广州市景观湖微囊藻的分类学研究

于2008年3月至2009年4月,对广州市区若干景观湖水体的微囊藻属(Microcystis)进行分类学研究。共观察到11种微囊藻,分别是铜绿微囊藻(M. aeruginosa Kützing)、放射微囊藻(M. botrys Teiling)、坚实微囊藻(M. firma Kützing)、水华微囊藻(M. flosaquae Wittrock)、鱼害微囊藻(M. ichthyoblabe Kützing)、挪氏微囊藻(M. novacekii Komárek)、苍白微囊藻(M. pallida (Farlow) Lemm.)、假丝微囊藻(M. pseudofilamentosa Crow)、史密斯微囊藻(M. smithii Komárek & Anagnostidis)、绿色微囊藻(M. viridis A. Braun)和惠氏微囊藻(M. wesenbergii Komárek),对它们的形态学特征进行描述,并比较这些种类间的形态区别。     

中国淡水微囊藻三个新记录种

迄今为止,全球范围内报道了约50种微囊藻Microcystis,中国记录报道的有19种,但一些描述仍较模糊。最近在云南滇池、武汉东湖和南湖、北京、浙江杭州和绍兴等地野外调查中发现一些微囊藻水华含有较高的多样性,其中有3种微囊藻在中国尚未报道：M.novacekii（Komarek） Comp6re1974,M.smithii Komarek ＆ Anagnostidis 1995和IM．botrys Teiling1942。本文对这3个新记录种进行形态特征描述。     

七株微囊藻系统进化关系的RAPD-PCR分析

应用RAPD-PCR的方法,选用24个随机引物,分析来自不同地区的7株微囊藻的基因组多态性。结果显示,Microcystis.viridis及M.wesenbergii明显与M.aeruginosa区分开。M.aeruginosa分为两个可视为不同种的异源分类单位。作为对照的Anabaena sp.7120与其他微囊藻株表现出完全不同的基因型及更远的遗传距离。 此项研究表明,以基因型而不是表现型为基础,分析蓝藻种内及种间区别是可能的。因此,为解决蓝藻分类问题,特别是在种和属的水平上,提供了重要的线索。结合正在进行的用特异性及准确性强的引物区分微囊藻产毒及非产毒株的方法,RAPD-PCR可望将微囊藻产毒及非产毒株进化关系澄清。     

2008年苏州阳澄湖浮游藻类群落结构与环境因子的CCA分析

2008年1月—12月对江苏阳澄湖的浮游藻类进行了调查,分析了藻类的群落结构、物种多样性以及其与阳澄湖生态环境的相互关系。共发现藻类8门124属324种(包括变种),全年优势种为铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aerugini-sa)、小席藻(Phorimidium tenus)、不定微囊藻(M.incerta)、密集微囊藻(M.densa)等。藻类的年平均丰度为3462.93×104cell/L,年平均生物量为8.09 mg/L。利用生物学指标对湖泊进行营养状况评价,阳澄湖属于α-中污染富营养型湖泊。CCA分析表明阳澄湖的蓝藻主要分布在夏、秋季,绿藻在夏季受到微囊藻的抑制,硅藻主要分布在春、冬季,金藻和黄藻主要分布在冬季;温度是阳澄湖藻类的首要影响因子,总氮与总磷的影响作用由入湖河道向东湖逐步减小。     

中国光柄菇属已知种类及其分布

对中国光柄菇属(Pluteus)真菌进行了整理、修订,并对有关分类学问题进行了扼要讨论。中国光柄菇属真菌有28个名称记录,分布于23个省(自治区)。其中只有10个分类单元引证了标本,有3个记录的报道未提供形态描述,另有1种存在拼写错误。     

