维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者糖尿病肾病相关因素分析

目的：探讨维吾尔族2型糖尿病肾病（DN）发病的相关临来因素。方法：分析292例维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者的临床资科。结果：维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者糖尿病肾病（DN）发病率为43,49％（127／292）。DN患者的病程、SBP、TC、TG、FBG、HbAIC、LDL—C、BUN和Cr均显著高于NDN患者（P〈0．05）;但DBP、HDL．C、BMI之间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。Logistic归分析结果显示,DM病程、患病年龄、SBP、FBP、TC、TG、LDL—C、HbAlc、BUN、Cr是DN的危险因素（OR值〉1）。结论：维吾尔族2型糖尿病患者的Did病程、患病年龄、SBP、FBP、TC、TG、LDL—C、HbAlc、BUN、Cr等参数与糖尿病肾病并发率之间有相关性。     

2型糖尿病性视网膜病变临床因素分析

目的:探讨影响2型糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)发病的相关临床因素。方法:回顾性分析483例2型糖尿病患者的临床资料。结果:2型糖尿痛DR患病率为35%(169/483),其中非增殖型视网膜病变(NPDR)73.4%(124/169),增殖型视网膜病变(PDR)26.6% (45/169)。DR患者的病程、SBP、合并肾脏病变、合并心脏病变、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-c、BUN和Cr均显著高于NDR患者(P<0.05);Logistic回归分析显示病程、年龄、SBP、TC、LDL-c、合并心脏病变和/或肾脏病变是DR发病的危险因素。结论:DM病程、患病年龄、SBP、HbA1c、TC、LDL-c、合并心脏病变和/或肾脏病变、肾功能是DR发生发展的危险因素。     

生化指标与2 型糖尿病患者实验诊断及预后相关性研究

目的：研究BMI、HbA1c、病程、相关代谢指标与2 型糖尿病（T2DM）诊断及预后的关系。方法：收集379 例T2DM 患者与 383 例健康体检者,采用生化分析仪分析二组人群的生化指标,采用高效液相色谱法检测T2DM 组HbA1c 水平,胰岛素及C 肽 采用电化学发光法检测。计量资料采用t 检验、单因素方差及相关性分析,计数资料采用卡方检验分析。结果：对各组结果进行比 较显示（1）T2DM 患者的BMI、FBG、TG、LDL-C、BUN、UA、HbA1c 水平明显高于正常对照组（P均<0.01),HDL-C、CREA 水平明 显低于对照组（P均<0.01);（2 ）TC、LDL-C、BUN、CREA及2hINS 与年龄相关。（3）肥胖组的TG、CREA、UA、FCP、2hCP 高于非肥 胖组（P 均<0.05);（4 ）初诊T2DM 患者的FBG、TG、HbAlc、LDL-C 水平明显高于5 年以上患者（P均<0.05),而HDL-C 低于5 年 以上患者（P<0.05);（5 ）HbA1c≥ 11%组的FBG水平明显高于HbA1c≤ 8%及HbA1c＝8～11%组（P<0.01）,而UA、FINS、FCP、 2hINS、2hCP 水平明显低于HbA1c<8%组（P 均<0.01);FBG、TG 与HbA1c 水平呈正相关（P<0.05）;FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP、UA 与HbA1c 水平呈负相关（P<0.01);结论：BMI、FBG、TG、LDL-C、BUN、UA、HDL-C、CREA均可作为T2DM诊断的参考指标。其中 LDL-C、BUN、CREA、2hINS 指受年龄影响。TG、CREA、UA、FCP(空腹C-肽）、2hCP与肥胖相关。FBG、TG、HbAlc、LDL-C、HDL-C 与病程相关;FBG、TG、HbA1c、FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP、UA与HbA1c 相关。     

2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者的临床特征及与慢性并发症的关系研究

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)患者的临床特征,并分析其与糖尿病慢性并发症的关系。方法:选取2016年1月至2017年1月期间来我院就诊的T2DM患者245例作为研究对象,根据肝胆超声和生化检查结果,将单纯T2DM患者105例作为对照组,将T2DM合并NAFLD患者140例作为观察组,对比两组的一般情况和生化指标,并采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析T2DM合并NAFLD与大血管慢性病的关系。结果:与对照组比较,观察组病程较短,HDL-C水平较低,BMI、SBP、TC、TG、LDL-C、ALT、AST、HbA1c、FINS、INS-120、HOMA-IR、FPG、2 h PG、空腹C肽、餐后2 h C肽水平较高(P0.05)。观察组大血管发病率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,T2DM合并NAFLD患者合并大血管慢性病的影响因素依次是:BMI、HOMA-IR、SBP、LDL-C、HbA1c、TG。结论:合并NAFLD的T2DM患者糖尿病大血管慢性病发病率显著增加,合并NAFLD的影响因素依次为BMI、HOMA-IR、SBP、LDL-C、HbA1c、TG。     

