麦秸秆/高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）复合材料中纤维分散性的描述模型

麦秸秆纤维作为一种重要生物质资源已被广泛应用于热塑性复合材料中。纤维在复合材料中的分散性是影响复合材料力学性能的重要因素之一,而目前对其定量化的描述和分析方法仍存在一定不足。本研究基于实验获得的纤维尺寸的统计分布规律,利用随机生成算法模拟纤维在复合材料中的分布;构建描述纤维分散性的指标:分散度,单个纤维数和接触纤维数;统计分析纤维含量、纤维大小对分散性指标影响。结果表明单个纤维数随纤维含量增加而增加,但其增量随纤维含量的增加而降低,降低规律符合三次函数。纤维接触数随纤维含量增加,增加规律符合二次函数,亦符合理论估计。纤维大小影响单个纤维数和接触纤维数的增加幅度,但不影响单个纤维数的百分比。分散度随纤维含量的增加呈线性下降规律。纤维分散性的定量化描述为进一步的复合材料性能分析和建模提供了量化指标。     

麦秸秆全量还田对稻田土壤溶解有机碳含量和水稻产量的影响

以南粳44为供试材料,在粘土和砂土土壤中,设置麦秸秆不还田和全量还田(6000kg·hm-2)及3种施氮量(0、225、300 kg·hm-2)试验,研究了麦秸秆全量还田的腐解率和有机碳释放量动态变化,及其对稻田0~45 cm土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)含量和水稻产量的影响.结果表明:麦秸秆还田的前期(0~30 d)其腐解率和有机碳释放量最高,腐解率为35.0%(粘土)和31.7%(砂土),有机碳释放率为34.1%(粘土)和33.1%(砂土);30 d后两者均减小.施用氮肥可显著促进秸秆腐解和有机碳释放量,粘土中麦秸秆腐解率和有机碳释放量明显大于砂土.麦秸秆还田后土壤DOC含量逐渐增加,至25 d达最大值,粘土和砂土分别为60.18和56.62 mg·L-1,此后逐渐减小并趋于稳定.麦秸秆还田处理15 cm处土壤DOC含量显著高于未还田处理,但两者在30和45 cm处土壤DOC含量差异不显著,说明秸秆还田主要增加了稻田0~15 cm土层DOC含量.与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理土壤DOC含量降低,2种施氮处理间差异不显著.秸秆还田减少了水稻前期分蘖发生量,显著降低了有效穗数,增加了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,显著提高了水稻产量.     

生物质炭配施有机物料对贫瘠红壤酶活性和微生物碳源代谢功能的影响

为进一步促进红壤固碳培肥,于2017和2018年通过田间试验研究了两种有机物料(玉米秸秆和羊粪)单施以及与生物质炭配施对贫瘠红壤养分含量、碳转化相关酶活性和微生物底物利用速率的影响。试验设置6个处理,即不施有机物料(对照)、玉米秸秆、羊粪、单施生物质炭、玉米秸秆与生物质炭配施、羊粪与生物质炭配施。结果表明:与对照相比,有机物料施用显著增加了土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量;与单施秸秆和羊粪相比,生物质炭与秸秆或羊粪配施显著增加了土壤有机碳、速效钾和碱解氮含量,但两者无交互效应。与对照相比,有机物料施用显著提高了β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CB)、β-木聚糖苷酶(XYL)和过氧化物酶(PERO)活性;与单施秸秆相比,生物质炭与秸秆配施处理酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性分别显著降低了28.6%、22.2%;与单施羊粪相比,生物质炭与羊粪配施处理α-葡萄糖苷酶(AG)、BG、XYL和PERO活性分别显著降低了46.1%、50.9%、41.6%和31.3%。与对照相比,有机物料施用显著提高了土壤基础呼吸和微生物对碳水化合物的利用速率,而生物质炭配施处理对碳水化合物、羧酸类底物的利用速率存在显著抑制作用。微生物碳源利用速率与BG和PERO活性呈显著正相关。因此,有机物料与生物质炭配施更有利于提高土壤养分含量,降低有机碳分解酶和微生物碳源代谢活性,从而促进红壤固碳培肥,有利于贫瘠红壤的地力提升。     

