基因编辑技术对大肠杆菌yjjW基因点突变的两步法策略

【目的】为了实现对大肠杆菌靶基因的点突变,本研究将同源重组系统与CRISPR-Cas9技术相结合,探索一种高效、简捷的两步法策略。【方法】将靶基因的上下游同源臂和标记基因(amp)与pKOV质粒连接,获得pKOV-HR重组质粒。将pKOV-HR转化至大肠杆菌,借助其自身RecA重组系统,介导DNA发生同源重组,获得靶基因敲除菌株。随后,靶基因的点突变采用pSGKP-km和pCasKP-apr双质粒系统。首先,设计与amp结合具有定向引导作用的spacer序列,并利用overlap PCR获得带有靶基因点突变的同源臂,将spacer和同源臂与pSGKP-km质粒连接,获得重组质粒pSGKP-km-spacer-HR;接着,将pSGKP-km-spacer-HR和pCasKP-apr质粒转化至上述敲除菌株;最后,利用质粒表达的Cas9切割蛋白和λ-Red重组蛋白,发生DNA同源重组,获得靶基因点突变菌株。【结果】利用上述方法,既成功获得了大肠杆菌yjjW敲除菌株D7ΔyjjW::ampR,又实现了yjjW第24位碱基T到C的点突变,获得点突变菌株D7yjjW-24。【结论】本研究建立了一种高效、简捷的大肠杆菌靶基因点突变方法,amp基因的插入提供了有效的筛选标记,此外该方法建立的重组质粒pSGKP-km-spacer,可应用于同种菌株其他靶基因的点突变,能够缩短后续实验操作,为基因编辑技术的发展提供了科学理论以及实验操作基础。     

CRISPR-Cas9研究进展及在基因治疗上的应用

CRISPR-Cas9[Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats（CRISPR）/CRISPR-associated （Cas）9]是近年兴起的一种高特异性和高效的基因编辑新技术,由向导RNA（single guide RNA,sgRNA）和cas9（CRISPR-associated 9）蛋白组成,引起DNA位点特异性双链断裂（double-strand breaks,DSBs）,引发同源重组修复（homology-directed repair,HDR）或非同源末端连接修复（non-homologous end joining,NHEJ）,达到靶基因修饰的作用。CRISPR-Cas9技术自发现以来,因其便于操作、花费较低、高特异性、可同时打靶任意数量基因等优点而被应用。近年研究显示,对于一些遗传性疾病,可通过CRISPR-Cas9精确的基因编辑破坏致病的内源基因、改正引起疾病的突变体或插入新的保护性基因进行治疗,该技术为基因治疗开启了一个新方向。主要从CRISPR-Cas9结构、作用机制及在疾病基因治疗上的应用等方面进行了综述。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9系统和增强ssODN重组建立tau-V337M小鼠模型

利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术建立tau-V337M突变的阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)小鼠模型。通过设计和体外合成单向导RNAs(single guide RNAs,sgRNA)及单链寡核苷酸(single-stranded oligonucleotides,ssODN),将sgRNA、Cas9蛋白、ssODN注射到小鼠受精卵内,利用DNA切割和重组产生突变。为了提高重组效率,又在注射时添加Rad51蛋白。使用自然交配的雌鼠作为受体,将2细胞期的编辑胚胎进行单侧输卵管移植。研究发现通过添加Rad51蛋白可以获得较高的突变效率,在F0小鼠中获得了tau-V337M小鼠并进行扩繁,F0代tau-V337M小鼠可以将突变遗传给F1代。综上所述,本研究利用Cas9、ssODN和Rad51成功建立了首个tau-V337M基因位点突变的小鼠模型,为AD的研究和点突变模型制作提供了模型和方法基础。     

靶向剪切AAVS1位点CRISPR/Cas9腺病毒系统的构建

本研究拟使用腺病毒介导的CRISPR/Cas9系统靶向剪切AAVS1位点,为实现AAVS1位点基因定点插入奠定基础。设计针对AAVS1位点的gRNA序列,连接到pENTRY-U6-h EF1a-Cas9载体,通过Gateway技术重组到腺病毒骨架质粒pAD,转染293A细胞包装腺病毒。腺病毒感染Hela细胞系,使用T7E1酶切及测序检测AAVS1位点的打靶效率。T7EI酶切结果显示腺病毒介导的CRISPR/Cas9系统剪切效率达到28.5%。腺病毒介导的CRISPR/Cas9系统对AAVS1位点成功实施了剪切,为下一步在Hela细胞内进行基因定点敲入及基因治疗奠定了基础。     

