群体基因组结构变异检测工作流

结构变异作为人类基因组上的一种大规模的变异类型,对分子与细胞进程、调节功能、基因表达调控、个体表型具有重要的影响,检测群体中基因组结构变异有助于绘制群体基因组变异图谱,刻画群体遗传进化特征,为疾病诊治、精准医疗的发展提供支撑。本研究提出一种面向高通量测序的群体基因组结构变异检测工作流,该工作流通过使用多种高性能基因组结构变异检测算法实现全面、精准的结构变异挖掘,使用多层融合与过滤获得高精度群体结构变异候选集合,利用基因型重新校正、变异修剪、类型校对,最终完整绘制群体基因组结构变异图谱。基于该工作流对由267个样本组成的人群进行群体结构变异检测,检测出了96 202个结构变异,其变异种类和频率分布与其他国际基因组计划相符,这些结果证明了本工作流具有良好的群体结构变异检测能力。同时,工作流通过并行的方式在内存可控的基础上显著降低了分析时间,为大规模人群基因组结构变异的高效检测提供了重要支撑。     

人类基因组结构变异检测研究进展

高通量、高分辨率基因组学技术的出现推动了人类基因组中长度在1kb～3Mb的亚显微水平结构变异检测方法的发展,这些结构变异主要包括基因拷贝数变异、倒置、插入、缺失、重复及其他基因重排．而传统的细胞遗传学技术达不到如此高的分辨率．本文介绍了目前主要的基因组结构变异的检测技术,包括基于芯片的比较基因组杂交技术和代表性寡核苷酸芯片分析技术,基于PCR的多重扩增探针杂交技术和依赖于连接反应的多重探针扩增技术,配对末端图谱技术等．还比较和分析了各种方法的优劣势并提出了目前结构变异数据库存在的问题．最后讨论了这些变异对于人类表型多态性、疾病易感性、药物反应程度及群体遗传学的影响．     

被子植物叶绿体基因组的结构变异研究进展

叶绿体是绿色植物特有的细胞器,其基因组信息被广泛应用于植物系统发育和比较基因组学研究。目前,越来越多的物种有了叶绿体全基因组序列,人们对叶绿体基因组的结构及其变异规律有了更深入的了解。该文对近年来国内外有关被子植物叶绿体基因组插入/缺失、短片段倒位与重复、基因组结构重排以及基因丢失等结构变异式样的研究进展进行综述,并分析了叶绿体基因组结构研究中仍存在的问题以及该领域未来的发展趋势。     

人类基因组计划与生命科学及生物产业

人类基因组计划（HGP）将要完成。人类基因组全部测序标志这一宏伟计划的阶段性目标的实现,其对生命科学及人类生存、发展的影响将伴随人类走向新的时代。基因组信息学、比较基因组学、进化基因组学、应用基因组学等新的学科将应运而生。基因组学研究的特点是数据导向和系统性。从雄心勃勃的“人类基因组计划”,到蓬蓬勃勃的基因组学,再到轰轰烈烈的生物信息争夺战,“生物世纪”的帷幕已经拉开。     

锈菌类真菌基因组结构分析研究进展

锈菌种群庞大,可以引起许多重要经济作物和林木病害,严重威胁全球粮食和林业生产安全。全基因组分析为锈菌基因功能研究、毒性变异研究及锈菌演化规律研究提供了重要基础,为制定锈病有效防控策略和创制抗锈新材料提供理论依据。本文综述了目前锈菌全基因组分析领域的进展,对锈菌的基因组结构、基因组成、基因组变异等特征进行了归纳分析,对基因组变异与其专性寄生特性的关系、基因组变异对其毒性变异的可能影响等进行了阐述。基因组学将为最终揭示锈菌生活史复杂性和毒性高度变异性的根本成因提供有力工具。     

