干旱胁迫下荒漠植物红砂叶片抗氧化特性

以荒漠半荒漠地区优势种超旱生灌木红砂两年生植株为研究对象,测定了不同程度干旱胁迫下叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化特征参数,以探讨荒漠植物抗氧化系统对荒漠极端环境的适应机制.结果显示:红砂叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)含量随干旱胁迫加剧而显著增加,丙二醛(MDA)含量在不同程度干旱胁迫下均有不同程度的增加,可溶性蛋白含量随干旱胁迫的增加而显著降低;类胡萝卜素和脯氨酸含量在不同程度干旱胁迫下均有不同程度增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随干旱胁迫加剧而显著提高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在不同程度干旱胁迫下均有不同程度增加;过氧化物酶(POD)活性在中度干旱胁迫下显著增加而在重度干旱胁迫下显著降低.研究表明,荒漠植物红砂叶片中胡萝卜素、脯氨酸、SOD和CAT在防御干旱引起的氧化胁迫中起到了显著保护作用, 而POD在重度干旱胁迫下没有起到积极保护作用.     

四合木和霸王幼苗抗氧化系统对干旱胁迫的响应差异

以室内培养的珍稀濒危植物四合木及其近缘种霸王的幼苗为材料,用不同浓度PEG模拟不同程度的干旱胁迫,探讨2种植物幼苗主要抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量对干旱胁迫的响应特征。结果表明:(1)随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,四合木和霸王幼苗的干、鲜重及含水量逐渐减少,而MDA含量逐渐升高;四合木抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT、AsA-POD和GR活性以及抗氧化剂AsA和GSH含量均呈先升后降的趋势,而霸王AsA-POD和GR活性及抗氧化剂AsA和GSH含量呈上升趋势,SOD、POD和CAT活性呈先升后降的趋势,且霸王出现峰值时PEG浓度均高于四合木。(2)同等强度的PEG胁迫,四合木体内MDA积累量所指示的膜质过氧化程度高于霸王,抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量均分别高于霸王,而地上部鲜重、地上部干重和含水量却低于霸王。研究表明,霸王幼苗体内各种抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量增加的阈值要高于四合木,能忍耐的干旱胁迫的阈值大于四合木,耐旱性强于四合木;相同程度的干旱胁迫下霸王的耐受性强于四合木。     

NO对小麦叶片干旱诱导膜脂过氧化的调节效应

分析了一氧化氮(NO)对小麦(Triticum aestivum L．)叶片干旱诱导膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明：不同浓度NO均能使干旱胁迫下小麦叶片的相对含水量先降后升,而：MDA含量先升后降,O2-释放速率下降,SOD活性升高,POD活性降低;同时,NO可以提高脯氨酸含量。这些结果表明NO提高了小麦叶片的抗氧化能力,降低了干旱胁迫诱导的膜脂过氧化损伤。     

钙对高温胁迫下烟草幼苗抗氧化代谢的影响

用10mmol/LcaCl2溶液处理烟草幼苗,能减缓高温胁迫所引发的一些胁变反应,如叶绿素破坏、积累膜脂质过氧化产物MDA,增加细胞膜相对透性,降低内源抗氧化剂（AsA,GSH）和脯氨酸含量,在高温胁迫下,SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性呈现先升后降的变化趋势。恢复生长以后,钙处理和未处理的烟草幼苗其内源抗氧化剂含量和抗氧化酶活性均有不同程度的回升。由此认为,高温胁迫后烟草幼苗体内抗氧化酶活性受抑,活性氧积累以及由此引发的膜脂过氧化作用是烟草幼苗高温伤害的原因之一。     

