n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例对机体生理功能的调节

多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA),尤其是n-6和n-3 PUFAs,不仅是人体必需营养素,在调节和预防人类疾病方面同时发挥着重要作用。n-6和n-3 PUFAs在哺乳动物细胞内不能相互转换,且是动植物细胞膜的重要组成成分,具有不同的生理功能。细胞膜多不饱和脂肪酸组成比例很大程度上由膳食决定,因此平衡膳食中n-6/n-3 PUFAs具有重要意义。本文总结了n-6和n-3 PUFAs的代谢途径和作用机制,结合临床试验,阐述了平衡n-6/n-3 PUFA的重要性。     

fat-1转基因动物研究进展

转染秀丽隐杆线虫fat-1基因后的哺乳动物具备了将n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)转化为n-3 PUFAs的能力,可降低动物机体的n-6/n-3 PUFAs比例.n-3 PUFAs有益于人类健康,可减少多种相关疾病发生的风险,但人体内不能合成n-3 PUFAs,其必须依赖于富含n-3 PUFAs的食品,fat-1转基因动物将成为人类必需的n-3 PUFAs的重要来源.对fat-1及其转基因动物的研究现状进行综述.     

水生动物脂肪酸延长酶基因研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)对人类具有重要的生理作用,但由于人类缺乏从头合成这些脂肪酸的能力,而必须从食物中获得,鱼类等水生动物中二十碳五烯酸(20:5n-3,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(22:6n-3,DHA)等多不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,从而使得鱼类等水生动物成为人们获得PUFAs的主要途径。鱼类等水生动物体内PUFAs的合成是在一系列去饱和酶和延长酶的作用下实现的,其中长链脂肪酸延长酶是合成PUFAs必不可少的一类关键酶。本研究总结了水生动物长链多不饱和脂肪酸合成的过程,综述了水生动物中脂肪酸延长酶基因的研究进展和未来的发展方向。     

改变细胞膜的脂肪酸组成可促进乳腺癌细胞凋亡

目的: 研究n-6脂肪酸脱氢酶 fat-1基因在人乳腺癌细胞内的表达,改变细胞膜脂肪酸组成,对乳腺癌细胞的凋亡作用。方法: 构建含有fat-1 基因的重组腺病毒载体 (Ad.GFP.fat-1),通过包装细胞系（293）产生的腺病毒,感染人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7。提取细胞的总RNA,以fat-1的反义mRNA 作探针,用Northern Blot检测fat-1 基因在MCF-7细胞内的表达。MTT法分析fat-1 基因对MCF-7细胞增殖的影响,凋亡染色试剂盒检测细胞的凋亡。气相色谱仪分析对MCF-7细胞的n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs含量影响。结果: 通过基因重组技术,得到预期的重组病毒;fat-1 基因在人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 中能有效异源表达,2天后,可检测到fat-1 mRNA的条带。与对照细胞相比,fat-1基因有效地抑制了MCF-7细胞的增殖（23%,p<0.05）,促进了凋亡（增加35%）;同时降低了人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7细胞膜n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs的比率。结论: 腺病毒介导的fat-1 基因能在人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7内有效异源表达,且抑制了MCF-7细胞的增殖。机理为降低了细胞膜的n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs的比率。     

细胞膜脂肪酸组成改变促进乳腺癌细胞凋亡的研究

目的:研究n-6脂肪酸脱氢酶fat-1基因在人乳腺癌细胞内的表达,改变细胞膜脂肪酸组成,对乳腺癌细胞的凋亡作用.方法:构建含有fat-1基因的重组腺病毒载体(Ad.GFP.fat-1),通过包装细胞系(293)产生的腺病毒,感染人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7.提取细胞的总RNA,以fat-1的反义mRNA作探针,用Northern blot检测fat-1基因在MCF-7细胞内的表达.MTT法分析fat-1基因对MCF-7细胞增殖的影响,凋亡染色试剂盒检测细胞的凋亡.气相色谱仪分析对MCF-7细胞的n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs含量影响.结果:通过基因重组技术,得到预期的重组病毒;fat-1基因在人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7中能有效异源表达,2d后,可检测到fat-1 mRNA的条带.与对照细胞相比,fat-1基因有效地抑制了MCF-7细胞的增殖(23%,p＜0.05),促进了凋亡(增加35%);同时降低了人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7细胞膜n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs的比率.结论:腺病毒介导的fat-1基因能在人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7内有效异源表达,且抑制了MCF-7细胞的增殖.机理为降低了细胞膜的n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs的比率.     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸改善糖脂代谢的研究进展

