用模糊数学理论评价天敌的作用

一、引言怎样评价天敌的作用是生物防治研究和实践中的一个重要问题。迄今为止,已有不少评价的方法。这些评价方法都是从控制害虫的种群数量的角度对天敌的作用进行评价的。但是,从生态经济学的观点看,用对害虫种群数量的控制程度作为评价天敌的作用的标准不太合理。因为,决定天敌对害虫控制效果的因子不仅有对害虫种群数量的控制,还有控制所发生的时间,而后者是决定天敌控制害虫是否造成危害的重要因素。     

农药对捕食性天敌的影响研究进展

捕食性天敌在害虫的自然控制方面起着重要作用。当害虫大发生时,需使用化学农药来进行有效控害,但化学农药会对捕食性天敌的生存造成影响。因此,了解农药对捕食性天敌的影响有利于协调化学防治和生物防治的关系。大部分农药对捕食性天敌的生长发育和繁殖表现为抑制作用,但有的为促进作用。在农药的干扰下,多数捕食性天敌的信息识别能力会降低,少部分会通过提高雄虫接收性信息素的能力或增加雌虫性信息素的释放来诱导求偶行为、增加交配频率。有的杀虫剂会影响捕食性天敌的捕食行为及捕食功能,部分杀虫剂会直接使其捕食功能模型由Holling-Ⅱ型转变为Holling-Ⅰ型。在农药胁迫下,捕食性天敌会产生抗药性,其解毒酶活性升高、保护酶活性改变及靶标部位敏感性下降可能是抗药性产生的机理。农药对捕食性天敌的影响研究在协调害虫化学防治和生物防治中有着重要的理论和现实意义,可以有效地推进捕食性天敌在害虫综合治理中的应用。     

杀虫剂对湿地松粉蚧种群及其天敌的影响

湿地松粉蚧是于1988年传入我国广东省的一种重要林业外来入侵害虫。现在该害虫在我国的分布面积为35.52万公顷,严重影响着我国南方松林的生长健康。该害虫在其原产地美国南方并不造成大的危害,也不是一种主要害虫。只有当大量应用杀虫剂防治其它害虫时,由于杀死了其天敌,湿地松粉蚧种群才会明显增长。为控制这一外来入侵害虫,中美两国于1995年开展了从美国引进天敌防治广东省湿地松粉蚧的林业合作项目。本文报道了1996～1997年间在美国南方三个种子园使用杀虫剂防治球果种实害虫时,杀虫剂对湿地松粉蚧种群及其两种主要天敌有明显的影响,这也间接地说明了寄生性天敌对湿地松粉蚧在自然条件下的控制作用。相关分析显示湿地松粉蚧种群数量与其天敌是密切相关的,但杀虫剂可以打破这种平衡。这一方面说明从美国引进天敌防治湿地松粉蚧是可行的,另一方面也显示在美国采集湿地松粉蚧天敌应在使用过杀虫剂后的林分中。     

苏芸金杆菌在我国农业害虫防治中的作用

害虫对农作物的损失是十分巨大的,如果不采取有效措施防治害虫,就很难保证农作物增产。目前化学农药仍是防治农业害虫的重要制剂,但由于长期滥的结果,已出现了害虫产生抗药性、昆虫天敌减少、污染农副产品和环境等问题。因此许多植保工作者正探索防治害虫的新方法,新途径,并提出了综合防治害虫控制系统和     

襄北农作物害虫天敌及其优势种的初步调查

198 9年 ,作者曾对襄北农作物害虫天敌进行了系统调查和研究 ,并初步查明襄北地区农田天敌资源及其优势种类[1] 。此后由于长期大量使用化学农药防治害虫 ,使农田天敌数量减少 ,生态平衡遭到破坏 ,致使害虫再度猖獗 ,农药残毒严重超标 ,农产品质量下降 ,危及人类健康。根据这种情况 ,近年来湖北襄北农场通过大力推广生物农药 ,保护利用天敌昆虫等生物防治措施 ,使农田生态环境得到改善 ,天敌昆虫的种群数量也比以前有较大幅度的增长。为了摸清现阶段农田天敌的优势种类 ,以便更好地为保护利用提供理论依据 ,作者于 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年对襄…     

一种天敌控制多种害虫作用的模糊数学评价方法

从生物防治的基本思想出发,利用模糊数学和生态经济的原理,探讨天敌的作用,建立了一种天敌控制多种害虫的模糊数学评判方法,文中给出了一种天敌对害虫的影响率和影响强度、一种天敌对害虫影响的大小以及天敌对害虫的控制能力,并进行了控制分析。     