2016生物基材料专刊序言

生物基材料,是利用谷物、豆科、秸秆、竹木粉等可再生生物质为原料制造的新型材料和化学品等,包括生物合成、生物加工、生物炼制过程获得的生物醇、有机酸、烷烃、烯烃等基础生物基化学品,也包括生物基塑料、生物基纤维、糖工程产品、生物基橡胶以及生物质热塑性加工得到塑料材料等。生物基材料由于其绿色、环境友好、资源节约等特点,正逐步成为引领当代世界科技创新和经济发展的又一个新的主导产业。本期专刊报道了生物基材料总体发展情况,介绍了生物基纤维、聚羟基烷酸酯、可生物降解地膜、生物基聚酰胺、蛋白医用生物材料、生物基聚氨酯、聚乳酸改性与加工等几个方面行业状况及其研究进展。     

秸秆全量还田对稻田土壤溶解有机碳含量和水稻产量的影响

以南粳44为供试材料,在粘土和砂土土壤中,设置麦秸秆不还田和全量还田(6000 kg·hm^-2)及3种施氮量(0、225、300 kg·hm^-2)试验,研究了麦秸秆全量还田的腐解率和有机碳释放量动态变化,及其对稻田0～45 cm土壤溶解有机碳(DOC)含量和水稻产量的影响.结果表明： 麦秸秆还田的前期(0～30 d)其腐解率和有机碳释放量最高,腐解率为35.0%(粘土)和31.7%(砂土),有机碳释放率为34.1%(粘土)和33.1%(砂土);30 d后两者均减小.施用氮肥可显著促进秸秆腐解和有机碳释放量,粘土中麦秸秆腐解率和有机碳释放量明显大于砂土.麦秸秆还田后土壤DOC含量逐渐增加,至25 d达最大值,粘土和砂土分别为60.18和56.62 mg·L^-1,此后逐渐减小并趋于稳定.麦秸秆还田处理15 cm处土壤DOC含量显著高于未还田处理,但两者在30和45 cm处土壤DOC含量差异不显著,说明秸秆还田主要增加了稻田0～15 cm土层DOC含量.与不施氮处理相比,施氮处理土壤DOC含量降低,2种施氮处理间差异不显著.秸秆还田减少了水稻前期分蘖发生量,显著降低了有效穗数,增加了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,显著提高了水稻产量.     

Al_2O_3催化剂对海洋生物质热解特性的影响

以海洋生物质浒苔为研究对象,并以玉米秸秆(草类生物质)和锯末(木质类生物质)为对照,采用热重分析方法研究了3种生物质的热解特性,并比较了3种生物质之间的热解差异。结果表明,与玉米秸秆和锯末等典型陆生生物质相比,浒苔的热稳定性最低。此外,以不同浓度氧化铝作为催化剂,用热重分析法对其热解过程进行了研究,利用TG-DTG曲线分析了不同催化剂在不同浓度下对其基本热解特性的影响。结果表明,Al2O3对于3种生物质转化率和最大失重速率有显著的影响,其中Al2O3对锯末和浒苔的转化率降低程度比玉米秸秆较明显。考虑到Al2O3具有可调变的表面酸碱性以及多种不同的晶相结构等优点,Al2O3具有较大的的应用价值。     

秸秆还田对棉花生长的化感效应

研究了秸秆不同还田量及不同腐解时间对后茬棉花抗氧化物酶活性和光合生理特性的影响.结果表明,棉花秸秆腐解产物,在一定程度上抑制了棉花种子的萌发,延长了种子出苗时间,影响棉花植株生长.随着秸秆腐解时间延长和秸秆还田数量增加,棉花单叶净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度降低.当加入秸秆量为10 g·kg-1时,净光合速率略高于对照,随着秸秆还田量的增加,又呈现下降趋势,表现出一定"浓度效应",其中加入秸秆量为90 g·kg-1时,净光合速率下降最明显,腐解30d和60d净光合速率分别比对照减少了26.8%和43.4%;随着秸秆还田量的增多和秸秆腐解时间延长,POD活性增加,SOD活性和根系活力呈现下降趋势,叶片MDA含量却升高.表明棉花秸秆还田后分解产生的化学物质具有一定的自毒效应,对连作棉花种子萌发、抗氧化物酶活性和光合生理造成影响.     