生化指标与2型糖尿病患者实验诊断及预后相关性研究

目的：研究BMI、HbA1c、病程、相关代谢指标与2型糖尿病（T2DM）诊断及预后的关系。方法：收集379例T2DM患者与383例健康体检者,采用生化分析仪分析二组人群的生化指标,采用高效液相色谱法检测T2DM组HbA1c水平,胰岛素及C肽采用电化学发光法检测。计量资料采用t检验、单因素方差及相关性分析,计数资料采用卡方检验分析。结果：对各组结果进行比较显示（1）T2DM患者的BMI、FBG、TG、LDL-C、BUN、uA、HbA1c水平明显高于正常对照组（P均〈0．01）,HDL-C、CREA水平明显低于对照组（P均〈0．01）;（2）TC、LDL—C、BUN、CREA及2hINS与年龄相关。（3）肥胖组的TG、CREA、UA、FCP、2hCP高于非肥胖组（P均〈0．05）;（4）初诊T2DM患者的FBG、TG、HbA1c、LDL-C水平明显高于5年以上患者（P均〈0．05）,而HDL-c低于5年以上患者（P〈0．05）;（5）HbA1c≥11％组的FBG水平明显高于HbA1c≤8％及HbA1c=8-11％组（P〈0．01）,而UA、FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP水平明显低于HbA1c〈8％组（P均〈0．01）;FBG、TG与HbA1c水平呈正相关（P〈0．05）;FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP、UA与HbA1c水平呈负相关（P〈0．01）;结论：BMI、FBG、TG、LDL-C、BUN、UA、HDL-C、CREA均可作为T2DM诊断的参考指标。其中LDL—C、BUN、CREA、2hINs指受年龄影响。TG、CREA、uA、FCP（空腹C-肽）、2hCP与肥胖相关。FBG、TG、HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C与病程相关;FBG、TG、HbA1c、FINS、FCP、2hINS、2hCP、UA与HbA1c相关。     

2型糖尿病下肢血管病变的危险因素分析

目的:探讨2型糖尿病合并下肢血管病变的主要危险因素.方法:选择2011年2月至2012年2月我院收治的220例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象,采用彩色多普勒超声对其双下肢血管进行检查,根据检查结果将患者分为下肢血管病变组与无下肢血管病变组,对两组患者的年龄、性别、腰围、体质量指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2h血糖(2hBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)进行测定及分析.结果:220例患者中,152例患者合并下肢血管病变,发生率69.1％.单因素分析表明年龄、SBP、2hBG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、TC、LDL-C等因素与合并下肢血管病变有关.而多因素分析表明年龄、TC、合并神经病变是引起2型糖尿病下肢血管病变的独立危险因素.结论:2型糖尿病患者下肢血管病变的发生较高,临床应根据上述危险因素进行积极干预及预防.     

2型糖尿病患者血清微小RNA-130b、白细胞介素-17A水平变化及临床意义

目的:探讨血清MRNA-130b(miR-130b)、白细胞介素-17(Interleukin-17,IL-17A)水平与2型糖尿病患者早期肾脏损伤的关系。方法:选择2016年1月-2016年12月武汉市第三医院收治肾病患者116例,依据尿蛋白排泄率(Urine protein excretion rate,UAER)分为正常白蛋白尿(DM组,41例),微量白蛋白尿(DN1组,37例),临床白蛋白尿(DN2组,38例),另选健康体检者(NC组)40例。采集空腹静脉血检测糖化血红蛋白(Glycated hemoglobin,HbAlc)、空腹血糖(Fasting blood glucose,FPG)、三酞甘油(Triglycerin,TG)、总胆固醇(Total cholesterol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋胆固醇(HDL cholesterol,HDL-C)、尿素氮(Urea Nitrogen,BUN)、肌酐(Creatinine,Cr)、尿微量白蛋白肌酐比值(Urinary microalbumin-creatinine ratio,ACR)、白细胞介素17A(IL-17A)浓度,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测血清mi R-130b的表达,分析上述指标间的相关性。结果:DN1组和DN2组BUN、Cr、ACR显著高于NC组和DM组,且DN2组显著高于DN1组(均P<0.05);DM组、DN1组IL-17A显著高于NC组(均P<0.05),DN2组IL-17A显著低于其余三组(均P<0.05);其余三组的mi R-130b表达水平显著低于NC组(均P<0.05),且DM组相似文献   

