戴云山黄山松群落主要树种更新生态位研究

为探讨戴云山黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis)群落的分化与动态更新,采用改进的更新生态位宽度和更新生态位重叠公式研究黄山松群落主要树种的更新生态位。结果表明,不同物种对空间资源的利用存在差异,不同物种具有不同的更新生态位宽度,物种间的更新生态位重叠值也不同。在群落乔木层,黄山松的更新生态宽度最大,因此,黄山松在群落中占优势地位。黄山松与其它物种的更新生态位重叠值主要在0.1~0.39之间,表明黄山松与其它树种存在共用资源利用谱。黄山松与窄基红褐柃(Eurya rubiginosa)和短尾越桔(Vaccinium carlesii)的更新生态位重叠值较大,与这些物种的竞争和排斥作用明显,不利于黄山松幼苗和幼树更新,因此建议采用人工抚育措施并加强保护,提高黄山松幼苗和幼树的成活率,使群落处于稳定状态。     

戴云山黄山松群落与环境的关联

基于戴云山黄山松群落类型31个样地(20 m×20 m)野外调查,筛选4个地形因子和11个土壤环境因子,采用除趋势典范对应分析法(DCCA)探讨黄山松群落分布格局与环境之间的关联,定量分析环境因子间相互关系及其对黄山松群落格局的影响。结果表明:(1)DCCA第一排序轴主要反映黄山松群落的海拔变化,第二轴主要反映坡向变化,即沿第二轴从上到下,坡向越朝向阳坡,黄山松群落分布越明显。(2)DCCA表明第一轴与海拔的相关系数达0.5570,即海拔是黄山松群落分布起着决定性作用的环境因子,呈现海拔越高,黄山松优势种群越显著,在海拔1400-1600 m表现突出。(3)黄山松群落主要物种在DCCA排序图的相对位置,反映坡向、坡位、有机质、人为干扰因素是影响黄山松群落分布的重要因素。(4)DCCA排序图中黄山松群落种类排序轴与环境排序轴的相关系数高于DCA,且消除CCA的 "弓形效应",更能凸显海拔、有机质等环境因子对黄山松群落的影响,即黄山松群落与环境因子之间关联以DCCA排序方法为最佳。     

庐山黄山松种群结构及数量动态研究

庐山黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis)广泛分布于海拔800 m以上至山顶地段,在庐山现存植被中占有非常重要的地位。为了更好地了解黄山松在庐山的更新和演替情况,该文通过对庐山黄山松种群的调查,以种群径级结构代替年龄结构,采用"空间代时间"的分析方法,编制庐山黄山松种群的静态生命表,结合种群结构动态指数、时间序列平均推移法模型等方法对黄山松的种群结构和数量动态进行了分析。结果表明:(1)庐山黄山松种群结构呈纺锤形,幼龄和老龄个体数量较少,中龄个体多,目前处于比较稳定的阶段。(2)黄山松种群死亡高峰出现在第8龄级,个体平均期望寿命第2龄级最大,种群存活曲线属于Deevey-Ⅰ型。(3)随着时间的推移,老龄个体逐渐增多,小径级出现缺失,种群表现出衰退趋势。建议在保护区经营和管理的过程中,对黄山松林进行适当的人工抚育,补植一些适宜的落叶阔叶树种,以丰富该地区的树种多样性以及群落结构。     

合成革主要化学污染物对黄山松生理生态特性的浓度效应研究

合成革工业生产用溶剂二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)和甲苯(TOL)对中国经济发达地区的森林植被造成严重污染, 亟待探明其对树木生理生态特性的影响。该文研究了不同浓度DMF和TOL对黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis)生理生态特性的影响: 低浓度DMF可使黄山松可溶性总糖和谷胱甘肽含量上升, 随着DMF浓度的升高, 黄山松可溶性总糖含量和总抗氧化能力下降, 可溶性蛋白质和丙二醛(MDA)含量上升, 开始产生毒害效应; TOL浓度较低时可以促进黄山松叶绿素的合成, 随着TOL浓度的上升, 黄山松叶绿素含量开始下降, 不过可溶性总糖、可溶性蛋白的含量开始增高, 总抗氧化能力增强, MDA含量下降, 提示此时黄山松已经受到胁迫; 当TOL升高到一定浓度时, 黄山松叶绿素含量明显减少, 总抗氧化能力减弱, MDA含量上升, 毒害效应开始显现; DMF和TOL合用可能产生一定的拮抗效应, 低浓度时TOL的促进作用受到抑制, 随着污染物浓度的上升, 黄山松所受影响和受DMF影响相似, 不过污染物达到一定浓度时, MDA含量显著升高, 毒害效应比DMF单独使用时明显。结果显示: 尽管黄山松对低浓度化学污染有一定的耐受能力, 但过高浓度的化学污染将对黄山松的健康生长构成威胁。     