孤独症的遗传病因学研究进展及基因型-表型关联研究计划

孤独症谱系障碍是一组严重影响儿童健康,具有高度临床和病因异质性的神经发育障碍性疾病,其典型的临床症状包括社会交往障碍,语言交流障碍以及刻板、重复的行为。近年来依靠基因组学研究的发展,孤独症的遗传学研究取得了巨大进展。主要体现在利用基因组学方法对大样本量的孤独症散发患者和家系进行全基因组关联研究、拷贝数变异研究以及外显子组或全基因组测序研究,鉴定了一大批孤独症的易感或致病基因以及位点。虽然取得了瞩目的进展,但这些研究的结果也提出了极具挑战性的问题,即高度的遗传异质性。将对孤独症已有的遗传学研究进展做一综述,并基于已有的研究进展提出几种孤独症的病因学模型。同时,为了解决遗传异质性的问题,提出了孤独症基因型-表型关联研究计划。这一计划将是孤独症下一步临床遗传学研究的重点方向。     

以海量数据计算揭示人类疾病发生机制及相关分子标志物

高通量芯片和深度测序技术为在全基因组水平上绘制高分辨率的基因组变异、RNA转录、转录因子结合及组蛋白修饰图谱等研究提供了前所未有的机遇.这些技术彻底改变了以往有关转录组学、调控网络以及表观遗传调控的研究方法,产生了海量的多水平组学数据,并开启了高效数据整合研究的先河.然而,如何有效地整合这些数据仍然是一个巨大的挑战.本文总结了高通量组学数据的产生对相关领域研究的主要影响及其与人类疾病的关系,并介绍了多种用于数据整合分析的生物信息学方法.最后,以炎症疾病为例进行说明.     

人类基因组结构变异

基因组结构变异通常是指基因组内大于1 kb的DNA片段缺失、插入、重复、倒位、易位以及DNA拷贝数目变化(CNVs)。人类基因组结构变异涉及数千片段不连续的基因组区域, 含数百万DNA碱基对, 可含数个基因及调控序列, 多种基因功能因此缺失或改变, 导致机体表型变化、疾病易感性改变或发生疾病。对基因组结构变异的研究, 有助于用动态的观点全面分析基因组遗传变异得到整合的基因型, 理解结构变异的潜在医学作用及机体整体功能的复杂性。文章从人类基因组结构变异的类型、研究方法, 对个体表型、疾病及生物进化的影响等方面综合阐述人类基因组结构变异的最新研究进展。     

表观基因组学研究方法进展与评价

表观遗传学是指基于非基因序列改变所致基因表达水平的变化, 如DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰等; 表观基因组学则是在基因组水平上对表观遗传学改变的研究。DNA甲基化已经成为表观遗传学和表观基因组学的重要研究内容, 人类表观基因组计划的最终目标是绘制出人类基因组中甲基化可变位点图谱。随着研究的不断深入, 各种研究方法被开发出来以满足不同类型研究的需要。文章主要介绍目前已有的表观基因组学研究方法, 并对其进行简要分析和总结。     

比较基因组学及其应用

比较基因组学是利用某些基因组图谱和测序获得的信息推测其他生物基因组的基因数目、位置、功能、表达机制和物种进化的学科。比较基因组学的发展与序列数据的积累密切相关,目前该学科已经成为研究生物基因组的最主要手段之一。利用FASTA、BLAST和CLUSTAL W等序列比对工具,种间的比较基因组学能够让人们了解物种间在基因组结构上的差异,发现基因的功能、物种的进化关系,以及进行功能基因的克隆。种内的比较基因组学研究主要涉及个体或群体基因组内诸如SNP、CNP等变异和多态现象。比较基因组学的研究结果不但有助于深入了解生命体的遗传机制,也有助于阐明人类复杂疾病的致病机制,揭示生命的本质规律。     

Human genome diversity: what about the other human genome project?

Although the Human Genome Project has been successful, the Human Genome Diversity Project, proposed in 1991, has so far failed to thrive. One of the main values in studying the human genome, however, will come from examining its variations and their effects. To do that in a systematic way, an active Human Genome Diversity Project, or something very similar, will ultimately prove vital. Such an effort will confront difficult ethical and political issues; this article reviews those issues and tries to show how they might be overcome.     

Perspectives on functional genomics

As the first assembly of the human genome was announced on June 26, 2000, we have entered post genome era. The genome sequence represents a new starting point for science and medicine with possible impact on research across the life sciences. In this review I tried to offer brief summaries of history and progress of the Human Genome Project and two major challenges ahead, functional genomics and DNA sequence variation research.     

