唐鱼精巢的组织学观察

应用光学显微镜对唐鱼Tanichthys albonubes精巢的组织结构进行了观察.结果表明,唐鱼的精巢属于小叶型结构.性成熟唐鱼的精巢呈乳白色,长条状,左右各一,合并成“Y”型.小叶间质把精巢分成许多精小叶,每个精小叶由数个精小囊组成,精子就在精小囊中形成.同一精小叶内的精小囊不一定同步发育,但同一精小囊中的生精细胞发育是同步的.唐鱼的精子发生和形成过程经历了初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子细胞和成熟精子6个阶段.精巢内同时存在初级精原细胞和次级精原细胞两种类型的精原细胞.     

三倍体和二倍体银鲫的精子发生

应用透射电子显微镜观察了行雌核发育生殖的三倍体(体细胞具有150±染色体)和二倍体 (2n=100)银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)的精子发生过程.两种倍性的雄性的精子发生过程中,染色体数和细胞核的体积均呈3∶2的关系;而精巢的结构、细胞的形态和细胞器的构成均无明显的区别.其精子发生经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞几个阶段,精子细胞再经过精子形成过程成为精子;三倍体银鲫的精子发生与二倍体一样能正常完成减数分裂,形成形态和功能正常的雄性配子.正常的精子发生过程证明,体细胞具有150±条染色体的黑龙江银鲫是已经初步完成二倍化的三倍体,雄性个体在生殖群体中起着重要的作用;推测黑龙江银鲫的二倍体实际可能是四倍体,则三倍体的黑龙江银鲫为偶倍性的六倍体,因此其减数分裂可以正常进行,同时又经历了一定程度的二倍化,所以雄性可育,且参与繁殖后代 [动物学报 54(3):467-474,2008].     

四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫染色体减数分裂观察

用精巢细胞直接制片法观察了异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和二倍体红鲫、湘江野鲤精母细胞染色体第一次减数分裂中期配对情况 ;作为对照 ,观察了上述四种鱼肾细胞的有丝分裂中期染色体。在精母细胞第一次减数分裂中 ,异源四倍体鲫鲤同源染色体两两配对 ,形成 10 0个二价体 ,没有观察到单价体、三价体和四价体 ;三倍体湘云鲫精母细胞形成 5 0个二价体和 5 0个单价体 ;红鲫和湘江野鲤精母细胞分别形成 5 0个二价体。肾细胞检测表明异源四倍体的染色体数目为 4n =2 0 0 ;湘云鲫为 3n =15 0 ;红鲫和湘江野鲤分别为 2n =10 0。减数分裂时染色体分布情况与肾细胞染色体检测结果相吻合。具有四套染色体的异源四倍体鲫鲤在减数分裂中只形成 10 0个二价体 ,而不形成 2 5个四价体或其它形式 ,为产生稳定一致的二倍体配子提供了重要的遗传保障 ,也为人工培育的异源四倍体鲫鲤群体能够世世代代自身繁衍下去提供了重要的遗传学证据。三倍体湘云鲫在减数分裂过程中出现二价体、单价体共存 ,同源染色体在配对和分离中出现紊乱 ,导致非整倍体生殖细胞的产生 ,为湘云鲫的不育性提供了染色体水平上的证据     

黑脊倒刺鲃精巢结构和精子发生的研究

用光学显微镜和电子显微镜研究了黑脊倒刺鲃精巢的组织结构和精子发生过程。精巢属于小叶型,由精小叶、小叶间质、壶腹腔和输出管构成。精小叶由各期生精细胞和支持细胞构成。除初级精原细胞以外的各期生精细胞和支持细胞组成了精小囊。每一精小囊中的生精细胞发育同步。成熟的精子从精小囊中释放出来,进入小叶腔中。在精巢的腹侧,小叶腔与壶腹腔连接。在壶腹腔的外侧,有一条与壶腹腔平行的输出管。壶腹腔与输出管相通。在壶腹腔和输出管中都充满精子。精巢的后端与贮精囊相连。贮精囊中充满形状不规则的腔隙。腔隙中有精子分布。输出管从精巢延伸出来,进入贮精囊中,位于贮精囊的一侧。左右两个贮精囊通向一条共同的输精管。输精管上皮具有分泌功能。精子发生在精小叶中进行。精子发生经历了初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞阶段。精子细胞经过精子形成过程,形成精子。     