三种水华蓝藻对不同磷浓度生理响应的比较研究

本实验研究了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa FACHB469)、水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae FACHB245)和浮游颤藻(Oscillatoria planctonicaFACHB708)对磷浓度变化的生理响应。结果表明,在缺磷条件下,A. flos-aquae对低磷环境的适应能力较强,O. planctonica其次,M. aeruginosa最差;在磷充足条件,微囊藻对磷过量吸收的能力明显高于其他两种蓝藻。三种蓝藻胞外碱性磷酸酶活性(APA)与培养基中磷浓度呈负相关性,其产生碱性磷酸酶(AP)的能力由高至低为:A. flos-aquae>O. planctonica>M. aeruginosa。磷缺陷时A. flos-aquae产生的胞外APA约是M. aeruginosa的10倍,是O. planctonica的5倍。     

中国瓦衣属(瓦衣科)地衣的分类研究

报道了中国瓦衣属(Coccocarpia)的6个种,其中包括3个中国新记录种:贴瓦衣(C. adnata)、槽瓦衣(C.glaucina)和千果瓦衣(C. myriocarpa)。对物种的分类学特征进行了描述和讨论,提供了中国新记录种的图片,并给出了中国瓦衣属已知物种的检索表。     

国产玉叶金花属(茜草科)的三个新异名

澄清了中国产玉叶金花属Mussaenda 2种1变型的分类学位置, 分别将胀管玉叶金花M. inflata Hsue &; H. Wu、异形玉叶金花M. anomala Li和灵仙玉叶金花M. pubescens Ait. f. forma clematidiflora Chun ex Hsue &; H. Wu作为粗毛玉叶金花M. hirsutula Miq.、大叶白纸扇M. esquirolii Lévl.和玉叶金花M. pubescens Ait. f.的新异名处理。     

二种淡水微囊藻rDNA16S-235基因间隔区的序列测定与分析

本研究采用PCR及序列测定的方法,对我国淡水铜绿微囊藻有毒株(M8641)和另一低毒的种类惠氏微囊藻(M574)rDNA16S-23S基因间隔区进行了序列的测定和分析,结果表明:rDNA16S-23S基因间隔区可以作为一个精细且稳定的指标,用于微囊藻的分类和鉴定。并从分子水平提出了铜绿微囊藻与惠氏微囊藻在种系发生上有较近缘的关系。本文首次对微囊藻属Microcystis rDNA基因间隔区全序列作了报道,为微囊藻属的鉴定及系统学研究提供了分子基础。       

中国母草科植物分类及地理分布

对国内外关于母草科(Linderniaceae Borsch,Kai Müller&Eberhard Fischer)系统分类学的研究进展进行了综述,整理和总结了中国母草科植物的分类学变动情况。通过收集中国数字植物标本馆、中国国家标本资源平台、《中国植物志》、Flora of China及《中国生物物种名录》物种分布信息,分析了中国母草科植物的分布格局。结果表明,母草科主要由传统玄参科母草族、腭母草族的类群及原苦苣苔科的侧母草属所构成,共22属220余种,中国分布有8属43种,其中15种为中国特有种。在中国,广西与广东分布的母草科植物最为丰富,新疆、青海和宁夏无母草科植物分布。研究更正了中国母草科植物属的范围及地理分布,以期为母草科植物未来的分类学与生物多样性研究提供参考。     

Taxonomic notes on water bloom forming Microcystis species (Cyanophyta) from China—An example from samples of the Dianchi Lake

Ten common species of Microcystis, based on the examination of water samples from the Dianchi Lake, Yunnan, China, were morphologically described, and their taxonomy was also discussed. They are Microcystis aeruginosa, M. botrys, M. firma, M. flos-aquae, M. ichthyoblabe, M. novacekii, M. pseudofilamentosa, M. smithii, M. viridis and M. wesenbergii. Taxonomic status of other Microcystis species reported in China was also evaluated. Key words Cyanophyta, Microcystis, morphology, taxonomy, China.     

