沙芥属植物活性氧清除系统对干旱胁迫的响应

以沙芥属植物沙芥和斧形沙芥幼苗为试材,采用盆栽控水干旱方法,分析其在不同干旱胁迫强度下根和叶的活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量的变化,并利用隶属函数法和抗旱系数法综合评价沙芥和斧形沙芥的抗旱性。结果表明: （1）随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,沙芥和斧形沙芥的根和叶中O^-·₂产生速率及·OH、H₂O₂、MDA含量总体呈逐渐升高的趋势,且干旱胁迫下沙芥比斧形沙芥产生了更多的ROS和MDA。（2）随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,沙芥和斧形沙芥的根和叶中POD、APX、GST活性及叶中GR活性均先升高后降低,叶中的SOD活性以及根中GR、GPX活性均先降低后升高,根和叶中的CAT活性、叶中的GPX活性和根中SOD活性均逐渐升高;但根和叶中的SOD、POD、CAT活性在各干旱处理下均表现为斧形沙芥高于沙芥。（3）沙芥和斧形沙芥的根和叶中AsA含量随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧而先升高后降低,GSH含量逐渐升高,CAR含量逐渐降低,而VE含量在叶中逐渐升高,在根中却逐渐降低;但斧形沙芥比沙芥合成更多的AsA和GSH,其植物体内AsA GSH循环系统能清除更多的ROS。（4）沙芥和斧形沙芥的根和叶中总抗氧化能力（T AOC）均随着干旱加剧逐渐增强,且斧形沙芥的总抗氧化能力强于沙芥;活性氧清除系统的平均隶属度和综合抗旱系数显示,轻度干旱胁迫下沙芥抗旱性强于斧形沙芥,中度和重度干旱胁迫下斧形沙芥的抗旱性强于沙芥。研究认为,在干旱胁迫条件下,斧形沙芥根叶中ROS和MDA含量明显低于沙芥,而其大部分抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量高于沙芥,斧形沙芥植株体内抗氧化系统表现出更强的活性氧清除能力,从而表现出更强的抗旱性。     

外源γ-氨基丁酸对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响

以甜瓜品种‘西域一号’幼苗为材料,采用营养液水培方法,设置正常通气(对照)、正常通气+GABA(5mmol.L-1)、低氧胁迫、低氧胁迫+GABA(5mmol.L-1)4个处理,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对正常通气和低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明:与正常通气处理相比,低氧胁迫处理导致甜瓜幼苗体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量显著增加,同时SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR等抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质AsA、GSH含量显著提高。低氧胁迫下外源GABA能显著提高甜瓜幼苗叶片SOD、CAT、APX、GR等酶活性和AsA、GSH含量,降低了植株体内O2.-产生速率和H2O2、MDA含量;而正常通气条件下添加外源GABA处理对甜瓜幼苗活性氧代谢的影响较小,仅CAT、GR活性和AsA、GSH含量显著提高,而H2O2、MDA含量显著降低。结果证明,添加外源GABA可以通过显著提高低氧胁迫下抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量来降低甜瓜幼苗活性氧积累,维持其细胞膜结构稳定性,从而有效减轻低氧胁迫对甜瓜幼苗的伤害。     

光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中抗氧化系统的影响

以云烟87植株为材料,通过覆盖白、红、黄、蓝、紫色滤膜获得不同光质,于大田条件下研究了光质对烟草叶片生长发育过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性,抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果表明,在烟草植株第11片叶生长发育的7~70 d内,其抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势.与白光(对照)相比,黄光诱导烟草叶片SOD、CAT、APX和GR活性升高,以及AsA和GSH含量增加;而红光诱导APX和GR活性上升,以及GSH和AsA含量升高;但紫光却使SOD、CAT、POD、GR和GPX活性下降,GSH和AsA含量降低,而蓝光则使所有抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量降低.紫光和蓝光处理的烟草叶片中MDA含量较高,而黄光和红光处理的则较低.总体而言,在大田条件下,相对红光和黄光而言,蓝光和紫光处理下的烟草叶片更容易发生光氧化胁迫.     