血清Fractalkine、Apelin水平与糖尿病视网膜病变患者血糖、血脂以及病程的关系研究

目的:研究血清Fractalkine(FKN)、爱帕琳肽(Apelin)水平与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者血糖、血脂以及病程的关系。方法:选取我院于2015年1月至2016年12月收治的160例糖尿病患者为研究对象,行眼底荧光造影、裂隙灯显微镜检查,按照检查结果将其区分为非增生型DR组(稳定组,43例)、背景期DR组(背景组,62例)和增殖期DR组(增殖组,55例),另外于同期选取我院40例健康体检者为健康对照组(健康组),测量4组血清FKN、Apelin、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)水平,使用Pearson相关性分析分析血清FKN、Apelin与FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、HDL-C、LDL-C、TG、TC、糖尿病病程的相关性。结果:血清FKN、Apelin水平比较:增殖组背景组稳定组健康组,各组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);血清FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、LDL-C、TG、TC水平比较:增殖组背景组稳定组健康组,各组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);血清HDL-C水平比较:健康组稳定组背景组增殖组,各组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);采用Pearson相关性分析显示,血清FKN水平与FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、LDL-C、TG、TC、糖尿病病程呈正相关性(r=0.321、0.215、0.645、0.154、0.215、0.325、0.578,P0.05),与HDL-C呈负相关性(r=-0.547,P0.05);血清Apelin水平与FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、LDL-C、TG、TC、糖尿病病程呈正相关性(r=0.245、0.574、0.951、0.357、0.357、0.159、0.546,P0.05),与HDL-C呈负相关性(r=-0.459,P0.05);糖尿病病程、HbA1c、LDL-C、HDL-C、FKN和Apelin为DR病程的相关影响因素。结论:糖尿病伴发DR患者血清FKN、Apelin水平随着病程的加重逐渐增加,且这两种因子的水平与患者血糖、血脂代谢关系密切。     

前列地尔联合益肾化湿颗粒对糖尿病肾病患者血糖、血脂、肾功能以及尿足细胞相关蛋白的影响

目的:分析前列地尔联合益肾化湿颗粒对糖尿病肾病患者血糖、血脂、肾功能以及尿足细胞相关蛋白的影响。方法:98例糖尿病肾病患者按抽签法分为对照组与实验组,各49例,对照组予以前列地尔治疗,实验组基于对照组加用益肾化湿颗粒治疗,比较两组疗效,糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖低(2h PG),甘油三脂(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C),血尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)、胱抑素(Cys-C),尿足细胞标志蛋白(PCX)nephrin,安全性。结果:实验组总有效率高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,两组Hb Alc、FPG、2h PG比较无差异(P0.05)。实验组TG、TC、LDL-C、BUN、Cr、β2-MG、Cys-c、PCX、尿nephrin/尿Cr低于对照组(P0.05)。实验组HDL-C高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:前列地尔联合益肾化湿颗粒治疗对糖尿病肾病的疗效确切,可利于血糖、血脂、肾功能的改善,降低尿足细胞相关蛋白的浓度。     

2型糖尿病肾病患者血清GDF-15、sVCAM-1、YKL-40、α-klotho蛋白水平与糖脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗及肾功能的相关性分析