尖唇散白蚁工蚁、兵蚁和繁殖蚁精子发生的比较研究

为探讨白蚁非生殖品级和生殖品级生殖细胞发育差异,采用组织学染色技术对尖唇散白蚁Reticulitermes aculabialis Tsaiet Hwang繁殖蚁、工蚁和兵蚁的精巢发育以及精子发生进行了显微观察和比较研究。结果发现3个品级间精巢发育的程度差异很大,三者精巢切面面积相对大小之比为:繁殖蚁∶工蚁=1.7∶1;繁殖蚁∶兵蚁=29.3∶1;工蚁∶兵蚁=17.1∶1。繁殖蚁和工蚁精巢管内有精子的形成,工蚁和繁殖蚁精子的发生都经历了精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精细胞和精子时期,但工蚁有大量次级精母细胞呈细胞凋亡状态。兵蚁生殖细胞发育仅有精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞,没有精细胞和精子产生。工蚁的生殖细胞显著小于同一时期繁殖蚁的生殖细胞,兵蚁的各时期生殖细胞均极显著小于繁殖蚁同一时期的生殖细胞。研究表明各品级之间生殖功能分化与生殖细胞发育有直接关系,工蚁有转化为补充繁殖蚁和兵蚁的能力;而兵蚁由于精巢极度退化不能产生精细胞和精子,因此是非生殖品级分化的终极形式,不具有转化成补充繁殖蚁或其它品级的能力。     

粗糙沼虾精巢发育的组织学

利用光镜技术,对粗糙沼虾精巢发育进行了研究,根据精子发生过程中每种生殖细胞所占的比例和发生的次序,并结合精巢的形态特征,把精巢发育过程分为五个时期,即精原细胞期,精母细胞期,精细胞期,成熟精子期及退化期,精原细胞期,精巢小,透明乳白色,生精小管内的生殖细胞以精原细胞为主;精母细胞期;精巢体积增大,半透明乳白色,主要由处于初级精母细胞的次级精母细胞阶段的生殖细胞组成;精细胞期,精巢体积继续增大,颜色加深,生精小管内的生殖细胞以精细胞为主;成熟精子期,精巢体积可达最大,紫红色,生精小管内充满着成熟的精子,退化期;精巢体积减小,半透明乳白色,生精小管内的成熟精子几乎排空。     

人工三倍体水晶彩鲫的性腺发育

雄性三倍体鱼的精巢发育比较一致,都完成了由精原细胞、初级精母细胞经减数分裂形成精子细胞的过程,有些还见有变态中的异形精子,个别的还观察到少量类似于正常的成熟精子。雌性三倍体鱼的卵巢发育相当复杂,分化多样,已辨别出卵巢发育分别停留在卵原细胞分化、初级卵母细胞形成、少量卵母细胞生长发育和较多卵母细胞生长发育的四种异常类型,其共同特点是都含有一些败育和趋于败育的细胞,后两类卵巢中普遍含有类似于三倍体鱼精巢中的组织细胞结构。     

三倍体湘云鲫2号线粒体DNA含量与其不育的相关性研究

三倍体湘云鲫2号是通过倍间杂交产生的一种多倍体鱼(红鲫(♀)×异源四倍体鲫鲤(♂)),因其不育性状,具有重要的生产和科研价值。有研究表明线粒体在动物育性的分子调控机制中扮演了重要角色,但在鱼类中尚没有相关的研究报道。利用本实验室特有遗传背景清晰的实验鱼品系(三倍体湘云鲫2号、二倍体红鲫、异源四倍体鲫鲤和同源三倍体鲫),通过荧光定量PCR技术对比分析了它们性腺中线粒体DNA的拷贝数,发现三倍体湘云鲫2号雄性个体精巢中mt DNA含量较正常水平高,雌性个体卵巢中mt DNA含量较正常水平低。实验首次从线粒体DNA含量影响生殖细胞发育的角度探索线粒体与三倍体湘云鲫2号不育的关系,为三倍体湘云鲫2号不育分子机制的研究提供了一些新的基础数据。     

卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖You精巢的周期发育

研究了卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖Ｙｏｕ（Ｓｅｂａｓｔｉｓｃｕｓ ｍａｒｍｏｒｄｔｕｓ）的精巢结构和生殖周期。褐菖Ｙｏｕ精巢属于小叶型。每年８～９月,精巢处于精原细胞增殖期。初级精原细胞分裂增殖,产生次级精原细胞。后者和支持细胞组成精小囊。１０月～翌年、月进入精子发生期。精小囊中的生殖细胞进一步发育,逐渐形成精子。２～７月是精子退化吸收期,精巢中仅有初级精原细胞和残余的精子。在生殖季节,精子经由输出管和输精管     

卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖(鱼良)鲉精巢的周期发育

研究了卵胎生硬骨鱼褐菖(鱼良)鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)的精巢结构和生殖周期.褐菖(鱼良)鲉精巢属于小叶型.每年8～9月,精巢处于精原细胞增殖期.初级精原细胞分裂增殖,产生次级精原细胞.后者和支持细胞组成精小囊.10月～翌年1月进入精子发生期.精小囊中的生殖细胞进一步发育,逐渐形成精子.2～7月是精子退化吸收期,精巢中仅有初级精原细胞和残余的精子.在生殖季节,精子经由输出管和输精管运至尿殖突,通过体内受精方式送入雌鱼生殖道.     

Comparative studies on in vitro sperm decondensation and pronucleus formation in egg extracts between gynogenetic and bisexual fish

A cell-free system based upon the egg extracts fxom gynogenetic gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)or bisexual red common carp (Cyprinus carpio red variety) was developed to investigate developmental behaviors of the demembranated sperm nuclei. Both red common carp and gibel carp sperm nuclei coulddecondense fully and form pronuclei in the red common carp egg extracts. Gibel carp sperm nuclei couldalso decondense fully and form pronuclei in the gibel carp egg extracts, but red common carp sperm nucleicould not decondense sufficiently in the same extracts. The significant differences of morphological changeswere further confirmed by ultrastructural observation of transmission electron microscopy. The data furtheroffer cytological evidence for gonochoristic reproduction in the gynogenetically reproducing gibel carp. Inaddition, the sperm nuclei in vitro decondensation is dependent on the pH in the extracts, and the decon-densed efficiency is optimal at pH 7. However, no DNA replication was observed in the two kinds of eggextracts during the incubation period of the sperm nuclei. It is suggested that the egg extracts preparedfxom the gynogenetic gibel carp should be a valid in vitro system for studying molecular mechanism ongynogenesis and reproduction mode diversity in fish.     

从ATPase8-6基因研究杂交多倍体鱼线粒体母性遗传

异源四倍体鲫鲤是世界上首例人工培育的两性可育并形成群体的且能自然繁殖的四倍体鱼。本文采用质粒克隆测序法测定了红鲫、异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和三倍体湘云鲤的ATPase8和ATPase6基因全序列 ,结合鲤鱼、日本白鲫和斑马鱼的同源序列 ,对不同倍性水平鲤科鱼类的ATPase8和ATPase6基因进行了比较 ,分析了碱基组成、变异情况以及核苷酸和氨基酸序列差异。红鲫、鲤鱼、异源四倍体鲫鲤、日本白鲫、三倍体湘云鲫和三倍体湘云鲤之间的序列差异为 0 0 % - 1 3 4 % ,它们与外群斑马鱼之间的序列差异为 2 7 9% -31 0 %。用MEGA软件中的MP法、ME法、NJ法和UPGMA法构建分子系统树 ,得到了相似的拓扑结构。结果分析表明 ,人工杂交多倍体异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和三倍体湘云鲤在线粒体ATPase8和ATPase6基因上具有严格的母性遗传特征。值得注意的是 ,异源四倍体鲫鲤经过 1 1代的繁育后 ,与其原始母本红鲫仍然保持了非常高的同源性 ,说明了新的异源四倍体基因库在线粒体ATPase8和ATPase6基因上拥有稳定的遗传特性。对不同倍性鲤科鱼类线粒体ATPase8和ATPase6基因的研究表明 ,ATPase8和ATPase6基因是杂交鱼后代遗传变异研究的一个很好的分子标记     

Expression characterization of testicular DMRT1 in both Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells of polyploid gibel carp

Dmrt1 has been suggested to play significant roles in sex determination and differentiation, but various expression patterns and cell types have been observed in the testis of vertebrates. Polyploid gibel carp, because of the multiple modes of unisexual gynogenesis and sexual reproduction, has become a unique case to explore the evolution of sex determination and differentiation. However, the sex-determination related genes in gibel carp have remained unknown. In this study, we identified and characterized 4 cDNAs of Dmrt1 genes. Subsequently, a polyclonal antibody specific to CagDMRT1 was prepared to examine its expression and distribution patterns at protein level. Significantly, both relative real-time PCR and Western blot detection confirmed predominant expression of CagDmrt1 in the adult testis of gibel carp. Moreover, the intensive expression of CagDMRT1 around spermatogenic cysts was revealed during spermatogenesis. And, following immunofluorescence co-localization of CagDMRT1 and CagVASA, a prominent CagDMRT1 expression in Sertoli cells and a mild CagDMRT1 expression in spermatogenic cells including spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes were clearly characterized. The CagDMRT1 signal in Sertoli cells is extensively distributed in both nuclei and cytoplasm, while the CagDMRT1 in spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes is mainly expressed in nuclei, and there is only the remained CagDMRT1 signal in the cytoplasm of secondary spermatocytes. These findings suggest that DMRT1 should be related to testis differentiation and spermatogenesis in gibel carp.     