Ce^3+和La^3+对人工老化沙葱种子活力及生理特性的影响

以未老化和人工老化后的沙葱(Allium mongolicum Regel.)种子为材料,采用氯化铈(Ce3+)和氯化镧(La3+)浸种,测定种子萌发和生理指标,探讨Ce3+和La3+浸种对种子萌发、老化种子活力和生理特性的影响。结果显示:(1)在老化0~5 h时,Ce3+和La3+处理可显著促进沙葱种子萌发,提高种子活力;在老化5 h后,Ce3+和La3+处理对种子萌发无明显促进作用。(2)在老化0~15 h时,Ce3+和La3+处理的沙葱种子中抗氧化酶活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量提高,其超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低;在老化15 h后,Ce3+和La3+处理的种子抗氧化酶活性提高、AsA含量降低,O2-·产生速率和MDA含量提高。(3)在老化5 h时,沙葱种子呼吸速率发生跃变达到最大,Ce3+和La3+处理显著降低了种子呼吸速率。(4)Ce3+和La3+处理在老化0~5 h时提高了沙葱种子超弱发光(UWL)强度,但在老化5 h后沙葱种子的UWL强度降低。研究认为,在沙葱种子人工老化初期,Ce3+和La3+浸种处理可以诱导增强种子抗氧化酶活性和提高AsA含量,有效清除因老化产生积累的过量活性氧(ROS),减轻过氧化伤害,提高种子活力;种子老化中后期,其内部ROS产生与清除系统发生紊乱,加剧了ROS对种子结构的损伤,Ce3+和La3+浸种处理的缓解效应丧失。     

PP/PP-g-DBM/CaCO_3复合材料的力学性能研究

以聚丙烯接枝马来酸二丁酯(PP-g-DBM)作为聚丙烯(PP)/CaCO_3复合材料的界面改性剂,研制了PP/PP-g-DBM/CaCO_3复合材料,并且讨论了PP-g-DBM对聚丙烯/CaCO_3复合材料的力学性能的影响。结果表明:当CaCO_3含量为30%时,其抗冲性能达到6 kJ/m~2,相对于原料聚丙烯提高了20%;且较大程度地改善了分散相CaCO_3在连续相聚丙烯中的分散状态。     

一种经济高效温和的生物质预处理新方法--动态挤压法

目前阻碍木质纤维原料生化转化为能源、材料或高附加值化学品的关键瓶颈问题是缺乏经济高效的生物质预处理及组分分离技术.本研究利用自行设计的动态挤压设备协同廉价化学药剂共作用处理玉米秸秆,通过挤压机对秸秆纤维的剪切、撕裂作用及化学脱木质素行为,解决传统单一物理或化学预处理方法能耗高、效率低及组分分离困难等问题,提高了纤维质生物转化的活性,降低预处理及组分分离过程的成本.与传统预处理工艺相比,整个过程用水量少、条件温和、能耗低,对后续生物转化过程有抑制作用的副产物生成量少,设备简单、易维护、易放大,具有良好的工业化前景.     

Investigation on the surface properties of chemically modified natural fibers using inverse gas chromatography

This paper presents the application of inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique for characterization and comparison of the surface properties of the natural fibers as reinforcement fillers in wood plastic composites. The effects of chemical modification using 1% NaOH were also studied. The fibers used for this work were Iranian cultivated eucalyptus, spruce, bagasse, and wheat straw. Chemical composition of fibers was found to be modified after treatment as characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The crystallinity of fibers and the specific interaction was improved by the alkaline treatment, with more relevance to the agro-fibers. The IGC shows also a general increase in the wettability of the modified fiber when compared with the raw (unmodified) samples. Alkaline treatment achieves the best overall improvement in the properties evaluated of the agro-fibers when compared to the wood fibers.     

Properties of medium density fiberboards made from renewable biomass

The goal of this study was to determine the comparative properties of dry-formed medium density fiberboards (MDF) made from renewable biomass (wheat and soybean straw) and those from conventional soft wood fiber. The MDF properties evaluated were modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, internal bond strength, thickness swell, and screw holding capacity. The results show that MDF made from wheat straw fiber and soy straw fiber have weaker mechanical and water resistance properties than those made from softwood fiber. Soybean straw is comparable to wheat straw in terms of both mechanical and water resistance properties to make MDF. Water resistance of MDF decreased drastically with increasing straw fiber composition. Wheat straw fiber and soybean straw fiber should be physically or chemically treated to increase their water resistance property for MDF production.     