摘要 目的：探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）肾病患者血清可溶性血管细胞黏附分子-1（sVCAM-1）、生长分化因子 - 15（GDF-15）、α-klotho蛋白、几丁质酶3样蛋白1（YKL-40）水平与糖脂代谢、胰岛素抵抗及肾功能的关系。方法：选取2017年2月~2020年5月期间我院收治的T2DM患者80例,将T2DM患者根据有无糖尿病肾病分为T2DM无肾病组（n=43）、T2DM肾病组（n=37）。并选取同期于我院体检的健康志愿者50例作为对照组。检测所有受试者的血脂指标：总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）,肾功能指标：尿素氮（BUN）、肌酐（Scr）,血糖指标：糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、空腹血糖（FPG）,胰岛素抵抗指标：稳态模型-胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,GDF-15、sVCAM-1、α-klotho蛋白、YKL-40水平。分析血清GDF-15、sVCAM-1、YKL-40、α-klotho蛋白水平与血糖指标、血脂指标、胰岛素抵抗指标 、肾功能指标的相关性。结果：T2DM肾病组GDF-15、sVCAM-1、YKL-40较对照组、T2DM无肾病组高（P<0.05）,T2DM肾病组α-klotho蛋白低于T2DM无肾病组、对照组（P<0.05）。T2DM肾病组、T2DM无肾病组TC、TG、LDL、BUN、HOMA-IR、Scr、FPG、HbA1c水平较对照组高,且T2DM肾病组高于T2DM无肾病组（P<0.05）,T2DM肾病组、T2DM无肾病组HDL水平低于对照组,且T2DM肾病组低于T2DM无肾病组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,GDF-15、sVCAM-1、YKL-40与TC、TG、LDL、BUN、Scr、FPG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR均呈正相关,而与HDL呈负相关（P<0.05）,α-klotho蛋白与TC、TG、LDL、BUN、Scr、FPG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR均呈负相关,而与HDL呈正相关（P<0.05）。结论：GDF-15、sVCAM-1、YKL-40、α-klotho蛋白在T2DM肾病患者血清中异常表达,可能参与该疾病的发生、发展。     

High levels of circulating interleukin-10 in diabetic nephropathy patients

AIMS: The aim of our study was to analyse the level of circulating interleukin-10 (IL-10) and relate it to the grade of albuminuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) due to type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Since IL-10 has met the criteria for an anti-inflammatory and an immunosuppressive cytokine, its activity may be important for clinical outcome of DN. METHODS: The IL-10 level was measured by ELISA in serum samples from thirty patients with DN due to type 1 DM, and compared with thirty patients with type 1 DM without DN and a control group of thirty, healthy, age- and sex-matched people. RESULTS: We observed a greatly elevated concentration of circulating IL-10 in 30/30 DM patients with DN (mean 140 pg/mL +/- 102), compared to DM patients without DN in whom IL-10 was detectable in only 11/30 patients (0.79 pg/mL +/- 1.24), and the group of healthy people in whom IL-10 was detectable in only 3/30 donors (0.92 pg/mL +/- 0.17). IL-10 appeared to be the strongest independent predictor of albuminuria, followed by HbA1c, diastolic blood pressure and DN duration. There was a positive correlation between the values of IL-10 and albuminuria in DM patients with DN. The patients in the fourth quartile of albuminuria had a distinctly higher concentration of IL-10 than those in the lower quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: The increased concentration of IL-10 in the serum samples from DM patients with DN seems to depend on the severity of the nephropathy. The excessive IL-10 production may indirectly contribute towards DN progression. On the other hand, it may explain the relatively long course of diabetic nephropathy.     

2 型糖尿病神经病变患者血清IL-6、8-iso-PGF2α 检测及意义

目的:探讨2型糖尿病神经病变(DPN)患者血清IL-6、8-iso-PGF2α水平的变化及意义。方法:选择2型糖尿病患者伴神经病变的患者55例,单纯2型糖尿病不伴有神经病变的患者25例,另选25例体检健康者作为对照组。采用ELISA法分别测定各组血清IL-6、8-iso-PGF2α水平。结果:血清IL-6、8-iso-PGF2α水平在糖尿病组和糖尿病神经病变组均较对照组显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。DN组8-iso-PGF2α较DM组显著升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);但IL-6在两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:IL-6在糖尿病神经病变发病中的作用不能肯定。8-iso-PGF2α可能通过氧化应激作用参与糖尿病神经病变的发生发展。     

The Uyghur population and genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes: potential role for variants in CAPN10, APM1 and FUT6 genes