马尾松与黄山松

高中《生物》第七章“生物与环境”中讲到:“马尾松分布于海拔1,000——1,200米以下;如果高于这个界限,则会被黄山松所代替。”这是海拔高度影响植物分布的一个实例。那么,黄山松与马尾松有什么区别呢?下面笔者就对此作一简介,以供读者在教学或野外实习时参考。马尾松(Pinus.massonianaLamb)又称青松、山松等。黄山松(Pinus.taiwanensis Hayata)又称台湾松、长穗松、台湾二针松等。它们均属于裸子植物门,松柏纲,松科,松属,双维管亚属。在三十年代,一些国外学者曾将黄山、庐山、天目山的黄山松定名为油松,1936年夏纬英根据其具有“树脂道中生”等稳定性状曾定名为黄山松(Pinus.     

话说黄山松

<正>中国古人称黄山"无峰不石,无石不松,无松不奇"。黄山松作为我国特有树种,自发现以来一直受到国内外学者的广泛关注。分类学、形态解剖学、遗传学和生态学等学科的专家学者先后来到黄山对黄山松展开了较为深入的研究,对其分类是否区别油松、台湾松和琉球松等树种更是争论不休。20世纪30年代以前,国内外一些学者曾把安徽黄山、江西庐江和浙江天目山等地海拔     

黄山松年轮生长和气候的关系

对黄山山顶面区黄山松林分中个体年轮生长规律进行了研究,分析了黄山松年轮生长的特点．求算不同年龄阶段的个体年轮生长的时间模型,建立年轮指数,通过与各相关气候因子的逐步回归,最终获得黄山松年轮指数与气候因子的相关方程,为研究黄山松的生长及建立黄山地区气候的历史变化提供了基础资料．分析表明,黄山地区黄山松具有较宽范围的年轮敏感度（ＭＳ）．其年轮生长模型揭示,影响直径生长主要因子是生长当年＞１０℃积温期间的太阳辐射,其次为积温,与降水量无显著相关性;当年４月份的气候因子与年轮生长有显著相关关系．年轮生长与当年４、７月的辐射呈正相关,与当年４月平均气温呈负相关．当年４月降水与年轮生长有一定关系,但其相关性不十分显著．     

黄山松的分类学研究

通过形态解剖学到分子生物学的对比实验。研究结果表明黄山松(Pinus hwangshanensis Hsia)和台湾松(Pinus taiwanensis Hay ate)两者在形态上虽然有相似之处;但染色体特征不同,随机扩增DNA多态性分析(RAPD分析)显示两者的遗传距离很远,甚至大于黄山松和马尾松之间的遗传距离。结论是台湾松和黄山松决非同一种系,应恢复黄山松(Pinus hwangshanensis Hsia)的合法性。     

西天目山黄山松阔叶林的冠层干扰与动态推测

根据年龄结构和直径生长图分析研究了浙江省西天目山黄山松阔叶混交林的冠层干扰年表和发展动态。结果表明黄山松在该林地的定居发生在１８６１－１８８０年之间,黄山松定居３０－４０年后,其他阔叶树开妈在林下萌发生长,形成目前的黄山阔叶混交林,该林浆被阔叶叶树取代。     