不同抗旱性玉米幼苗根系抗氧化系统对水分胁迫的反应

以抗旱性不同的2个玉米品种为材料,研究不同程度水分胁迫下玉米根系活性氧清除系统的变化及膜脂过氧化水平。明确了轻度水分胁迫下玉米根系POD、CAT、APX等保护酶活性明显提高;中、重度胁迫下其活性急剧下降,但几种酶对水分胁迫的敏感程度不同。SOD对水分胁迫表现最不敏感,在中度水分胁迫下仍保持上升趋势;抗氧化剂GSH含量变化趋势与保护酶相似;而AsA含量在不同程度水分胁迫下持续下降;MDA含量随水分胁迫程度加剧而增加。其中抗旱性强的鲁玉14与抗旱性弱的掖单13相比具有较高的保护酶活性和抗氧化剂含量,膜脂过氧化程度较轻,除POD外,品种间抗氧化酶活性（抗氧化剂含量）呈极显著差异,说明抗氧化能力强是抗旱性品种具有较强抗旱性的重要原因之一。     

荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣在不同水分条件下的光合作用特征

在我国河西走廊中部沙漠区,选择20年生以上C4荒漠植物梭梭（Haloxylon ammodendron）和沙拐枣（Calligonum mongolicum）植株,分干旱环境、雨后近地层空气湿润和人工树下挖坑浇水补充土壤水等3种水分条件,比较研究它们的光合作用特征。结果表明,在干旱环境下,梭梭和沙拐枣均表现出不同程度的强光下光合速率（Pn）下降现象,光系统Ⅱ光化学效率（Fv／Fm）明显降低,表现为光抑制。但在雨后空气湿润和人工浇水,使空气湿度和土壤湿度提高的条件下,2种植物的Pn日变化呈单峰型,Fv／Fm日变化小,没有光抑制现象。2种植物的Pn日平均值在雨后空气湿润条件下小于浇水后,浇水后第1天的Pn值明显高于第2天。水分条件改善后,梭梭和沙拐枣光合作用的光补偿点降低,光饱和点升高,光合速率对时间的积分加大。研究得出,水分胁迫导致C4荒漠植物梭梭和沙拐枣出现光抑制,提高空气湿度或者土壤湿度,都能避免光抑制,提高光能利用率。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液尾水灌溉下百慕大草抗氧化系统的反应

通过盆栽试验,研究了渗滤液尾水灌溉下百慕大草的膜脂过氧化及酶促、非酶促抗氧化系统的反应.结果表明,低稀释比的渗滤液尾水(<25%)灌溉下,随着稀释比增大,百慕大草叶绿素a/b提高,丙二醛(MDA)、H₂O₂含量及膜透性降低,膜脂过氧化水平较轻;但中、高稀释比(>25%)下,随稀释比的增大则显示出一定的负效应,表现为叶绿素a/b降低,MDA、H₂O₂含量及膜透性提高,从而导致膜脂过氧化水平提高.非酶抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量的变化趋势相同,即低稀释比下含量升高,中高稀释比胁迫下明显降低.抗氧化酶中,超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性变化同抗氧化剂变化趋势相似,但POD对胁迫的反应更敏感;而过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化趋势则先减弱后增强;MDA含量和抗氧化剂含量、抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性间的显著负相关,表明3种抗氧化剂和SOD、POD在防止百慕大草膜脂过氧化上可能起到更重要的作用.     

大气CO2与O3浓度升高对毛竹叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

以盆栽一年生毛竹为材料,利用开顶式气室模拟大气O3和CO2浓度升高情景,分析毛竹叶片细胞膜脂过氧化、抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD和APX)活性和渗透调节物质(可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白)含量的响应规律,为气候变化背景下的竹林适应性管理提供理论支撑.结果表明:(1)短期(30 d)高浓度O3(92～106 nL-L-1)胁迫能刺激毛竹叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量显著提高,清除活性氧能力增强,并未出现细胞膜脂过氧化现象,即毛竹对短期高浓度O3具有较强的适应性;但长期(90 d)O3胁迫条件下,毛竹叶片抗氧化酶活性显著降低,叶片细胞膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构破坏,发生严重的氧化伤害.(2)短期高浓度CO2(685～730 μmol·mol-1)处理总体上对毛竹叶片细胞膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶系统活性影响并不明显;而长期高浓度CO2处理能一定程度上增强毛竹的抗氧化能力和渗透调节功能,减轻氧化损伤,体现了对毛竹的保护效应.(3)高浓度O3和CO2复合作用下,相对于单一高浓度O3胁迫,毛竹叶片能够维持较高的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,有效地调节活性氧产生与清除间的平衡,细胞膜脂过氧化程度变化不明显,说明高浓度CO2可在一定程度上缓解高浓度O3对毛竹所造成的生理伤害.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防护林苗木对干旱胁迫的水分生理响应