广东省水库3株水华微囊藻16s rRNA序列分析

微囊藻是有害淡水水华的主要藻种,但其形态分类困难,制约了相关研究的深入;16SrRNA序列分析广泛应用于微生物种类鉴定。测定广东3个水库的3株水华微囊藻16SrRNA基因部分序列,运用Mega3软件分析其遗传特征,结果表明,3株藻同源序列长度为1305bp,没有插入与缺失,序列中有3个变异位点,A T含量最大差异仅为0.2%,核苷酸相似性在99.85%以上,不能区分广东省水库同一藻种的不同藻株,表明水华微囊藻种内16SrRNA基因序列相当保守。要准确鉴定广东省水库微囊藻种类,丰富广东省水库微囊藻分子层面的分类资料,需要比较更多形态和地理来源的藻株,建立16SrRNA和其它基因序列核苷酸数据库,分析种间和种内差异,设计种专一性的分子探针。     

东湖蓝藻水华毒性的研究 Ⅱ.季节变化及微囊藻的毒性

1984年至1986年间武汉东湖(包括湖边池塘)的水华有7种,即铜绿微囊藻、大型铜绿微囊藻、边缘微囊藻、水华鱼腥藻、卷曲鱼腥藻、美丽颤藻和束丝藻。经生物测定,除束丝藻未测、卷曲鱼腥藻和美丽颤藻未测出毒性外,其余4种皆为有毒水华。东湖的水华随着季节变化而有不同类型的更迭,其出现格局为:卷曲鱼腥藻、微囊藻、颤藻、微囊藻。微囊藻水华的毒性在不同季节也有较大差异,毒性最低在8—9月份,最高在12月份(LD_(50)=24mg/kg鼠重),随着温度的降低而提高。讨论了某些环境参数与微囊藻水华形成及其毒性变化的关系。此外,还用脑内注射和腹腔注射方法,研究了微囊藻毒素的毒性表现。     

GENETIC VARIABILITY OF BRAZILIAN STRAINS OF THE MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA COMPLEX (CYANOBACTERIA/CYANOPHYCEAE) USING THE PHYCOCYANIN INTERGENIC SPACER AND FLANKING REGIONS (cpcBA)

The genetic and morphological variability among 15 Brazilian strains of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. collected from four locations was examined and compared with several reference strains of M. aeruginosa , M. viridis (A. Br.) Lemm. and M. wesenbergii (Kom.) Kom. in Kondr. Brazilian strains were classified by morphological features and by comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the cpc BA intergenic spacer and flanking regions. Our results indicate that Brazilian strains classified as M. aeruginosa are phylogenetically diverse compared with reference strains of M. aeruginosa and that the current taxonomy underestimates genetic diversity within M. aeruginosa. The data also demonstrate that morphological criteria alone are inadequate to characterize Microcystis species. Although colonial characters were shown to vary considerably in culture, some genetic lineages demonstrated consistent cellular diameter ranges, indicating that cell size has value as a taxonomic character. The detection of six M. aeruginosa genotypes in a single water body indicates that morphological approaches can also seriously underestimate the diversity of Microcystis bloom populations.     

Somatic and population growth in selected cladoceran and rotifer species offered the cyanobacterium it Microcystis aeruginosa as food

The ability of cladocerans and rotifers to utilise the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa was tested by comparing the somatic and population growth in cultures using Chlorella and Microcystis as food types. Five species of cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia cornuta, Scapholeberis kingi, Moina macrocopa, Daphnia carinata, Simocephalus vetulus) and two species of rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus, Hexarthra mira) were used in this study. In order to exclude the possibility of poor utilisation of Microcystis due to mechanical interference, single cells of Microcystis, (obtained by sonicating large colonies) were also offered. Experiments were done at 20 °Cs and 30 °C . In all the treatments tested, the population growth rate per day of the cladocerans ranged from -0.715 to 0.612 and that of the rotifers from -1.15 to 0.781. While C. cornuta, S. kingi and S. vetulus could utilise Microcystis, M. macrocopa and D. carinata were extremely susceptible to its toxins. The ability of the cladoceran populations to grow on Microcystis single cells was not related to the body length or gut length alone but to their ratio. The toxic effects of Microcystis were mitigated at the higher temperature. A strain of C. cornuta, collected from a Microcystis-dominated lake, had a higher growth rate on the toxic cyanobacteria suggesting that the tolerance to Microcystis could be a heritable trait. Of the two rotifer species, only H. mira survived and reproduced in some treatments of Microcystis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Occurrence of isopropylthio compounds in the aquatic ecosystem (Lake Neusiedl, Austria) as a chemical marker for Microcystis flos-aquae