浙江九龙山自然保护区黄山松种群冰雪灾害干扰及其受灾影响因子分析

2008年1-2月间, 我国南方广大地区遭受了50年一遇的重大冰雪灾害, 对我国南方林区造成了巨大的损害。浙江九龙山国家级自然保护区黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis)人工林也在此次冰雪灾害中遭到重大损失。针对保护区内黄山松人工林种群的地理分布和受灾特点, 沿海拔梯度设置了6 000 m²的具有代表性的样地, 对其受灾情况进行调查, 分析了不同胸径(DBH)、树高、冠幅等林木特征下的黄山松抵御冰雪灾害能力的差异, 并对不同海拔的黄山松受灾情况进行了比较。结果表明: 1) 九龙山黄山松种群受灾严重, 除树干弯曲外, 其他不同受灾类型的植株在种群中均有出现, 且以断冠植株为最多。2) 黄山松对冰雪灾害的抵御能力与林木大小有关, 断大枝和断冠易发生在相对较粗和高的植株当中; 较为细小和低矮的植株则容易被断干和掘根; 冻死植株以幼树居多, 其DBH和树高显著小于其他受灾类型植株。3) 不同冠幅的黄山松植株受灾类型存在很大差异, 冠幅越大, 植株受灾越严重, 掘根和断干在冠幅较大的植株中较为常见。4) 尖削度、树冠相对高度和不均匀程度对黄山松抵御冰雪灾害也具有较大影响, 尖削度小、树冠较高且不均匀的植株受灾较重。5) 海拔较高处黄山松受灾严重, 断干和掘根植株主要分布在825-850 m的高海拔区间内。     

黄山松群落林隙光能效应与黄山松的更新

研究安徽黄山海拔１４００～１６００ｍ垂直带自草甸发育的黄山松林分的林隙,采用林隙周边树木年轮生长序列分析方法来推测林隙形成的时间,结果表明林隙形成与更新发生的时间基本相近。通过对林隙太阳辐射日变化的动态观测,建立了林隙中不同接受辐射总量及光合有效辐射与林冠空隙面积、扩展林隙面积、扩展林隙上方树冠郁闭状况的相关模型。结果表明,在观测时间段内,林隙中心点的总辐射量与光合有效辐射分别为全光照条件的９０％     

六盘山区辽东栎的实生苗更新及其影响因子

研究了六盘山区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)灌丛的种子产量、土壤种子库组成、湿沙和风干贮藏对种子寿命的影响以及动物取食子叶对种子萌发和幼苗建立的影响。结果表明, 辽东栎灌丛种子的完好率为27.51%, 被动物取食或搬运种子的比例(41.51%)显著高于其他类型种子(p < 0.01); 辽东栎次生林土壤种子库中萌发和虫蛀种子分别占35.16%和38.29%, 完好种子仅占13.65%, 捕食动物主要通过贮藏或搬运而影响土壤种子库中的种子密度。湿沙贮藏60天的辽东栎种子自动萌发率高达96.67%, 短期贮藏可加快种子的萌发进程, 提高萌发率和萌发指数, 但随着贮藏时间的延长, 种子萌发进程延迟, 萌发率、萌发指数和活力指数均不同程度地降低。排除动物取食处理的幼苗在林窗和林下生境的存活率分别为80%和83%, 而不排除动物取食幼苗在2种生境中分别仅有25%和31%能够存活, 表明子叶在幼苗建立中具有重要作用。林窗中幼苗子叶的动物取食率(85.00%)高于林下(71.00%), 子叶留存的幼苗在林窗中的存活率(6.00%)低于林下(15.50%), 而子叶被取食幼苗的存活率在两种环境中基本相等(分别为18.50%和18.00%)。     

Seed dispersal of the Korean pine,Pinus koraiensis,by the red squirrel,Sciurus vulgaris

Seed hoarding behavior of the red squirrel,Sciurus vulgaris, was studied in relation to the amount of dispersed seeds of the Korean pine,Pinus koraiensis, and the distribution of its seedlings. After removing a cone from a tree, squirrels sat on the ground and ripped off its cone scales before transporting it. A mean of 3.2 seeds were scatter-hoarded per hole. Of 7.7×10⁴ mature seeds produced in a 0.21 ha planted Korean pine forest, 22% were estimated to be directly eaten by four squirrels, 9% were hoarded by them in the pine forest and 65% were cached outside the forest. Squirrels rediscovered hoarded seeds frequently, until the ground was covered with snow, during the period from snow fall until seed germination the next spring, few hoarded seeds were utilized. Korean pine seedlings were found up to 600 m from their mother trees. Scatter-hoarding by squirrels extensively contributes to seed dispersal to places suitable for the regeneration of the Korean pine. The large size of the cone, the absciss-layer at the cone penduncle, the infrequent dehiscence of cone scales, the large and wingless seeds, and the thick seed-coats have probably all been specialized to facilitate utilization by GenusSciurus.     