以塔克拉玛干沙漠公路防护林的乔木状沙拐枣(Calligonum arborescens)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosis-sima)和梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)2年生苗木为材料,采用盆栽试验,设置10d(处理Ⅰ)、20d(处理Ⅱ)和40d(处理Ⅲ)的自然干旱胁迫周期,探讨其不同干旱处理下的水分生理特征及其耐旱性。结果表明:(1)3种苗木的水势均随着干旱胁迫程度增强而降低,水势最大降幅均在第2个干旱处理周期内,在第3个干旱处理周期内水势有较大回升,且以乔木状沙拐枣水势最高,梭梭水势最低。(2)乔木状沙拐枣的PV水分参数均随着干旱胁迫强度的增强而降低,其渗透势在第3个干旱周期内开始回升,而初始质壁分离的相对含水量(RWCtlp)一直呈降低趋势,质外体水分含量(AWC)呈现出"降-升-降"的波动状态。乔木状沙拐枣的耐旱能力随着干旱胁迫程度的增强变化不明显,它主要通过减少水分散失适应干旱环境。(3)多枝柽柳的PV水分参数在处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ之间差别很小,处理Ⅲ第60天就枯亡;其Ψsat和Ψtlp在第1个干旱周期降低,第2个干旱周期开始回升,而其AWC随胁迫时间在不断增大;多枝柽柳的耐旱能力随着干旱的增强急剧降低,耐旱性最差,它主要通过增加水分散失适应干旱环境。(4)梭梭的Ψsat和Ψtlp在处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ之间非常接近,且都低于处理Ⅰ,RWCtlp与AWC随着干旱强度增强而增大,同期处理Ⅱ和Ⅲ的AWC都高于处理Ⅰ。梭梭的耐旱能力随着干旱的增强不断增强,它通过增加体内水分含量,减少水分散失应对干旱胁迫。(5)3种植物的耐旱能力强弱为:梭梭>乔木状沙拐枣>多枝柽柳,所以梭梭最适合做沙漠防护林树种。     

珍稀濒危植物堇叶紫金牛对持续干旱的生理响应

采用盆栽控水法,研究了珍稀濒危植物堇叶紫金牛(Ardisia violacea)在持续干旱条件下的生理响应。随着持续干旱时间的延长,堇叶紫金牛应对持续干旱的阶段可分为适应期、轻度干旱期、中度干旱期和重度干旱期。在适应期和轻度干旱期,堇叶紫金牛叶片游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量稳定在一个较低水平,可溶性蛋白质含量先下降后快速上升,细胞膜系统和抗氧化酶系统能主动进行生理调节;中度干旱期,丙二醛(MDA)含量和质膜相对透性迅速升高,细胞膜系统受损加剧,游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量均急剧增加,对抵御干旱起到重要的渗透调节作用。在轻度干旱期和中度干旱期,光合色素中叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著提高,以抵抗干旱胁迫。重度干旱期,细胞膜系统、抗氧化酶SOD、游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量上升,但MDA略微下降,这时可能达到植物耐受干旱的极限,不再发生膜脂过氧化作用。综上表明,堇叶紫金牛具有较强的耐旱性,RWC为49.94%是细胞膜系统、抗氧化酶系统和渗透调节物质含量变化的拐点,渗透调节和抗氧化酶系统的主动适应是其耐旱的主要机制。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).