24-表油菜素内酯预处理对干旱胁迫下葡萄幼苗抗氧化系统和渗透调节物质的影响

以酿酒葡萄‘雷司令’(Riesling)一年生营养袋扦插苗为材料,采用人工气候室水培试验,考察在聚乙二醇6000(PEG)模拟干旱条件下,不同浓度(0.05、0.10和0.20mg/L)24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)预处理对‘雷司令’幼苗活性氧、抗氧化物质、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响,以揭示EBR预处理对干旱胁迫下葡萄幼苗的抗旱机理。结果显示:(1)与正常生长(对照)相比,干旱胁迫显著提高葡萄幼苗叶片中超氧阴离子自由基(■)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;与干旱胁迫处理(PEG)相比,不同浓度EBR预处理均可降低叶片中■、H_2O_2和MDA的含量。(2)与对照相比,PEG处理显著降低葡萄幼苗叶片的抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量;与PEG处理相比,各浓度EBR预处理均可显著提高葡萄叶片AsA与GSH的含量,且以0.10mg/LEBR处理效果最好。(3)随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,葡萄幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)与抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,而在正常生长条件下酶活性基本保持不变;EBR预处理的葡萄叶片SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性均始终高于同期PEG处理。(4)PEG处理条件下,渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白的含量整体高于对照;与PEG处理相比,不同浓度EBR预处理在干旱胁迫中后期均能显著提高葡萄叶片中脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量。研究表明,在干旱胁迫下,外源EBR预处理能够提高葡萄叶片抗氧化系统酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,有效降低干旱胁迫诱导的活性氧过度积累及膜脂过氧化程度,提高葡萄幼苗的抗旱能力,且以0.10mg/L EBR处理效果最佳。     

抗氧化系统参与循环干旱锻炼提高烟草植株抗旱性的形成

对漂浮育苗的烟草幼苗进行控水-半萎焉-复水-恢复的循环干旱锻炼。结果表明,这种干旱锻炼能显著提高烟草叶片抗氧化剂谷胱甘肽（GSH）、抗坏血酸（AsA）的含量、还原型抗氧化剂在总抗氧化剂中的比例和抗氧化酶包括超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、愈创木酚过氧化物酶（GPX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）的活性,降低丙二醛（MDA）的含量。当烟草植株遭受后续的干旱胁迫时,与未锻炼的对照相比,干旱锻炼过的烟草植株能保持较高的GSH和AsA含量、还原型抗氧化剂在总抗氧化剂中的比例和抗氧化酶（SOD、APx、CAT、GPX和GR）活性,以及较低的MDA含量,表明这种循环干旱锻炼提高了细胞抗氧化能力,有助于缓解烟草植株由干旱引起的氧化胁迫及其所导致的伤害,最终提高其抗旱性。这些结果表明。抗氧化系统参与了循环干旱锻炼提高烟草植株抗旱性的形成过程。     

干旱胁迫下沙生灌木花棒的抗氧化保护响应研究

采用盆栽试验,测定了在不同土壤水分胁迫程度和胁迫时间下花棒苗抗氧化保护酶(SOD、CAT、POD、APX)活性和抗氧化物(AsA、GSH、Car)含量,并用隶属函数值法综合评价了试验条件下花棒苗的抗氧化能力。结果显示:(1)与同期适宜水分处理相比,花棒苗的抗氧化保护酶活性在中度和重度干旱胁迫30d时均显著增加;胁迫60d时,POD活性均显著降低,而其余酶活性仍增加(重度胁迫)或显著增加(中度胁迫);胁迫90d时,中度胁迫处理除APX活性持平外,其余酶活性仍显著升高,而重度胁迫处理的SOD活性持平、POD活性显著增加、CAT和APX活性均显著降低。(2)相对于同期适宜水分处理,干旱胁迫30d时,中度胁迫处理的花棒苗AsA、Car、GSH含量分别显著增加、稍有增加和显著降低,而重度胁迫的AsA显著增加,Car和GSH含量均显著降低;胁迫60d时,中度胁迫处理的AsA、Car、GSH含量分别显著增加、稍有降低和稍有提高,而重度胁迫的AsA、Car、GSH含量分别显著增加、稍有增加和显著降低;胁迫90d时,中度胁迫处理的AsA含量显著增加,Car和GSH含量均稍有提高,而重度胁迫的AsA含量稍有下降,Car和GSH含量则持平。(3)花棒苗的MDA含量在干旱胁迫过程中均比适宜水分处理增加,且中后期达到显著水平。(4)花棒苗抗氧化能力在干旱胁迫30d表现为重度干旱>中度干旱>适宜水分,胁迫60d为中度干旱>重度干旱>适宜水分,胁迫90d时为中度干旱>适宜水分>重度干旱。研究表明,花棒苗在中度干旱胁迫下能调动自身抗氧化保护酶类与抗氧化物质并提高其抗氧化能力,消除或减轻干旱诱导的活性氧毒害;重度干旱胁迫下的花棒苗在胁迫前中期亦能增强自身的抗氧化能力,但在胁迫后期因部分活性氧清除机制受到破坏而使抗氧化能力降低。     