利用TALEN技术建立恒河猴TRIM5α基因突变细胞株

利用TALEN技术建立恒河猴TRIM5α基因突变细胞株,为进一步研究TRIM5α基因的功能奠定基础。构建针对TRIM5α打靶基因的TALEN,通过点突变的方法获得包含TRIM5α第7个外显子中打靶位点1 211-1 224的基因序列并构建点突变donor载体。将打靶TRIM5α基因的TALEN质粒和donor质粒电转入恒河猴肾细胞(LLC-MK2)中,无限稀释法获得单克隆细胞系,通过抽提基因组DNA,再利用PCR技术扩增目标序列并测序筛选出TRIM5α碱基缺失(1 215-1 216)和点突变(1 213-1 215,1 217)的细胞系。通过共转TALEN质粒和点突变的donor质粒筛选获得了TRIM5α基因敲除和TRIM5α基因点突变的LLC-MK2细胞系。     

基于CRISPR-Cas9系统的HSV-1基因治疗载体的快速构建北大核心CSCD

基因改造的1型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1)载体在肿瘤溶瘤病毒治疗及基因转导中具有广泛的应用前景。本研究报道一种基于CRISPR-Cas9系统的高效快速的重组HSV-1载体构建方法。首先,双顺反表达靶点g DNA和Cas9核酸酶的基因编辑质粒与同源重组模板质粒共转染Vero细胞后,用亲本株感染细胞;然后,Cas9对胞内病毒基因组定点切割,诱导外源基因同源重组,修复至病毒基因组指定位点。通过PCR、Western印迹、免疫荧光等方法证明,相比于传统自发同源重组的构建方法,该方法能显著提升病毒重组率(4.1%vs 1.1%)。同时,本研究建立了一种新的单克隆病毒纯化方案,简化了阳性病毒筛选步骤。本研究结果提供了一种高效快速的重组HSV-1构建方法,这对于HSV-1相关基因治疗及其病理机制研究将具有重要意义。     

基于CRISPR/cas9系统高效编辑小鼠Galt基因

GALT基因突变是人类I型半乳糖血症的主要病因。拟通过CRISPR/cas9系统打靶小鼠Galt基因以模拟人GALT基因突变,从而为建立精准模拟I型半乳糖血症的动物模型奠定基础。首先分析了我国I型半乳糖血症GALT基因的致病突变位点,并将其定位在小鼠Glat基因上,作为小鼠Galt基因的拟突变位点,然后根据拟突变位点区域的序列设计了sgRNA导向序列,构建sgRNA表达质粒,将其与cas9表达质粒共转染小鼠3T3细胞,通过嘌呤霉素和杀稻瘟菌素筛选阳性转染细胞,提取阳性细胞基因组DNA,PCR扩增打靶位点的DNA片段,通过TA克隆测序鉴定基因编辑情况并分析编辑效率。结果表明,3个sgRNA导向序列均可以通过CRISPR/Cas9系统高效编辑小鼠Galt基因,编辑效率为100%。     

基于CRISPR-Cas9系统的HSV-1基因治疗载体的快速构建

基因改造的1型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1)载体在肿瘤溶瘤病毒治疗及基因转导中具有广泛的应用前景。本研究报道一种基于CRISPR-Cas9系统的高效快速的重组HSV-1载体构建方法。首先,双顺反表达靶点g DNA和Cas9核酸酶的基因编辑质粒与同源重组模板质粒共转染Vero细胞后,用亲本株感染细胞;然后,Cas9对胞内病毒基因组定点切割,诱导外源基因同源重组,修复至病毒基因组指定位点。通过PCR、Western印迹、免疫荧光等方法证明,相比于传统自发同源重组的构建方法,该方法能显著提升病毒重组率(4.1%vs 1.1%)。同时,本研究建立了一种新的单克隆病毒纯化方案,简化了阳性病毒筛选步骤。本研究结果提供了一种高效快速的重组HSV-1构建方法,这对于HSV-1相关基因治疗及其病理机制研究将具有重要意义。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建定点突变小鼠品系