Preparation and characterization of wheat straw fibers for reinforcing application in injection molded thermoplastic composites

The potential of wheat straw fibers prepared by mechanical and chemical processes as reinforcing additives for thermoplastics was investigated. Fibers prepared by mechanical and chemical processes were characterized with respect to their chemical composition, morphology, and physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Composites of polypropylene filled with 30% wheat straw fibers were prepared and their mechanical properties were also evaluated. The fibers prepared by chemical process exhibited better mechanical, physical and thermal properties. Wheat straw fiber reinforced polypropylene composites exhibited significantly enhanced properties compared to virgin polypropylene. However, the strength properties of the composites were less for chemically prepared fiber filled composites. This was due to the poor dispersion of the fibers under the processing conditions used. These results indicate that wheat straw fibers can be used as potential reinforcing materials for making thermoplastic composites.     

Novel protein fibers from wheat gluten

Protein fibers with mechanical properties similar to those of wool and better than those of soyprotein and zein fibers have been produced from 100% wheat gluten. Wheat gluten is a low cost, abundantly available, and renewable resource suitable for fiber production. A simple production method has been developed to obtain high-quality wheat gluten fibers, and the structure and properties of the fibers have been studied. Wheat gluten fibers have breaking tenacity of about 115 MPa, breaking elongation of 23%, and a Young's modulus of 5 GPa, similar to those of wool. Wheat gluten fibers have better tensile properties than soyprotein- and casein-based biomaterials. In addition, the wheat gluten fibers have resistance similar to that of PLA fibers to water in weak alkaline and slightly lower resistance in weak acidic conditions at high temperatures.     

地表覆盖对温室黄瓜生长及生理特性的影响

研究了地表覆盖秸秆、地膜和秸秆加膜对日光温室嫁接和非嫁接黄瓜生长与生理特性的影响.结果表明,地表覆盖可有效促进植株生长,嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜与秸秆的株高和茎粗依次比对照增加91、71、57 cm和0127、0.086、0.111 cm,非嫁接黄瓜增幅较小;地表覆盖可增强光合作用,嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜、秸秆的净光合速率分别比对照增加2.63、2.08与1.36 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,非嫁接黄瓜增幅较小;嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜和秸秆的叶绿素含量比对照增加1.8%和3.15%,而覆盖地膜的叶绿素含量降低了3.8%,非嫁接黄瓜的叶绿素含量变幅较小;嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜、秸秆的根系活力比对照提高0.98、0.48和0.8 mg TTC·g^-1FW,同一处理的非嫁接黄瓜根系活力增幅较小;地表覆盖可增加单株干物重,提高早期产量和总产量,嫁接黄瓜覆盖秸秆加膜、地膜与秸秆的单株产量比非嫁接黄瓜分别增加16%、5.3%和3.4%.     

Fuel Pellets from Wheat Straw: The Effect of Lignin Glass Transition and Surface Waxes on Pelletizing Properties

The utilization of wheat straw as a renewable energy resource is limited due to its low bulk density. Pelletizing wheat straw into fuel pellets of high density increases its handling properties but is more challenging compared to pelletizing woody biomass. Straw has a lower lignin content and a high concentration of hydrophobic waxes on its outer surface that may limit the pellet strength. The present work studies the impact of the lignin glass transition on the pelletizing properties of wheat straw. Furthermore, the effect of surface waxes on the pelletizing process and pellet strength are investigated by comparing wheat straw before and after organic solvent extraction. The lignin glass transition temperature for wheat straw and extracted wheat straw is determined by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. At a moisture content of 8%, transitions are identified at 53°C and 63°C, respectively. Pellets are pressed from wheat straw and straw where the waxes have been extracted from. Two pelletizing temperatures were chosen??one below and one above the glass transition temperature of lignin. The pellets compression strength, density, and fracture surface were compared to each other. Pellets pressed at 30°C have a lower density and compression strength and a tendency to expand in length after the pelletizing process compared to pellets pressed at 100°C. At low temperatures, surface extractives have a lubricating effect and reduce the friction in the press channel of a pellet mill while no such effect is observed at elevated temperatures. Fuel pellets made from extracted wheat straw have a slightly higher compression strength which might be explained by a better interparticle adhesion in the absence of hydrophobic surface waxes.     