Abstract Volatile organic sulfur compounds occuring during a bloom of different species of Microcystis in Lake Neusiedl, Austria, were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. In open water diisopropyl disulfide and diisopropyl tri-sulfide were the only sulphur compounds to be found. It was shown that Microcystis flos-aquae was the causative agent for the generation of these sulphur compounds, since high concentrations of these substances were found both in the floating scum of cyanobacteria taken from open lake and in axenic cultures of five isolated strains of M. flos-aquae . Strains isolated from colonies of Microcystis aeruginosa were not able to synthesize isopropylthio compounds. Alternatively, methylthio compounds were released. The rather unusual formation of the isopropylthio group can be used as a chemical marker to differentiate between M. flos-aquae and M. aeruginosa as two separate species which hitherto have been regarded as formae. In a canal passing through the reed belt of Lake Neusiedl where Microcystis was missing, these compounds were not detected. Different sulfur compounds (dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, dibutyl sulfide and bis(methylthio) methane) which in part have not yet been reported for freshwater ecosystems occurred at this site. Their origin, however, remains obscure.     

Comparative studies on phosphate utilization of two bloom-forming Microcystis spp. (cyanobacteria) isolated from Lake Taihu (China)

Microcystis is a common freshwater bloom-dominating cyanobacterial genus. However, the crucial factors that affect the seasonal succession and extent of dominance of different species remain largely unknown. This study investigated inorganic phosphorus (P) uptake, growth, and P utilization of two dominant Microcystis species from Lake Taihu (China) at different P concentrations and temperatures. Compared with Microcystis wesenbergii, Microcystis flos-aquae had higher maximum uptake rate and luxury storage coefficient. However, M. flos-aquae also had a higher P demand for growth. Under P-rich conditions (64.5 to 174.5 μM), M. flos-aquae had a higher growth rate (0.16 to 0.21 d^?1) than M. wesenbergii (0.06 to 0.19 d^?1) at 22 to 30 °C. M. wesenbergii, with higher phosphate affinity, had a lower P demand to sustain its growth, and yielded a higher growth rate of 0.10 d^?1 at low P concentration (6.5 μM) at 34 °C, whereas M. flos-aquae had a lower growth rate of 0.03 d^?1. Therefore, M. flos-aquae was dominant in late spring under P-rich conditions, whereas M. wesenbergii prevailed in hot summer after M. flos-aquae decreased under P-limited conditions. These results agree well with their succession patterns in the field. Overall, succession and dominance of M. flos-aquae and M. wesenbergii in Lake Taihu are regulated by P concentration and water temperature.     

微囊藻碳酸酐酶活性在不同环境因素下的调节与适应

测定了3种微囊藻水华中的优势种类,即铜锈微囊藻（Microcystis aetlzginosa Kutz．）,绿色微囊藻（Microcystis viridis（A．Br．）Lemm）,惠氏微囊藻（Microcystis wesenbergii（Kom．）Kom．）,以及微囊藻573（Microcystis sp．573）的碳酸酐酶活性;研究了无机碳、pH、温度、光强、NIP比等环境因素和外源葡萄糖对铜锈微囊藻碳酸酐酶活性的影响,发现微囊藻碳酸酐酶活性受环境中碳酸氢根浓度的调节,故推断碳酸氢根是铜锈微囊藻利用的主要无机碳形式;相比添加葡萄糖进行混合营养培养的细胞,无外源葡萄糖和暗饥饿培养的微囊藻细胞会产生高约6倍的碳酸酐酶活性;光强的改变也会影响碳酸酐酶的活性。