Genome‐wide association studies have successfully identified over 70 loci associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in multiple populations of European ancestry. However, the risk attributable to an individual variant is modest and does not yet provide convincing evidence for clinical utility. Association between these established genetic variants and T2DM in general populations is hitherto understudied in the isolated populations, such as the Uyghurs, resident in Hetian, far southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. In this case–control study, we genotyped 13 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 10 genes associated with diabetes in 130 cases with T2DM and 135 healthy controls of Uyghur, a Chinese minority ethnic group. Three of the 13 SNPs demonstrated significant association with T2DM in the Uyghur population. There were significant differences between the T2DM patients and controls in the risk allele distributions of rs3792267 (CAPN10) (P = 0.002), rs1501299 (APM1) (P = 0.017), and rs3760776 (FUT6) (P = 0.031). Allelic carriers of rs3792267‐A, rs1501299‐T, and rs3760776‐T had a 2.24‐fold [OR (95% CI): 1.35–3.71], 0.59‐fold [OR (95% CI): 0.39–0.91], 0.57‐fold [OR (95% CI): 0.34–0.95] increased risk for T2DM respectively. We further confirmed that the cumulative risk allelic scores calculated from the 13 susceptibility loci for T2DM differed significantly between the T2DM patients and controls (P = 0.001), and the effect of obesity/overweight on T2DM was only observed in the subjects with a combined risk allelic score under a value of 17. This study observed that the SNPs rs3792267 in CAPN10, rs1501299 in APM1, and rs3760776 in FUT6 might serve as potential susceptible biomarkers for T2DM in Uyghurs. The cumulative risk allelic scores of multiple loci with modest individual effects are also significant risk factors in Uyghurs for T2DM, particularly among non‐obese individuals. This is the first investigation having observed/found genetic variations on genetic loci functionally linked with glycosylation associated with the risk of T2DM in a Uyghur population.     

BsmI polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor gene are associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes in the Han Chinese population

We investigated the relationship between BsmI/ApaI polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor gene and diabetic nephropathy in a Han Chinese population. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to test the genotype and allele frequency of BsmI and ApaI polymorphisms in 304 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM group) and 100 control individuals (ND group). The DM group was further divided into DN0 (no diabetic nephropathy), DN1 (diabetes with small amount of albuminuria), DN2 (diabetes with large amount of albuminuria), L/NDN (late-onset DN after 5 years/no DN over the whole follow-up period of 5 years) and EDN (early-onset diabetic nephropathy occurring within first year) subgroup. We found that (1) genotype and allele frequency of BsmI polymorphism had significant difference between DM and ND group; BB+Bb genotype and B allele frequency were significantly higher in DN2 group than in ND and DN0 group; the ApaI polymorphism and allele frequency did not show any difference between DM and ND group; (2) BsmI BB+Bb genotype and B allele frequency were significantly higher in EDN group than in L/NDN group; (3) among patients with nephropathy, albumin excretion rate (AER) in 24-hour urine was significantly higher in those with BB+Bb phenotype than in those with bb phenotype (P<0.01), (4) unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that BsmI BB+Bb genotype was not only correlated with type 2 diabetic nephropathy, but also correlated with early-onset type 2 diabetic nephropathy. We conclude that the allele B (BB or Bb genotype) in vitamin D receptor gene is correlated with large amount albuminuria in the Han Chinese population with type 2 diabetes, and is probably a risk factor for early-onset diabetic nephropathy.     

血清Cys-C 及RBP水平联合检测在早期糖尿病肾病诊断中的应用

目的:探讨血清胱抑素C(Cys-C)和视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)水平联合检测在早期糖尿病肾病(DN)诊断中的应用价值。方法:选择2010年9月到2014年9月在我院诊疗的150例DN患者,依照24 h尿清蛋白排泄率(UAER)分为DM组(n=60例)、早期DN组(n=46例)和临床DN组(n=44例),同期选择82例健康体检者作为对照组。检测所有患者血清Cys-C、RBP、尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)的浓度,比较各指标的阳性检测率和早期DN组各指标单一、联合检测的灵敏度。结果:早期DN组和临床DN组血清Cys-C、RBP浓度明显高于DM组和对照组(P0.05);临床DN组血清Cys-C、RBP浓度明显高于早期DN组(P0.05)。早期DN组血清BUN、Cr浓度与DM组和对照组相比,无显著性差异(P0.05);临床DN组血清BUN、Cr浓度明显高于DM组和对照组(P0.05)。早期DN组和临床DN组血清Cys-C、RBP、BUN及Cr阳性检出率比较无显著性差异(P0.05);早期DN组和临床DN组血清Cys-C、RBP阳性检出率明显高于血清BUN、Cr(P0.05)。早期DN组血清Cys-C+RBP联合检测灵敏度明显高于血清Cys-C、RBP、BUN、Cr的单一检测灵敏度和血清BUN+Cr联合检测灵敏度(P0.05)。结论:血清Cys-C和RBP水平联合检测较BUN、Cr检测早期DN,阳性检出率和灵敏度高,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and T2DM in a case�Ccontrol association study of the Bahraini population