中国基因组学研究进展与发展态势

20 世纪 90 年代初,以完成人类基因组全序列测定和注释为核心任务的人类基因组计划在美国的领导下兴起．自1999年中国加入人类基因组计划到现在的10年时间里,中国基因组学得到了快速的发展,建立了先进的基因组学技术平台,并出色完成了多项重大基因组科学研究项目,对我国生命科学各个领域的发展产生了重要影响．结合我国基因组学研究现状,《中国科学C辑·生命科学》(Sci China Ser C-Life Sci) 2009年第1期发表了中国基因组学专题,综述了基因组测序、分型,功能基因检测技术和生物信息学分析技术,以及肝癌、免疫和环境与工业微生物的基因组学研究等方面的研究工作．     

The Human Genome Diversity Project: past, present and future

The Human Genome Project, in accomplishing its goal of sequencing one human genome, heralded a new era of research, a component of which is the systematic study of human genetic variation. Despite delays, the Human Genome Diversity Project has started to make progress in understanding the patterns of this variation and its causes, and also promises to provide important information for biomedical studies.     

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Studying the Human Genome

Physical chromosome mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is among the major lines of research on the human genome (as well as genomes of numerous other organisms). To localize particular genes or anonymous DNA sequences on individual chromosomes or chromosome regions, FISH was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the International Human Genome Project and the Russian program Human Genome were launched. Now FISH continues to play a prominent part in studies of the human genome. The review considers the major steps of FISH development in Russia, with special emphasis on the key roles of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (Novosibirsk) and Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology (Moscow). Physical mapping of human chromosomes 3 and 13 by FISH is described in detail. The acquisition of FISH in Russia contributed to the progress in the related fields such as comparative animal genomics (ZOOFISH) and studies of plant chromosomes.     

Fluorescence in situ hybridization in studying the human genome

Physical chromosome mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is among the major lines of research on the human genome (as well as genomes of numerous other organisms). To localize particular genes or anonymous DNA sequences on individual chromosomes or chromosome regions, FISH was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the International Human Genome Project and the Russian program Human Genome were launched. Now FISH continues to play a prominent part in studies of the human genome. The review considers the major steps of FISH development in Russia with special emphasis on the key roles of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (Novosibirsk) and Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology (Moscow). Physical mapping of human chromosomes 3 and 13 by FISH is described in detail. The promotion of FISH in Russia contributed to the progress in the related fields such as comparative animal genomics (ZOO-FISH) and studies of plant chromosomes.     

Personal genomes: no bad news?

Issues in genetics and genomics have been centre stage in Bioethics for much of its history, and have given rise to both negative and positive imagined futures. Ten years after the completion of the Human Genome Project, it is a good time to assess developments. The promise of whole genome sequencing of individuals requires reflection on personalization, genetic determinism, and privacy.     

Current Genomics in Cardiovascular Medicine

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a heterogeneous, complex trait that has a major impact on human morbidity and mortality. Common genetic variation may predispose to common forms of CVD in the community, and rare genetic conditions provide unique pathogenetic insights into these diseases. With the advent of the Human Genome Project and the genomic era, new tools and methodologies have revolutionised the field of genetic research in cardiovascular medicine. In this review, we describe the rationale for the current emphasis on large-scale genomic studies, elaborate on genome wide association studies and summarise the impact of genomics on clinical cardiovascular medicine and how this may eventually lead to new therapeutics and personalised medicine.     

Advances in the human genome project – A review

While celebrating its fifth official birthday last year it seems that the Human Genome Project (HGP) has and will continue to yield important biochemical information to mankind. It is exhilarating to think about the transition from studying genome structure to understanding genome function. The collective actions of information dessimination, technology development for efficient and faster sequencing, high-volume sequencing and developing model organisms has led to its success sofar. Various genome-wide STS-based human maps were completed in 1995, including a genetic map, a YAC map, a RH map with, and an integrated YAC-RH genetic map. These maps provide comprehensive frameworks for positioning additional loci, with the current genetic and RH maps spanning essentially 100% of the human genome and the YAC maps covering 95%. Few genes, however, have yet been localized on these framework maps. To date the Human Genome Project has experienced gratifying success. The technology and data produced by the genome project will provide a strong stimulus to broad areas of biological research and biotechnology. However, enormous challenges remain.