Natural regeneration of Pinus resinosa on burned and unburned sites in Newfoundland

Abstract. Natural regeneration of Pinus resinosa (red pine) seedlings around mature trees was studied in burned and unburned stands. Growth inhibitory effects of the forest organic matter on red pine seedlings was tested by a stair-step experiment using leachate of forest soil monoliths and also by a seed germination bio-assay using forest floor substrates. To test if higher burning temperatures can remove the allelopathic effects of red pine-Kalmia organic matter, a laboratory bio-assay was conducted by germinating red pine seeds on the organic matter burned at 200, 400, 600 and 800°C. Deposition of dry needles and a thick duff layer under red pine stands affected seedling establishment. Red pine seedling establishment increased with the decreasing thickness of duff layer away from the stump of the seed-bearing trees. Wildfire helped in removing the duff layer and increased seedling establishment. A high fuel load within a 0 - 1 m radius around the tree stump caused a deep burn of the organic matter including part of the soil seed reserve. On a burned-over surface, more seedlings established in a band between 1 and 2 m around the stump than inside and outside the band. Primary root growth of red pine was severely inhibited when the seedlings were grown in unburned forest floor organic matter where Kalmia was the principal understory species. Water leachate of a Pinus resinosa-Kalmia soil monolith was inhibitory to red pine seedling growth. In greenhouse conditions, the seedlings grew well in burned-over soil from a Pinus resinosa stand. Burned organic matter from a red pine forest showed an increase in pH with a burning temperature of 600°C. Primary root growth of red pine seedlings was similarly increased with increasing temperature up to 600°C; at higher temperatures the root length of seedlings did not increase any further.     

红松阔叶林中红松种子的分布及更新

天然阔叶红松林的红松种子经过动物活动的处理,在林内呈四个层次的垂直分布．其中在地被物下是以簇状埋藏着,数量相当多,尤其在红松密林中高大树木的周围,这些簇状分布的种子成为红松天然更新的基础。在次生阔叶林中红松种子埋藏量则很小。而埋藏位置与红松幼苗适生生境的不吻合是红松天然更新的主要障碍。     

动物与红松天然更新关系的研究综述

红松球果成熟后,种子自身不能脱落到达适宜的萌发地,因而无法自身完成天然更新而要依赖动物帮助传播种子。捕食红松种子的动物包括啮齿类、鸟类和一些大型兽类。其中,松鼠、星雅和普通币鸟具有分散贮藏的行为,以前两者为重要。这些动物从球果中取出种子,吃掉一部分后,靠颊囊或舌下囊搬运至贮藏地,将种子埋藏在地被物下准备冬、春食物缺乏时再重新捕食。搬运的距离远达数百米至几公里。分散贮藏的贮点数量很大。每个贮点有一至数粒种子。贮点小生境比较适合红松种子的萌发,因此大量的未被重新发现和捕食的贮点的种子在20个月后可能萌发。虽然动物贮藏的生境适合幼苗的萌发,但是不一定适合幼苗的继续生长。由于动物的捕食和贮藏行为,阔叶红松林内红松种子运转途径在4个层次（树上、地面、地被物下和洞穴）进行,最后只有少数种子萌发为幼苗。幼苗的生长过程同样受到动物的捕食和破坏。由于红松结实的丰欠年度变化,动物种群也随之变动。     

Regulation of the germination of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) by nitrate, ammonium, and gibberellin, and its role in post-fire forest regeneration

Aleppo pine ( Pinus halepensis Mill.) regenerates after wildfires only by germination. This post-fire germination is controlled by temperature, light and the chemical characteristics of the ash-bed. The extremely high pH caused by the ash inhibits germination of Aleppo pine as well as of many other species. Here we report that ash extracts at neutral pH stimulate P. halepensis germination. The effects of ash extracts, nitrate, ammonium (in concentrations present in the ash) and GA₃ on the germination of P. halepensis seeds and on lipase activity at early germination were studied under controlled conditions. Sub-optimal concentrations of nitrate- and ammonium-stimulated germination and the activity of lipase in the seeds. It is proposed that nitrate increases seed sensitivity to GA₃ while ammonium directly affects lipase activity. The balance between the inhibition of germination by the high pH of ash and its stimulation by the nitrate and ammonium present in the ash determines the overall effect of the ash on post-fire germination of Aleppo pine. The pine seedlings appear in high density among the trees but because of the effects of the ash they appear in sparse stands under the projection of the burned pine canopies. These seedlings benefit from weak inter- and intra-specific competition as well as improved mineral nutrition and have good chances to grow into large trees that will form the regenerating forest; therefore, the enhancement of P. halepensis germination by nitrate and ammonium and its inhibition by high pH can be considered as ecophysiological adaptations to post-fire regeneration.     