Evidence for recombination of mitochondrial DNA in triploid crucian carp

In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of the allotetraploid and triploid crucian carp and compare the complete mtDNA sequences between the triploid crucian carp and its female parent Japanese crucian carp and between the triploid crucian carp and its male parent allotetraploid. Our results indicate that the complete mtDNA nucleotide identity (98%) between the triploid crucian carp and its male parent allotetraploid was higher than that (93%) between the triploid crucian carp and its female parent Japanese crucian carp. Moreover, the presence of a pattern of identity and difference at synonymous sites of mitochondrial genomes between the triploid crucian carp and its parents provides direct evidence that triploid crucian carp possessed the recombination mtDNA fragment (12,759 bp) derived from the paternal fish. These results suggest that mtDNA recombination was derived from the fusion of the maternal and paternal mtDNAs. Compared with the haploid egg with one set of genome from the Japanese crucian carp, the diploid sperm with two sets of genomes from the allotetraploid could more easily make its mtDNA fuse with the mtDNA of the haploid egg. In addition, the triple hybrid nature of the triploid crucian carp probably allowed its better mtDNA recombination. In summary, our results provide the first evidence of mtDNA combination in polyploid fish.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们父母本线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因遗传变异的分析

采用质粒克隆测序方法,获得了异源四倍体鲫鲤5个个体、异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育二倍体后代2个个体、三倍体湘云鲫2个个体及红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫各1个个体的线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因的全序列。经对比发现,异源四倍体5个个体共享2种单元型,异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育二倍体后代2个个体、三倍体湘云鲫2个个体以及红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫各1个个体分别共享1种单元型。用MEGA 1.0 软件分析了它们的碱基组成和核苷酸序列差异,用邻接法构建系统进化树。它们间的序列同源性在95%~99%之间,异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们母本（分别为红鲫和日本白鲫）之间的序列同源性大于异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们父本（分别为湘江野鲤和异源四倍体鲫鲤）之间的序列同源性,结果表明：异源四倍体鲫鲤和三倍体湘云鲫在线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因上具有母性遗传特征。本研究另一值得注意地方的是异源四倍体鲫鲤经过9代(F3-F11)繁殖后,在5个个体中发现了2种单元型,说明在四倍体基因库中存在遗传多样性,为四倍体基因库的繁殖、保护和种群复壮提供了一些有价值的信息。     

Hira基因产物在银鲫和彩鲫卵子发生过程中的动态变化

为进一步研究Hira基因在卵子发生和雌核发育过程中的作用,通过原位杂交和免疫荧光定位的方法检测了Hira mRNA和蛋白质在雌核发育银鲫和两性生殖彩鲫卵子发生过程中的动态变化。结果表明,银鲫和彩鲫卵子发生过程中Hira基因转录产物的变化基本一致,在Ⅰ期卵母细胞的细胞核中大量表达,至Ⅱ期卵母细胞时转至细胞质中均匀分布,在Ⅲ期卵母细胞中,杂交信号逐渐移向细胞的周边,到Ⅳ期时随着卵黄物质大量积累,杂交信号几乎不见。HIRA蛋白在银鲫和彩鲫卵子发生过程中的变化略有差别。HIRA蛋白在银鲫Ⅰ期卵母细胞中没有表达,在Ⅱ期卵母细胞的细胞质中有弱表达,在Ⅲ期早期卵母细胞的周边有强烈表达;而在彩鲫Ⅰ期卵母细胞中就有HIRA蛋白的弱表达,至Ⅱ期时HIRA蛋白在细胞质中大量表达,Ⅲ期早期卵母细胞的细胞质中有弱表达。在银鲫和彩鲫Ⅲ期末和Ⅳ期卵母细胞中都很难观察到荧光信号。Hira mRNA和蛋白质在银鲫和彩鲫早期卵母细胞中有较强表达,且在银鲫和彩鲫卵子发生过程中没有显著差异,说明其可能对于脊椎动物卵子发生和减数分裂没有显著影响,而是在受精和/或胚胎发育过程中起作用。       