Preferences of sheep for different types of pen flooring

In countries where the climate makes it practical with indoor housing during cold periods of the year and access to straw is limited, e.g. Iceland and Norway, housing of sheep on slats or expanded metal floors is common practice. However, European regulations for organic farming require that all animals should have access to a lying area with solid floor. The objective of this experiment was to investigate sheep preferences for different types of pen flooring.

In Experiment 1, a total number of 16 ewes, divided into four groups, were subjected to four different treatments. In each treatment, the ewes could choose between two lying areas with one of the following flooring materials: (1) solid wood versus rubber mats, (2) expanded metal versus solid wood, (3) solid wood versus straw, (4) expanded metal versus straw. In Experiment 2, a total number of eight ewes were individually subjected to the same treatments, first fully coated and then sheared. The ewes were video taped for 48 h in each treatment period.

In Experiment 1, the first animal that lay down after feeding preferred to lie down on straw or wood to expanded metal and straw to wooden floor (P < 0.05), but this first choice did not reflect the overall flooring preference for unsheared ewes. The groups of unsheared ewes showed no significant preferences for lying area.

In Experiment 2, single housed, unsheared ewes preferred wooden floor to rubber mats (P < 0.05), and tended to prefer expanded metal floor to straw (P = 0.08). There were no significant preferences in the two other treatments. After shearing, the ewes’ preferred wooden floor to expanded metal (P < 0.05), straw to wooden floor (P < 0.05), and straw to expanded metal floor (P< 0.0001). There were no significant preferences between rubber mats and wooden floor. Mean lying time (% of observations) for all treatments was 64.7% for unsheared ewes, and there were no significant differences between treatments. Mean lying time (% of observations) for all treatments the first 2–3 days after shearing was 43%. Significant differences in pre-shearing versus post-shearing lying times (% of observations) existed when the ewes were housed in pens with no straw (P < 0.05), this was not the case when the ewes had access to straw.

In conclusion, sheared but not unsheared ewes, preferred softer floors with low thermal conductivity (straw and wood). The less dramatically reduction in lying time (% of observations) after shearing when the ewes had access to straw, suggest that access to straw the first weeks after shearing may improve animal welfare.     

Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from wheat straw using steam explosion coupled with high shear homogenization

Cellulose nanofibrils of diameter 10–50 nm were obtained from wheat straw using alkali steam explosion coupled with high shear homogenization. High shear results in shearing of the fiber agglomerates resulting in uniformly dispersed nanofibrils. The chemical composition of fibers at different stages were analyzed according to the ASTM standards and showed increase in α-cellulose content and decrease in lignin and hemicellulose. Structural analysis of steam exploded fibers was carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal stability was higher for cellulose nanofibrils as compared to wheat straw and chemically treated fibers. The fiber diameter distribution was obtained using image analysis software. Characterization of the fibers by AFM, TEM, and SEM showed that fiber diameter decreases with treatment and final nanofibril size was 10–15 nm. FT-IR, XRD, and TGA studies confirmed the removal of hemicellulose and lignin during the chemical treatment process.     

Patterns of ligninolytic enzymes in Trametes versicolor. Distribution of extra- and intracellular enzyme activities during cultivation on glucose, wheat straw and beech wood

Trametes versicolor was shown to produce extracellular laccase during surface cultivation on glucose, wheat straw and beech wood. Growth on both wheat straw and beech wood led to an increase as high as 3.5-fold in extracellular laccase activity, in comparison with growth on glucose. The corresponding yields in fungal biomass reached only about 20% of the value obtained on glucose. Manganese peroxidase activity␣appeared during growth on wheat straw and beech wood. Mycelia grown on glucose, wheat straw and beech wood also showed intracellular laccase activities, monitored with 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde azine (syringaldazine) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA). Assaying intracellular laccase with 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, syringaldazine and l-DOPA showed the maximum oxidation rates to be at pH values different from those producing maximum oxidation rates with extracellular laccase. In each case most of the total laccase activity was recovered from the culture filtrates. Growth on wheat straw and beech wood led to increased values for both extra- and intracellular laccase activities, based on fungal dry weight, in comparison with growth on glucose. Received: 18 July 1996 / Received revision: 19 November 1996 / Accepted: 23 November 1996