pH and osmotic potential of pine ash as post-fire germination inhibitors

The dominant plant species in native pine forests in Israel ( Pinus halepensis. Cistus salviifolius and C. creticus ) regenerate from seeds after wildfires. The future structure of the regenerating forest is determined largely by the spatial distribution of the seedlings, which depends on the response of the seeds to conditions in the upper layer of the soil. The pH and osmotic potential (π) of the soil water in this layer is strongly affected by the ash which covers the burned forest floor. The effects of pH and π on the germination of the wild species noted above and the effect of pH on the germination of two crops, radish (Kaphanus sativus radicula) and oat (Avena sativa) were studied in a growth chamber. Bis-Tris propane and CAPS [3-(cyclohexylamino)-l-propanesulfonic acid] buffer solutions (pH 6–11), as well as mannitol solutions (down to –1.5 MPa) were used. The upper soil layer from a recently burned forest had pH 9 and π–0.08 MPa. Under this pH the germination of P. halepensis and C. creticus was reduced by ca half, and of C. salviifolius by 40%. Germination of radish and oats was reduced by ca 80%. Osmotic potential of –0.1 MPa did not have a significant effect on the germination of any of the species studied. We conclude that the high pH of the soil, caused by ash, is an important environmental factor that controls the regeneration of the forest plant community. Seed adaptation to the high pH may be decisive in determinig the plants' fate the fire-prone ecosystems.     

南亚热带森林24种乔木的种子萌发和幼苗生长

以膨胀珍珠岩为基质,在光和暗的条件下,对２４种南亚热带森林乔木的种子萌发和幼苗生长进行了研究。种子的形态和重量与种的演替阶段有关,种子的重量也与不同的种有关。不同种的萌发率差异较大,种子较大的种,萌发率较高。肉质果实的种子,开始萌发的时间较长。光和暗条件对萌发率和萌发速度无明显影响。幼苗高度和种子重量呈正相关,这一相关在光条件下比暗条件下更明显。暗条件明显地引起群落演替早期的树种的茎徒长,限制根的生长,而对演替后期种无显著的影响。幼苗地上部分和根系生物量的分配与种的演替阶段有关,也与不同的科有关。幼苗地上部分和根系生物量的分配也受光暗条件的影响,而不受种子重量的影响。根和叶的生物量分配和种在其群落演替阶段有关。幼苗的生物量与种子重量有显著的正相关。幼苗的相对生长率相差较大,在没有营养供应的生长基质中,以演替中间阶段的种的相对生长率较大。幼苗从种子的物质利用效率与种子重量呈负相关,而与种的演替阶段无明显的相关。     

Seed germination and seedling fitness in Mesua ferrea L. in relation to fruit size and seed number per fruit

Effect of fruit size and seediness (seed number per fruit) was examined on germination and early growth of seedlings in Mesua ferrea L. Fruiting incidence (number of fruited trees in a population) and fruit loading (number of fruits per tree) vary from one year to the other, and were greater in 1997 than in 1998. Seeds from large fruits (> 40 g) are preferred for forestry plantations and those from small fruits (< 40 g) are discarded, despite a greater proportion of small fruits (63.2 %) than large fruits (36.8 %). A fruit, large or small in size, may contain one, two, three or four seeds. The germination percentage of seeds increased from 1-seeded through 4-seeded fruits both in laboratory and greenhouse conditions, and both in case of large and small fruits. Conversely, the mean seed weight and germination time decreased along this gradient, i.e. seeds from 1-seeded fruits were the heaviest and required maximum time for germination, and the seeds from 4-seeded fruits were the lightest and required minimum time for germination. The seeds from small fruits were lighter in weight, achieved lower germination percentages and required greater germination time than the seeds from large fruits in all four seeded categories. Seedlings from seeds from 1-seeded fruits survived better and with stronger vigour after 1 year of growth than seedlings from 2-, 3- and 4-seeded fruits. Further, seedling survival and vigour were greater for seeds from large rather than small fruits.