CRISPR/Cas9技术是新近发展起来的对细胞和动物模型进行基因编辑的重要方法。本文利用DNA双链断裂(Double-strand breaks, DSBs)引起的同源重组(Homologous recombination, HR)依赖与非依赖的修复机制,建立基于CRISPR/Cas9核酸酶技术构建定点突变小鼠品系的技术体系。针对赖氨酸特异脱甲基化酶2b(Lysine (K)-specific demethylase 2b, Kdm2b)酶活关键位点对应的基因组DNA序列设计单一导向RNA(Single-guide RNA, sgRNA),通过与Cas9 mRNA共显微注射,分别得到Kdm2b基因发生移码突变的基因失活品系及关键位点氨基酸缺失的酶活突变型小鼠品系。此外,利用HR介导的修复机理,将黄素单加氧酶3(Flavin containing monooxygenases3, Fmo3)基因的sgRNA序列及对应的点突变单链寡脱氧核苷(Single strand oligonucleotides, ssODN)修复模板共注射到小鼠受精卵雄原核。对F₀小鼠基因测序分析显示,成功构建了Fmo3基因移码突变的基因敲除和单碱基定点突变的基因敲入小鼠,这些突变能够稳定遗传给子代。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术,通过同源重组依赖与非依赖两种DNA损伤修复方式,成功构建了特定位点突变的小鼠品系。     

一种新型的CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI双链DNA供体适配基因编辑系统

在CRISPR/Cas9系统介导的基因编辑中,借助于双链DNA （double-stranded DNA,dsDNA）供体模板的重组效应能够实现对目标基因组靶位点的精确编辑和基因敲入,然而高等真核生物细胞中同源重组的低效性限制了该基因编辑策略的发展和应用。为提高CRISPR/Cas9系统介导dsDNA供体模板的同源重组效率,本研究利用大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）乳糖操纵子阻遏蛋白LacI与操纵序列LacO特异性结合的特点,通过重组DNA技术将密码子人源化优化的阻遏蛋白基因LacI分别与脓链球菌（Streptococcus pyogenes）源的SpCas9和路邓葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus lugdunensis）源的SlugCas9-HF融合表达,通过PCR将操纵序列LacO与dsDNA供体嵌合,构建了新型的CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI供体适配系统（donor adapting system,DAS）。首先在报告载体水平上对Cas9核酸酶活性、DAS介导的同源引导修复（homology-directed repair,HDR）效率进行了验证和优化,其次在基因组水平对其介导的基因精确编辑进行了检测,并最终利用CRISPR/SlugCas9-hLacI DAS在HEK293T细胞中实现了VEGFA位点的精确编辑,效率高达30.5%,显著高于野生型。综上所述,本研究开发了新型的CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI供体适配基因编辑系统,丰富了CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术种类,为以后的基因编辑及分子设计育种研究提供了新的工具。     

Detailed Phenotypic and Molecular Analyses of Genetically Modified Mice Generated by CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Editing

The bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 system has been adapted for use as a genome editing tool. While several recent reports have indicated that successful genome editing of mice can be achieved, detailed phenotypic and molecular analyses of the mutant animals are limited. Following pronuclear micro-injection of fertilized eggs with either wild-type Cas9 or the nickase mutant (D10A) and single or paired guide RNA (sgRNA) for targeting of the tyrosinase (Tyr) gene, we assessed genome editing in mice using rapid phenotypic readouts (eye and coat color). Mutant mice with insertions or deletions (indels) in Tyr were efficiently generated without detectable off-target cleavage events. Gene correction of a single nucleotide by homologous recombination (HR) could only occur when the sgRNA recognition sites in the donor DNA were modified. Gene repair did not occur if the donor DNA was not modified because Cas9 catalytic activity was completely inhibited. Our results indicate that allelic mosaicism can occur following -Cas9-mediated editing in mice and appears to correlate with sgRNA cleavage efficiency at the single-cell stage. We also show that larger than expected deletions may be overlooked based on the screening strategy employed. An unbiased analysis of all the deleted nucleotides in our experiments revealed that the highest frequencies of nucleotide deletions were clustered around the predicted Cas9 cleavage sites, with slightly broader distributions than expected. Finally, additional analysis of founder mice and their offspring indicate that their general health, fertility, and the transmission of genetic changes were not compromised. These results provide the foundation to interpret and predict the diverse outcomes following CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing experiments in mice.     