外源24-表油菜素内酯对高温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响

本文研究了高温胁迫下外源24-表油菜素内酯（EBR）对茄子幼苗生长和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,外源EBR处理显著促进了高温胁迫下茄子幼苗生长,提高了SOD、POD、CAT和APXS活性,AsA和GSH含量及可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,降低了MDA、O2^-及H2O含量。表明,外源EBR处理通过促进高温胁迫下茄子幼苗抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量及渗透调节物质的提高,降低ROS水平,缓解高温胁迫对茄子幼苗生长的抑制作用,增强植株抗高温胁迫的能力。     

抗氧化系统参与不同抗性烟草品种幼苗对干旱和低温综合抗性的形成

以对干旱和低温胁迫具不同抗性的两个烟草品种MSK326和云烟203为材料,研究了抗氧化系统在不同抗性烟草品种幼苗对干旱和低温综合抗性形成中的作用。在干旱和低温胁迫下,MSK326的存活率均显著高于云烟203,并具较低的叶片电解质渗漏率和丙二醛含量,显示了较强的综合抗性。对细胞抗氧化剂和抗氧化酶的测定显示,在干旱和低温胁迫下,MSK326幼苗中还原型抗氧化剂AsA、GSH含量及其在总抗氧化剂中的比例,以及重要的抗氧化酶SOD、CAT、POD、APX的活性均高于云烟203,并且在胁迫后期差异尤为明显。上述结果表明,MSK326在胁迫下具较强的氧化还原能力,有助于减轻干旱和低温胁迫引发的氧化损伤,抗氧化系统参与了两个抗性不同的品种对干旱和低温胁迫综合抗逆性的形成。     

百草枯和苯甲酸钠对渗透胁迫下抗旱性不同玉米品种愈伤组织的影响

两个品种玉来愈伤组织经0．5和5mmol/L的百草枯处理3h后,在渗透胁迫（PEG6000－0．5MPa溶液）下处理24h,电解质泄漏率增加;H2O2和MDA积累;AsA和CAR含量的减少加剧。0．5和5mmol/L的苯甲酸钠减轻渗透胁迫诱导的氧化伤害,促进CAT活性的增加;使SOD、GR、AP和POD能维持较高的活性;AsA和CAR含量降低的幅度减小。抗旱性强的品种PAN6043愈伤组织抗氧化胁迫和渗透胁迫能力强于抗旱性弱品种SC701,并与合高活力抗氧化系统密切相关。     

外源甲基乙二醛对干旱胁迫下板栗幼苗的影响

甲基乙二醛(MG)是一种在植物中具有多种功能的新型信号分子。为探究MG对板栗幼苗干旱胁迫的影响,以两年生‘黄棚'板栗幼苗为试材,通过聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱胁迫并进行MG及其清除剂N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)处理,分析板栗幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等抗氧化酶活性和乙二醛酶Ⅰ(GlyⅠ)、乙二醛酶Ⅱ(GlyⅡ)等乙二醛酶活性,检测内源MG含量、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、超氧阴离子(O₂^-·)等抗氧化物质含量及脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)、甜菜碱(GB)等渗透调节物质含量。结果表明: 外源0.5 mmol·L^-1 MG处理可显著提高干旱胁迫下板栗幼苗叶片SOD、POD、CAT、APX、GR等抗氧化酶活性和乙二醛酶(GLyⅠ、GLyⅡ)活性,并增加叶片中Pro、SS、GB等渗透调节物质和还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)等抗氧化物质含量,降低了MG、MDA、H₂O₂、O₂^-·、脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)含量,从而减少了干旱胁迫对植株造成的膜脂过氧化损伤,缓解渗透胁迫,提高了板栗对干旱的适应性,而添加MG清除剂NAC抑制了这种效果。表明MG对改善植物的抗旱性具有积极作用。本研究结果可为进一步探索MG缓解板栗干旱胁迫的机理提供理论依据。     