多倍体银鲫nanos2等位多态性、共线性和表达模式分析

为研究生殖干细胞(Germline stem cells, GSCs)的标记基因nanos2的功能, 在银鲫(Carassius gibelio)中克隆了两个nanos2的同源基因(Homologs), 将其命名为Cgnanos2a和Cgnanos2b, 等位、系统进化树和共线性分析表明, 在银鲫进化历程中发生了额外的两轮多倍化事件, 是一个异源六倍体。qPCR分析表明Cgnanos2a和Cgnanos2b在5月龄银鲫精巢中的表达水平最高, 其次是卵巢; 对在孵化后25—190d的卵巢中的表达动态分析表明, 孵化后25d的卵巢中的Cgnanos2a和Cgnanos2b转录水平最高, 随后表达水平急剧下降; 并且Cgnanos2a和Cgnanos2b呈现出偏向表达的特征。切片RNA原位杂交实验结果表明, Cgnanos2a和Cgnanos2b均特异地在银鲫卵巢邻近生殖上皮的胞囊(Cyst)中一类直径小于20 μm的细胞中表达, Cgnanos2a在精巢精小囊边缘一类单个或两个紧紧相邻的细胞中高表达, 推测是银鲫的GSCs。此外, 还可在精原细胞和初级精母细胞中检测到Cgnanos2a和Cgnanos2b的转录本。研究通过对nanos2阳性细胞的追踪描绘了银鲫卵巢早期胞囊的发育过程, 为后续分离银鲫GSCs奠定了基础; 同时对银鲫nanos2两个歧化的部分同源基因的序列特征、进化及表达特征分析, 为研究鱼类多次多倍化事件后重复基因的进化提供了一个典型例子。     

Comparative and Evolutionary Analysis of the Cytochrome b Sequences in Cyprinids with Different Ploidy Levels Derived from Crosses

The mitochondrial cyt b genes in the allotetraploid and triploid crucian carp as well as triploid common carp were isolated and completely sequenced. Their DNA sequences were compared with those derived from the cyt b genes of the red crucian carp, Japanese crucian carp, and common carp with MEGA 1.0 software. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the sister relationships between allotetraploid and diploid red crucian carp, between the triploid crucian carp and diploid Japanese crucian carp, and between triploid common carp and diploid common carp. Our results indicated the cyt b genes in the allotetraploid, triploid crucian carp, and triploid common carp were maternally inherited. Through maternal inheritance, the cyt b gene in the F11 tetraploid displayed extremely high similarity to that in the female parent red crucian carp after 11 generations (from F1 to F11 hybrids). Since the establishment of the new tetraploid stocks has great significance in analyzing evolutionary theory of vertebrate and in improving aquaculture industry, analysis of the cyt b gene and the elucidation of the variation of the cyt b gene DNA in different cyprinids prove that cyt b is a useful genetic marker to monitor the variations in the progeny of the crosses.     

Comparative studies on histological and ultra-structure of the pituitary of different ploidy level fishes

The histological and ultra-structure of the pituitary in diploid red crucian carp(Carassius auratus red var.),triploid crucian carp and allotetraploid hybrids within and after the breeding season were comparatively studied.The result showed that there were six endocrine cell types in the pituitary of these three kinds of fishes,and there was an obvious difference in cell size among different ploidy level fishes.As for the same type of pituitary cells,the cell size was increased gradually with the in- creasing ploidy level.In the breeding season,the allotetraploid hybrids had higher proportion of go- nadotropin cells(GTH)than triploids,and the triploids had higher proportion of GTH than diploids.The results were related to the earlier sexual maturity of allotetraploid hybrids and sterility of triploid cru- cian carp.On the other hand,among the three kinds of fishes,the proportion of somatotropin(STH) cells in triploids crucian carp was the highest,whereas that in allotetraploid hybrids was the lowest. The results might be connected with the faster growth rate of triploids and slower growth rate of al- lotetraploid hybrids.In addition,in GTH cells of meso-adenohypophysis after the breeding season, there were many endocrine particles in triploids,while those endocrine particles were released from the cells in allotetraploids and diploids.This result showed that the sterility of triploid crucian carp might be related to the hormone which was not released from the GTH cells.In a word,the present study indicated that the differences in the structure of pituitary among different ploidy level fishes contributed to their difference in the growth rate and gonadal development.