糖脂代谢的稳态调控是维持机体基本生命活动的基础,糖脂代谢的紊乱与糖尿病、肥胖、脂肪肝、心血管疾病及细胞异常增殖的发生和发展密切相关。富含生物活性n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的鱼油具有调控糖脂代谢紊乱的功能,然而其作用是复杂多方面的,目前对其靶点和分子作用机制的理解尚不全面。本文结合近年来国内外的最新研究进展,综述了n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对生物体糖代谢和脂代谢的影响。     

转基因小鼠模型的载体构建和在人肝癌HepG2细胞中的表达

目的:构建转基因小鼠模型的载体并检测在人肝癌HepG2中的表达效果.方法:将n-3多不饱和脂肪酸脱氢酶基因fat-1插入到真核表达载体(pcDNA3.1(+)myc-HisA)中,构建重组表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)myc-His A-fat-1,用脂质体介导的方法转染到人肝癌HepG2细胞中,RT-PCR检测fat-l基因的表达,MTT法分析fat-l基因对HepG2细胞增殖的影响,气相色谱分析检测fat-l基因对HepG2细胞n-6/n-3多聚不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)比例的影响.结果:成功地构建了真核表达裁体peDNA3.1(+)myc-HisA-fat-1,并能在HepG2细胞内有效异源表达.48h后可检测到fat-l mRMA的条带.与对照细胞相比,fat-l基因有效地抑制了人肝癌细胞HepG2细胞的增殖(70%,p＜0.01),降低了n-6/n-3 PUFAs比例.结论:pcDNA3.1(+)myc-His A-fat-l重组载体构建成功并能在肝癌细胞中有效的表达,可以作为下一步转基因小鼠的合适载体.     

n-3PUFA调节脂代谢机制的研究进展

日粮中的n-3PUFA具有多种作用,除了调节质膜组成和影响细胞信号之外,同时还涉及多 种与脂代谢有关酶与蛋白的基因表达,如:PPARα、SREBPs、LXR等,通过它们来影响靶基因(如: ACO-A、FAS等)的表达,从而起到调控脂肪沉积的作用。     

卵母细胞脂肪酸及其对卵母细胞成熟和发育的影响

脂肪酸是一类具有重要生物学功能的营养物质,它们影响机体脂类的代谢、基因表达及细胞膜功能。而且,许多研究揭示,日粮脂肪酸浓度、种类及比例影响动物卵母细胞的质量。目前,利用代谢组学预测卵母细胞质量成为繁殖生物学研究的热点,但主要集中在葡萄糖、氨基酸代谢研究。动物卵母细胞含有大量的内源脂肪酸,但目前关于卵母细胞脂肪酸的代谢作用研究较少,而且脂肪酸还作为信号分子调控基因表达,同时也是生物膜的重要组成成分。基于此,该文综述了卵母细胞脂肪酸主要种类及来源、脂肪酸的生理作用及对卵母细胞成熟和发育的影响,为未来科学合理地调控卵母细胞脂肪酸组成和利用、促进卵母细胞成熟和发育,进而提高动物繁殖能力提供理论基础。     

植物基因表达的代谢调控

通过分析代谢物、激素和环境因素对植物几种基因表达的影响,就植物基因表达的代谢调控进行了讨论,提出了开展有关这方面研究的一些设想。     

Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on hibernation and torpor: a review and hypothesis

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can have strong effects on hibernation and daily torpor in mammals. High dietary PUFA contents were found to increase proneness for torpor, decrease body temperatures, prolong torpor bout duration, and attenuate hibernation mass loss. The mechanism by which PUFAs enhance torpor and hibernation is unknown, however. On the basis of a review of the literature, and on reexamining our own data on alpine marmots, we propose that effects on hibernation are not due to PUFAs in general, but to shifts in the ratio of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs in membrane phospholipids. Specifically, high ratios of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs increase the activity of the Ca2+-Mg2+ pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the heart (SERCA) and counteract Q10 effects on SERCA activity at low tissue temperatures. Therefore, high n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratios in cardiac myocyte membranes appear to protect the hibernating heart from arrhythmia, which in hypothermic nonhibernators is caused by massive increases in cytosolic Ca2+. The resulting reduced risk of cardiac arrest during hypothermia may explain why increased dietary uptake of n-6 PUFAs, but not of n-3 PUFAs, can strongly enhance the propensity for hibernation, and allows heterotherms to reach lower body temperatures, with associated increased energy savings. Therefore, at least for herbivorous hibernators, such as marmots, linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6)--the dietary source of all n-6 PUFAs--appears to represent a crucial and limited resource in natural environments.     

