effects for dwarfed growth and reduced internode elongation, enhanced branching, reduced stomatal density, altered leaf morphology, delayed flowering, and extended juvenility, with conversion to perennial growth pattern in short days. Some of these effects are partially reversed with the application of gibberellic acid. Genetic hemicomplementation experiments show that this phenotypic plasticity derives from changes in chloroplast state. Our results suggest that suppression of MSH1, which occurs under several forms of abiotic stress, triggers a plastidial response process that involves nongenetic inheritance.