PEG预处理对青稞种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

选择国内外28份青稞品种材料幼苗第一片展开叶,分别测定其相对含水量和失水率,并选择其中对水分胁迫敏感与不敏感的材料各1份,研究不同浓度(5%～30%)聚乙二醇(PEG)预处理对青稞种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,探讨短期水分胁迫对青稞生长发育的调节作用。结果显示:(1)28个青稞材料中‘旱地紫青稞’幼苗叶片的相对含水量最高(60.16%)、‘大麻青稞’最低(38.98%),而离体失水率‘旱地紫青稞’最低(8.80%)、‘大麻青稞’最高(20.20%)。说明‘大麻青稞’对水分胁迫最敏感,而‘旱地紫青稞’最不敏感。(2)随着胁迫程度的增加,青稞种子的萌发率和生根率,幼苗的根长、苗高和鲜重均呈先增加后降低的趋势,‘旱地紫青稞’和‘大麻青稞’种子分别在15%和10%PEG处理下发芽和生根最佳且均与对照差异显著(P<0.05),两品种的幼苗根长、苗高和鲜重均在10%PEG处理下表现最佳,但‘大麻青稞’与对照差异不显著。(3)‘旱地紫青稞’幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量随PEG处理浓度增加而逐渐增加,而丙二醛含量和相对电导率则逐渐降低,并在30%PEG处理下效果差异极显著(P<0.01);‘大麻青稞’叶片可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量随PEG处理浓度增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,丙二醛含量和相对电导率呈先降低后增加的趋势,并在20%PEG处理下最佳。研究表明,短时间低浓度PEG处理对青稞种子萌发、幼苗生长及可溶性蛋白、叶绿素、丙二醛含量和相对电导率等生理指标的改善均有一定的促进作用;高浓度PEG处理却具有抑制作用,且高浓度PEG胁迫条件下,耐旱性强比耐旱性弱品种的自我调控能力更强。     

Membrane permeability and micro- and macroelement accumulation in spring wheat cultivars during the short-term effect of salinity- and PEG-induced water stress

The comparative responses of ten spring wheat cultivars to water stress were investigated. Wheat plants were cultured under hydroponics conditions (Hoagland nutrient) to the stage of three-leaf seedlings. Then, the water medium was supplemented with PEG (drought) or NaCl (salinity) to obtain a water status equal to −1.5 MPa. After a 2-day treatment, the changes in the following parameters were determined: fresh and dry weight, macro- and microelement accumulation, membrane injury (electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation) and fatty acid content of the phospholipid fraction of plasmalemma (in comparison to plants not stressed, taken as a control). Generally, the plants were more significantly influenced by water stress stimulated by PEG than by NaCl treatment, as compared to the plants cultivated in the control media. The results of the decrease in water content in leaves and electrolyte leakage from cells corresponded well with the intensity of lipid peroxidation (determined by malondialdehyde—MDA-content) and were chosen for the selection of investigated genotypes for tolerance to both stresses. The more tolerant genotypes exhibited the opposite changes in phospholipid fatty acid unsaturation for two applied stresses i.e. NaCl treatment caused a decrease in unsaturation whereas in PEG-treated plants an increase in unsaturation was observed. These changes were reversed for less tolerant plants, i.e. NaCl treatment influenced an increase in fatty acid unsaturation whereas in PEG-treated plants a decrease in unsaturation was measured. The ratio of U/S (unsaturated to saturated fatty acids) correlated with the total amount of accumulated macroelements. The content of Mg, Ca and S in leaves of plants undergoing both stress factors (NaCl and PEG) dropped whereas the K and P content increased in leaves of wheat seedlings cultured on media containing NaCl only. For microelements, a decrease in the accumulation of these nutrients was detected in all investigated seedlings. However, a greater reduction in the level of these elements occurred in seedlings grown on media with PEG in comparison to those grown on NaCl containing media.     

山杜英和黧蒴幼苗对干旱胁迫(PEG)的生理响应

以山杜英(Elaeocarpus sylvestris)和黧蒴(Castanopsis fissa)幼苗为试验材料,利用聚乙二醇6000(PEG-6000)人工模拟水分胁迫环境,设置三个胁迫强度处理(轻度、中度、重度)、三个胁迫持续时间处理(12h、24h、36h),以不加PEG-6000的1/2Hoagland营养液中的苗木作为对照,对2个树种幼苗的叶片相对含水量、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和可溶性糖含量进行了测定,研究了水分胁迫对这2种幼苗的影响。结果表明:随着水分胁迫强度的加深及持续时间的延长,2种幼苗叶片相对含水量出现下降趋势,黧蒴的含水量下降更为显著;2种树种幼苗叶片内相对电导率呈波动性上升,黧蒴在轻度胁迫时相对电导率有大幅增加;2种幼苗的脯氨酸含量显著增加,叶绿素含量呈小幅波动,SOD活性先升后降,可溶性糖含量呈现波动性上升;山杜英叶片的MDA含量增加较缓慢,而黧蒴叶片的MDA含量大幅度增加。研究表明幼苗山杜英比黧蒴抗旱性强,叶片相对含水量、相对电导率和MDA含量可作为评价这2种苗木抗旱性的依据。     