多不饱和脂肪酸对成年雪貂心肌钾通道的作用

本研究是在成年雪貂的心肌上研究多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）对电压门控钾通道的效应。我们观察到,n-3 PUFA能抑制短时性外向钾电流（Ito)和延迟整流钾电流（IK),而对内向整流钾电流（IK1）则没有明显影响。二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）对Ito和Ik能产生浓度依赖性的抑制作用,其IC50分别为7.5和20μmol/L,但不影响IK1。二十碳五烯酸（EPA）对这三种钾通道的作用与DHA相似。花生四烯酸（5或10μmol/L)先引起IK的抑制,然后引起IK,AA的激活;用环氧合酶抑制剂消炎痛可以阻断花生四烯酸激活IK,AA的作用。不具有抗心律失常作用的单不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸都不明显影响这些钾通道的活性。上述实验结果证明,n-3 PUFA能抑制心肌细胞的Ito和IK,但和我们以前报道的PUFA对心肌钠电流和钙电流的作用相比,其对Ito和IK抑制作用的效能较低。n-3 PUFA的抗心律失常效应可能与它们抑制心肌钠、钙、钾通道的作用有关。     

Differential induction of electrophile-responsive element-regulated genes by n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids

In this study the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid appear to be effective inducers of electrophile-responsive element (EpRE) regulated genes, whereas the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid is not. These n-3 PUFAs need to be oxidized to induce EpRE-regulated gene expression, as the antioxidant vitamin E can partially inhibit the PUFA induced dose-dependent effect. Results were obtained using a reporter gene assay, real-time RT-PCR and enzyme activity assays. The induction of EpRE-regulated phase II genes by n-3 PUFAs may be a major pathway by which n-3 PUFAs, in contrast to n-6 PUFAs, are chemopreventive and anticarcinogenic.     

The Benefits and Risks of n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

There is a growing number of animal models and clinical trials of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) supplementation in disease. Epidemiologic and biochemical studies have suggested beneficial effects of n-3 PUFAs. But also, the use of n-3 PUFAs has some potential toxicological risks that can be circumvented by careless processing, storing, and preserving the PUFAs. The use of n-3 PUFAs is safe if appropriate preparations and dosages are selected. Much research is needed to clarify their use under different disease conditions. The newly established clinical and nutritional facts on n-3 PUFAs will induce industry to develop food products based on this knowledge.     

A modified <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>–3 fatty acid desaturase gene from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Caenorhabditis briggsae</Emphasis> produced high proportion of DHA and DPA in transgenic mice

The functions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been widely investigated. In mammals, levels of n-3 PUFAs are relatively low compared to those of n-6 PUFAs. Either a lack of n-3 PUFAs or an excess of n-6 PUFAs could potentially cause health problems in humans. Hence, methods to increase the amount of n-3 PUFAs in diet have been intensely sought. In this study, we demonstrated that the n-3 fatty acid desaturase gene (sFat-1) synthesized from revised and optimized codons based on roundworm Caenorhabditis briggsae genomic gene for enhanced expression in mammals was successfully expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and significantly elevated cellular n-3 PUFA contents. We generated sFat-1 transgenic mice by introducing mammal expression vector DNAs containing the sFat-1 gene into regular mice through the method of microinjection. Fatty acid compositions were then altered and the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) were greatly increased in these transgenic mice. Various types of tissues in the transgenic mice produced many types of n-3 PUFAs, such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), DPA, and DHA, for example, muscle tissues of the transgenic mice contained 12.2% DHA, 2.0% DPA, and 23.1% total n-3 PUFAs. These research results demonstrated that the synthesized sFat-1 gene with modified and optimized codons from C. briggsae possess functional activity and greater capability of producing n-3 PUFAs, especially DHA and DPA, in transgenic mice.     

Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated dietary supplementation on the reproductive capacity of male turkeys

To measure the effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation on the reproductive capacity of adult male turkeys in industrial flocks, the males of 22 commercial farms were fed either a standard diet or a fish oil diet enriched in n-3 PUFAs. The fatty acid composition of the spermatozoa and reproductive performance were measured throughout the reproductive period. The fish oil diet very effectively increased the percentage of n-3 fatty acids (FA) (22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) in spermatozoa and correspondingly decreased the percentage of n-6 PUFAs (20:4-6 and 22:4n-6): the n-3/n-6 ratio in spermatozoa fatty acids were 0.04-0.07 with the standard diet and 0.32-0.4 with the fish oil diet. These changes did not affect the spermatozoa content of n-9 PUFAs, particularly of 22:3n-9 which is abundant in turkey spermatozoa (9-12% of the total fatty acids). The supplementation was effective in the middle as at the end of the reproductive period. The reproductive capacity of males was modified by the diet and the positive effect of the n-3 supplemented diet increased with age (increase in hatching rates of nearly 2 points at 48-58 weeks for males fed fish oil diet). These results indicate that an increase in the dietary ratio of n-3/n-6 PUFAs is valuable to sustain the reproductive capacity of male turkeys especially when they are getting older.     