Bahrain has one of the highest incidence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) as a complication was noticed in some patients while absent in others. This interesting observation raises the role of certain genetic risk factors for the development of DN. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism was found to be associated with T2DM. While some patients have predisposition to DN in the population, others have negative association. The present case-control association study was designed to investigate the association of ACE I/D polymorphism in T2DM patients in Bahrain especially in those who developed DN. A total of 360 T2DM patients (110 with DN and 250 without DN) and 360 healthy (non-diabetic) age-matched subjects were recruited for this study for comparison. The presence (insertion)/absence (deletion) (I/D) polymorphism of a 287-bp Alu1 element inside intron 16 of the ACE gene was investigated using PCR-gel electrophoresis. The results show that the distribution of the homozygote DD genotype of the ACE gene was high among Bahraini T2DM patients compared to the healthy non-diabetic subjects. In addition, the distribution of the deletion (D) allele was high among Bahraini T2DM patients with DN when compared to the healthy non-diabetic subjects. However, there was no significant difference in the distribution of ACE I/D allele and genotypes between DN patients when compared to those T2DM patients without DN. The results obtained in this study are in closely agreement with some previous reports which show a strong association of ACE polymorphism with T2DM patients, yet not a risk factor for development of DN.     

Proteome analysis of serum from type 2 diabetics with nephropathy

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a renal disease which develops as a consequence of diabetes mellitus. Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinical sign of DN. There are no specific diagnostic biomarkers for type 2 diabetics with nephropathy other than microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria. However, microalbuminuria does not constitute a sole independent indicator for type 2 diabetics with nephropathy, and thus, another screening method, such as a biomarker assay, is required in order to diagnose it more correctly. Therefore, we have utilized two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) to identify human serum protein markers for the more specific and accurate prediction of progressive nephropathy in type 2 diabetes patients, via comparisons of the serum proteome in three experimental groups: type 2 diabetes patients without microalbuminuria (DM, n = 30), with microalbuminuria (MA, n = 29), and with chronic renal failure (CRF, n = 31). As a result, proteins which were differentially expressed with statistical significance (p < 0.05) in MA and CRF groups as compared to those in DM group were selected and identified by ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS. Among these identified proteins, two proteins which might be useful as diagnostic biomarkers of type 2 diabetics with nephropathy were verified by Western blotting: extracellular glutathione peroxidase (eGPx) and apolipoprotein (ApoE) were found to exhibit a progressive reduction in MA and CRF groups. Notably, eGPx was further verified by ELISA using DM (n = 100) and MA (n = 96) patient samples. Collectively, our results show that the two proteins identified in this study may constitute potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetics with nephropathy.     

Association between two genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis

The widely studied candidate genes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, angiotensinogen (AGT), and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR1), are implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). A number of studies have evaluated the association between the functional polymorphisms, AGT M235T and AGTR1 A1166C, and DN risk with conflicting results. The present meta-analysis was performed to estimate the overall risk of these polymorphisms associated with DN on 4,377 DN cases and 4,905 controls from 34 published case–control studies by searching electronic databases and reference lists of relevant articles. We examined the association between each polymorphism and the risk of DN by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and calculated the ORs for different genetic model. In addition, stratification analysis by ethnicity and diabetes mellitus (DM) type was conducted. In this meta-analysis, we failed to find any significant main effects in both overall analysis and stratified analysis for the AGT M235T. However, the overall analysis detected a significant association between the AGTR1 A1166C and the risk of DN for the CC compared with the AA and dominant genetic model (CC vs. AA: OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.00–4.44; dominant model: OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.06–4.23). In subgroup analysis, only patients with T2DM showed significant association for CC vs. AA model and dominant model (CC vs. AA: OR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.21–9.08; dominant model: OR = 3.50, 95% CI: 1.41–8.69). This study suggests that the AGTR1 A1166C polymorphism may contribute to DN development, particularly in T2DM patients.