盐分和水分胁迫对芦荟幼苗渗透调节和渗调物质积累的影响

用不同浓度NaCl和等渗聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)处理芦荟(Aloe vera L.)幼苗,10 d后测定叶片相对生长速率和厚度、叶片中主要有机溶质、无机离子含量及渗透调节能力.结果表明,-0.44、-0.88 MPa NaCl和PEG处理使芦荟叶片的相对生长速率和叶片厚度明显下降,且盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制和叶片含水量降低的效应明显高于等渗的水分胁迫,其叶片渗透调节能力随处理渗透势的降低而增加, -0.88 MPa PEG胁迫的芦荟幼苗的渗透调节能力高于等渗盐分胁迫.在主要渗透调节物质可溶性糖、有机酸、K 、Ca2 和Cl-中,-0.88 MPa PEG处理下含量比相同渗透势的NaCl处理下显著增加的是有机溶质,因此推断有机溶质含量高是PEG胁迫下渗透调节能力较强的主要因素.     

The Effect of Salt and Water Stress on Membrane Lipid Peroxidation in leaf Cells of Halophyte and Non-halophyte

Different concentrations of NaC1 and isoosmotic polyethylene glycol(PEG)were used to treat the seedlings of halophyte Suaede salsa and non-halophyte Prosopis chilensis. Membrane lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde(MDA)content,SOD activity and plasmalemma permeability were determined at different time of treatment. The seedlings of Suaeda salsa showed no or a little response to 0--1. 488 MPa NaCl,but marked response to 1. 984 MPa NaC1. However,there was a greater response to isoosmotic PEG in plasmalemma permeability, SOD activity and MDA content. Prosopis chilensis showed an contrary trend to Suaeda salsa. The MDA content decreased unanimously as three kinds of free-radical scavengers were sprayed on the seedlings of the above plants before NaCl or PEG treatment, but increased with pretreatment of SOD inhibitor. Obviously, the decrease of SOD activity and the increase of MDA content were related to plasma injury, and free-radical did participate the course of salt and/or water stress injury. Their effects of both salt and water stress shared common features in response to the integrity of the cell membrane.     

Halopriming of seeds imparts tolerance to NaCl and PEG induced stress in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek varieties

The investigation was carried out to study the effect of halopriming on NaCl and polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000) induced stress tolerance potential of three Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek varieties, with varied abiotic stress tolerance potential. Halopriming is a seed priming technique in which the seeds were soaked in various salt solutions (in this study NaCl was used). The results of the study indicated that the application of stresses (both NaCl and PEG) induced retardation of growth attributes (measured in terms of shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight) and decrease in physiological attributes like total chlorophyll content, metabolites, photosynthetic and mitochondrial activity of the seedlings in all three V. radiata (L.) varieties. However, halopriming of the seeds could reduce the extent of decrease in these biological attributes. NaCl and PEG stress also caused increase in MDA content (a product of membrane lipid peroxidation) in all the varieties studied and this increase was significantly minimized under halopriming. From the present investigation it was evident that among the green gram varieties studied, Pusa Vishal, a NaCl tolerant variety showed enhanced tolerance to NaCl and PEG induced stress, when the seeds were subjected to halopriming followed by Pusa Ratna (stress sensitive variety). Pusa 9531 (drought tolerant variety) also showed positive halopriming effects but it was less significant when compared to other two varieties. It could be concluded that halopriming improved the drought and salinity stress tolerance potential of all varieties and it was significantly higher in the Pusa Vishal as compared to Pusa 9531 and Pusa Ratna.     