基于CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的本科教学实验体系的创建与实践

CRISPR/Cas9是新兴的基因编辑技术,在生命科学研究中发挥着重要的作用。将它引入本科生的实验教学,使本科生了解这项前沿科研技术很有意义。我们创建了一个基于CRISPR/ Cas9技术的本科教学实验体系。该实验体系侧重CRISPR/Cas9技术在哺乳动物细胞中的应用,选用一株基因组上被插入mCherry基因的小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞为实验材料,命名为STO-82。首先设计靶向mCherry的sgRNA,构建CRISPR-Cas9/sgRNA共表达质粒。经测序验证无误后,转染到STO-82细胞。采用流式细胞仪分析检测mCherry阴性和阳性两群细胞,分选出阴性单细胞并扩大培养。最后用测序检验单克隆细胞中靶标DNA序列的编辑情况。结果显示,靶位点有插入或缺失突变,说明体系创建成功。该实验体系将sgRNA设计、CRISPR-Cas9/sgRNA共表达质粒的构建、细胞转染、单细胞分选、单克隆细胞培养、测序序列分析等内容融合为一个综合实验,用于高年级本科生的实验教学。根据实际情况,将教学实践内容分解分块教学,也可以做完整性项目教学。本教学实践采用10人左右的小班分块教学,2人一组,经过3个班（共13组）的实践,绝大部分学生都能完成实验,得到预期结果。通过这个实验,学生加深了对CRISPR/Cas9技术的原理和实验流程的理解,锻炼了实验操作能力和严谨的科研思维,也使学生对该技术的医疗应用风险有了一些认识。     

Genome editing using a DNA-free clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 system in green seaweed Ulva prolifera

Although the green seaweed Ulva is one of the most common seaweeds in the coastal regions with well-studied ecological characteristics, few reverse genetic technologies have been developed for it. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system is a simple genome-editing technology based on a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex composed of an endonuclease and programmable RNA to target particular DNA sequences. Genome editing makes it possible to generate mutations on a target gene in non-model organisms without established transgenic technologies. In this study, we applied the CRISPR-Cas9 RNP genome-editing system to the green seaweed Ulva prolifera, using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transfection. Our experimental system disrupts a single gene (UpAPT) encoding adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APT) and generates a resistant phenotype for gametophytes cultured in a medium with toxic compound 2-fluoroadenine. The PEG-mediated transfection used for gametes resulted in 2-fluoroadenine-resistant strains containing short indels or substitutions on UpAPT. Our results showed that the CRISPR-Cas9 system with PEG-mediated transfection was efficient for genome editing in Ulva.     

Efficient gene correction of an aberrant splice site in β‐thalassaemia iPSCs by CRISPR/Cas9 and single‐strand oligodeoxynucleotides

β‐thalassaemia is a prevalent hereditary haematological disease caused by mutations in the human haemoglobin β (HBB) gene. Among them, the HBB IVS2‐654 (C > T) mutation, which is in the intron, creates an aberrant splicing site. Bone marrow transplantation for curing β‐thalassaemia is limited due to the lack of matched donors. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9), as a widely used tool for gene editing, is able to target specific sequence and create double‐strand break (DSB), which can be combined with the single‐stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) to correct mutations. In this study, according to two different strategies, the HBB IVS2‐654 mutation was seamlessly corrected in iPSCs by CRISPR/Cas9 system and ssODN. To reduce the occurrence of secondary cleavage, a more efficient strategy was adopted. The corrected iPSCs kept pluripotency and genome stability. Moreover, they could differentiate normally. Through CRISPR/Cas9 system and ssODN, our study provides improved strategies for gene correction of β‐Thalassaemia, and the expression of the HBB gene can be restored, which can be used for gene therapy in the future.     

Transfection,Selection, and Colony-picking of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells TALEN-targeted with a GFP Gene into the AAVS1 Safe Harbor

Targeted transgene addition can provide persistent gene expression while circumventing the gene silencing and insertional mutagenesis caused by viral vector mediated random integration. This protocol describes a universal and efficient transgene targeted addition platform in human iPSCs based on utilization of validated open-source TALENs and a gene-trap-like donor to deliver transgenes into a safe harbor locus. Importantly, effective gene editing is rate-limited by the delivery efficiency of gene editing vectors. Therefore, this protocol first focuses on preparation of iPSCs for transfection to achieve high nuclear delivery efficiency. When iPSCs are dissociated into single cells using a gentle-cell dissociation reagent and transfected using an optimized program, >50% cells can be induced to take up the large gene editing vectors. Because the AAVS1 locus is located in the intron of an active gene (PPP1R12C), a splicing acceptor (SA)-linked puromycin resistant gene (PAC) was used to select targeted iPSCs while excluding random integration-only and untransfected cells. This strategy greatly increases the chance of obtaining targeted clones, and can be used in other active gene targeting experiments as well. Two weeks after puromycin selection at the dose adjusted for the specific iPSC line, clones are ready to be picked by manual dissection of large, isolated colonies into smaller pieces that are transferred to fresh medium in a smaller well for further expansion and genetic and functional screening. One can follow this protocol to readily obtain multiple GFP reporter iPSC lines that are useful for in vivo and in vitro imaging and cell isolation.     