Fat-1基因在n-3多不饱和脂肪酸功能研究中的应用

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸是机体脂肪酸成分之一,维持体内合理的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸比例具有重要的生理意义。但n-3多不饱和脂肪酸在大多数动物体内不能合成,只能从食物中补充。fat-1基因的出现改变了这一现状,它可以将多不饱和脂肪酸从n-6形式转化为n-3形式。文章综述了n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的功能,并介绍了fat-1基因的功能及转fat-1基因动物在n-3多不饱和脂肪酸功能研究上的应用。     

Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids reduce the growth of A549 human lung-tumor cells increasing lipid peroxidation and PPARs

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role in both induction and prevention of carcinogenic process. It is well known that several types of neoplastic cells show decreased total PUFA content, contributing to their resistance to chemotherapy and lipid peroxidation. In the light of this, human lung cancer A549 cells, with low PUFA content, were exposed to arachidonic or docosahexaenoic acid to investigate the effect of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs on growth and elucidate underlying mechanisms. The bulk of the results showed that both n-6 PUFAs and n-3 PUFAs decrease human lung-tumor cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner, inducing cell death mainly evident at 100microM concentration. The mechanism underlying the antiproliferative effect of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs appeared to be the same, involving changes in fatty acid composition of biomembranes, production of cytostatic aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation and able to affect DNA-binding activity of AP-1, and induction of PPAR. From these results it may be hypothesized that n-6 PUFAs, like n-3 PUFAs, are able to inhibit tumor growth.     

Modulation of cyclin D1 and early growth response factor-1 gene expression in interleukin-1beta-treated rat smooth muscle cells by n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis. In addition to growth factors or cytokines, we have shown previously that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) act in opposition to n-6 PUFAs by modulating various steps of the inflammatory process. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which the incorporation of the n-6 PUFA, arachidonic acid, increases the proliferation of rat SMC treated with interleukin-1beta, while the n-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), elicit no mitogenic response. Incorporation of EPA or DHA into SMC, which are then activated by interleukin-1beta to mimic inflammation, decreases promoter activity of the cyclin D1 gene and phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein. Together, our data demonstrate that n-3 effects are dependent on the Ras/Raf-1/extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, and that down-regulation of the cyclin D1 promoter activity is mediated by the specific binding of the early growth response factor-1. Finally, we have shown that the incorporation of EPA and DHA also increased the concentration of caveolin-1 and caveolin-3 in caveolae, which correlated with n-3 PUFA inhibition of SMC proliferation through the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. We provide evidence indicating that, in contrast to n-6 PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs exert antiproliferative effects on SMC through the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK pathway.     

Effects of altering dietary fatty acid composition on prostaglandin synthesis and fertility

Several studies over the past 20 years have demonstrated that subjects on diets composed of substances with high levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (e.g. fish) have a decreased incidence of heart disease. On this basis, a recent report from the Department of Health has advised UK consumers to decrease the proportion of saturated as opposed to unsaturated fats in their diet and to increase the ratio of n-3 to n-6 PUFAs. This could be achieved by altering the amounts of these constituents in milk and meat. n-3 Fatty acids can most easily be added to animal feed as either fish oil or linseed oil and can be increased in the blood and milk of ruminants following protection to avoid hydrogenation in the rumen. In western countries the ratio of consumption of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs is greater than 10 and current evidence tends to suggest that a ratio nearer 5 would be more desirable and compatible with cardiovascular well being. As fertility in the UK dairy herd is already poor, it is important to establish whether alterations in dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFAs affects herd fertility before widespread changes in animal diets are recommended. Therefore, this review considers the role played by PUFAs and eicosanoids in fertility, with particular reference to the implications for farm livestock production. The evidence reviewed shows that alteration of the concentration and ratio of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in feeds can influence prostaglandin synthesis/metabolism in a number of mammalian systems. The changed patterns of prostaglandin synthesis can as a consequence, affect the diverse functions (e.g. hormone secretion) that are normally mediated via prostaglandins. Similarly, changes in prostaglandin synthesis effected through manipulation of PUFAs has a major bearing on fertility (as PGs affect many reproductive parameters, e.g. ovulation). Several studies in cattle and other mammals, show that feeding or infusing different types of fat with varying PUFA content to females can alter: the number and size of ovarian follicles, the ovulation rate, progesterone production by the corpus luteum, the timing of luteolysis and gestational length. In the male most recent work has focussed on sperm production and experiments in fowl have demonstrated clear effects of dietary PUFAs on both the sperm membrane phospholipid composition and on fertilizing ability.