Effect of Putrescine, 4-PU-30, and Abscisic Acid on Maize Plants Grown under Normal, Drought, and Rewatering Conditions

The experiments were carried out with maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings, hybrid Kneja 530, grown hydroponically in a growth chamber. Twelve-day-old plants were foliar treated with putrescine, N¹-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N²-phenylurea (4-PU-30), and abscisic acid (ABA) at concentrations of 10⁻⁵ m. Twenty-four hours later the plants were subjected to a water deficit program, induced by 15% polyethylene glycol (PEG; molecular weight, 6,000). Three days after drought stress half of the plants were transferred to nutrient solution for the next 3 days. The effects of the water shortage, rewatering, and plant growth regulator (PGR) treatment on the fresh and dry weights, leaf pigment content, proline level, relative water content (RWC), transpiration rate, activities of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide content, and level of the products of lipid peroxidation were studied. It was established that the application of PGRs alleviated to some extent the plant damage provoked by PEG stress. At the end of the water shortage program the plants treated with these PGRs possessed higher fresh weight than drought-subjected control seedlings. It was found also that putrescine increased the dry weight of plants. Under drought, the RWC and transpiration rate of seedlings declined, but PGR treatment reduced these effects. The accumulation of free proline, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide was prevented in PGR-treated plants compared with the water stress control. The results provided further information about the influence of putrescine, 4-PU-30, and ABA on maize plants grown under normal, drought, and rewatering conditions. Received September 25, 1997; accepted August 10, 1998     

Different acclimatization mechanisms of two grass pea cultivars to osmotic stress in in vitro culture

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a legume crop known from its tolerance to various abiotic stresses, especially drought. In this study, we investigated: (1) the response of grass pea seedlings to osmotic stress generated in vitro by polyethylene glycol (PEG); (2) potential drought acclimatization mechanisms of two polish grass pea cultivars. Grass pea seeds of two cultivars were sown on media containing different PEG concentrations (0, 5.5, 11.0 mM) and cultivated for 14 days in controlled conditions. Plants’ dry matter increased under osmotic stress (regardless of PEG concentration). In turn, the highest dose of PEG caused a reduction in seedling growth in both cultivars. Furthermore, PEG caused the peroxidase activity increase in whole seedlings and catalase (CAT) activity in roots. However, differences between cultivars were noted in: CAT activity in shoots; while phenols and anthocyanin content as well as electrolyte leakage in shoots and roots. In turn, in both tested genotypes, accumulation of proline increased in shoots under osmotic stress. Obtained results indicate that the examined plants, although belonging to the same species, differ in acclimatization processes leading to elevated tolerance to osmotic stress.     

Comparison of polyethylene glycol 3350 induced osmotic stress and soil drying for drought simulation in three woody species

 Drought simulation usually involves either soil drying or the use of an osmoticum, such as high molecular weight (>3000) polyethylene glycol (PEG). Although easy to apply, PEG absorption and toxicity remain a concern. This study compared the effects of soil drying and use of an osmoticum (PEG 3350). Osmotic stress and soil drought were applied to 5-month-old seedlings of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.] , which are both coniferous species from cold, boreal regions of North America, and flooded gum (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden), a hardwood species growing in warmer, sub-tropical regions of Australia. Results showed that PEG 3350 was absorbed by roots, transported to shoots, and deposited on the leaves of both flooded gum and jack pine (but not black spruce). PEG lowered relative water content and damaged leaf tissues in both species, and also damaged stomata of flooded gum. Although 12 days of PEG-induced osmotic stress produced a decline in water potentials that was similiar to soil drying, it also caused significantly higher membrane injury and reduced net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in leaves of all three species. Recovery of net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in PEG-treated jack pine and black spruce was also slower after stress alleviation. Even a short exposure to PEG 3350 adversely affected seedlings compared to soil drought. These results confirmed that drought effects may vary, depending on the species and the method of stress induction. Received: 6 March 1996 / Accepted: 17 September 1996     

干旱胁迫对红松幼苗保护酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的影响

随着土壤的逐渐干旱,红松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｋｏｒａｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｓｉｅｂ．ｅｔ．Ｚｕｃｃ）幼苗叶中膜质过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量和膜相对透性均在干旱处理后第３天迅速上升;组织自动氧化速率先是增加,在干旱处理第３天后恢复到处理前水平。保护酶ＳＯＤ、ＰＯＤ、ＣＡＴ的活性明显提高,只有ＡＳＰ的活性下降。用ＰＥＧ模拟干旱胁迫与土壤自然干旱胁迫结果略有不同,－１．０ＭＰａ ＰＥＧ溶液对红松幼苗具有较为明显的