Diverse Mechanisms of CRISPR-Cas9 Inhibition by Type II Anti-CRISPR Proteins

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas (CRISPR-associated proteins) systems provide bacteria and archaea with an adaptive immune response against invasion by mobile genetic elements like phages, plasmids, and transposons. These systems have been repurposed as very powerful biotechnological tools for gene editing applications in both bacterial and eukaryotic systems. The discovery of natural off-switches for CRISPR-Cas systems, known as anti-CRISPR proteins, provided a mechanism for controlling CRISPR-Cas activity and opened avenues for the development of more precise editing tools. In this review, we focus on the inhibitory mechanisms of anti-CRISPRs that are active against type II CRISPR-Cas systems and briefly discuss their biotechnological applications.     

神经粘附分子NCAM140 基因RNA干扰质粒的构建与鉴定

摘要目的：构建有效的小鼠神经粘附分子（NCAM140）基因的RNA 干扰（RNAi）质粒载体,为研究NCAM140参与的细胞信号通 路转导、其生物学作用以及以NCAM140 为靶点的基因治疗提供稳定转染的RNAi 质粒。方法：使用基因序列软件设计、筛选符 合公开文献筛选参数的4 条靶序列以及1条阴性对照序列,由上海吉玛技术有限公司合成。与载体质粒pGPU6/GFP/Neo 重组后, 分别命名为pSi-nca1、pSi-nca2、pSi-nca3、pSi-nca4和pSi-control。转染大肠杆菌感受态细胞。选择阳性克隆进行DNA 测序鉴定, Western blot方法进行干扰靶点的筛选。选取干扰效率最高的质粒转染MN9D 细胞,普通光学显微镜分别计数同一视野细胞总数 及GFP阳性细胞数,计算转染效率。结果：酶切和DNA 测序结果证实shRNA正确插入pGPU6/GFP/Neo 质粒;Western blot结果 显示与空质粒对照组比较,pSi-nca4 组细胞NCAM140 表达明显下调,细胞转染效率为62 %。结论：成功构建靶向小鼠 NCAM140 基因的RNAi 质粒,为NCAM140 参与的细胞信号通路的研究以及以NCAM140为靶点的基因治疗提供了稳定转染 细胞的干扰质粒,为研究其生物学作用奠定了分子生物学基础。     

CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术在秀丽线虫中的应用

基于细菌基因组规律成蔟的间隔短回文重复(Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)发展而来的新型基因编辑方法(CRISPR-Cas9)对生物医学研究是一场划时代的革命。它几乎可用于大多数生物体的基因编辑。秀丽线虫是一种非常经典的遗传学模式生物,CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑技术进一步加速了对其基因功能及各种生物学问题的研究。文中主要总结CRISPR-Cas9基因编辑系统在遗传学模式生物秀丽线虫中的发展和应用。     

基于CRISPR-Cas13家族的RNA编辑系统及其最新进展

存在于细菌和古菌中的获得性免疫系统CRISPR-Cas目前已被广泛应用到生物技术领域,尤其是靶向DNA的CRISPR-Cas9技术。然而CRISPR-Cas系统靶向RNA的技术还处于初步应用阶段。Ⅵ型CRISPR-Cas系统(CRISPR-Cas13)的发现,揭示了RNA引导的RNA靶向性。CRISPR-Cas13是目前CRISPR-Cas家族中唯一只靶向ssRNA的系统,为RNA靶向和RNA编辑奠定了基础。根据Cas13系统发育已证明将Ⅵ型CRISPR-Cas系统分为4种亚型(A-D)。主要对目前最新的靶向RNA技术的CRISPR-Cas13家族的分类以及防御机制进行了综述,介绍了CRISPR-Cas13技术的应用以及基于CRISPR-Cas13家族的RNA编辑系统的最新研究进展。最后,对目前CRISPR-Cas13 RNA编辑技术体系存在的问题进行了分析和对未来的发展进行展望。