害虫种群经济阈值的概念及其数字模型

害虫种群的经济阈值是害虫管理系统中的一个主要组成成份,因为害虫的控制必须讲求经济效益,决定采取防治措施时,首先需要考虑防治的挽回收益是否大于防治成本,亦就是要求防治后的挽回收益价值一定要大于至少等于防治费用。因此决定某种害虫的防治与否和如何防治,并不单纯取决于虫情,而主要取决于虫害所造成的经济损失、防治效果、防治费用以及最终的产值挽回收益。这样,在采取害虫控制决策措施     

间种牧草对枣园捕食性天敌与害虫群落动态的影响

为了有效地管理枣树害虫,2004年在太谷地区对不同处理枣园的捕食性天敌与害虫群落动态进行了系统的调查研究,结果表明：间种牧草枣园捕食性天敌种类明显多于（p＜0.05）未间种牧草的枣园,种草综合防治园捕食性天敌种类明显多于（p＜0.05）种草常规防治园;在枣树不同发育阶段,种草不防治区害虫物种数、多样性和均匀度明显大于（p＜0.05）未间种牧草的枣园;优势度则是未间种牧草的枣园明显（p＜0.05）大于间种牧草枣园;捕食性天敌个体数与害虫个体数的比值是间种牧草枣园明显（p＜0.05）大于未间种牧草的枣园,种草综合防治区明显大于（p＜0.05）种草常规防治区.就捕食性天敌与害虫的时空二维生态位宽度和重叠而言,不同发育阶段的枣园害虫的时空二维生态位平均宽度之间没有明显差异（p＞0.05）,捕食性天敌的时空二维生态位平均宽度是种草枣园明显（p＜0.05）大于未种草枣园;不同发育阶段种草枣园捕食性天敌与害虫的时空二维生态位平均重叠程度明显（p＜0.05）大于未种草枣园;不同处理枣园捕食性天敌群落中主要种类的前二个主分量负荷值,间种牧草枣区明显（p＜0.05）大于未间种牧草的枣区,而枣园害虫群落中主要种类前二个主分量的负荷值是未间种牧草枣区明显（p＜0.05）大于间种牧草的枣区.相关性分析结果表明,枣园捕食性天敌与害虫参数相关性的变化趋势较为一致,可见用捕食性天敌功能团和按枣树生育期划分害虫发生阶段以替代物种进行枣园捕食性天敌与害虫群落学研究是切实可行的.总之,枣园种草不仅提高了捕食性天敌的种群数量,同时也增加了捕食性天敌控制害虫的稳定性和可持续性.     

农药对害虫卵寄生蜂的影响

<正> 在农作物害虫防治中,由于大量地、不恰当地使用化学农药,既污染环境,又杀伤了天敌昆虫,从而导致了害虫再猖獗为害。如何使害虫防治与保护天敌之间互相协调配合,成为农业害虫防治中急待解决的问题。 本试验在于研究几种农药及不同浓度对害虫卵寄生蜂的杀伤力。 供试农药 试验方法     

柚木食叶害虫——全须夜蛾

观察珍贵树种柚木的食叶害虫——全须夜蛾Hybiaea puera的形态特征、生物学特性和危害特点,和以人工捕捉和保护天敌为主的防治措施。     

天敌-害虫系统中寻找效应数学模型的研究

天敌对害虫种群的寻找效应是天敌捕食(或寄生)过程中的一种行为特征,亦有人认为是一个物种的行为特性,寻找效应的高低不仅关系到对害虫种群的抑制作用的大小,而且亦关系到天敌自身种群在自然界的繁盛程度。上述情况,无论在实验室内的试验中,田间生物防治实践中,或者在自然群落的结构组成与丰盛度的调查中均已得到证实。因此寻找效应在天敌-害虫系统中作用的重要性,近十多年来,越来越多地受到国内外生态学工作者的重视。     

A simple criterion for successful biological control on annual crops

Population dynamics of pest insect-natural enemy systems on annual crops is quite different from those seen in classic biological control programes. On an annual crop, for example, the persistence of populations of pest insects is forced to terminate when crops are harvested. Pest control on annual crops aims to suppress the maximum density of the pest below a certain level, and a low level equilibrium is not always the aim. It is important to determine the initial impact just after release of a natural enemy in order to determine the success of a biological control program. Therefore, effectiveness of natural enemies should be evaluated by prediction of such short-term population dynamics. This paper presents a new and simple analytical model for successful biological control on annual crops. A criterion of successful biological control is given as the ratio of the pest and natural enemy populations just when the pest begins to decrease. This ratio is derived from the intrinsic rates of natural increase of both populations and the daily total predation by natural enemies. Using this model, criteria on appropriate number and time of release of natural enemies are obtained. The practical applications of this model are discussed with respect to evaluating the success or failure of natural enemy releases in future biological control programs.     

害虫生物防治的数学模型

文章讨论一类捕食者（天敌）具脉冲放养与食饵（害虫）具阶段结构时滞的捕食-食饵模型,得到了害虫灭绝周期解全局吸引的充分条件和害虫的密度可以控制在经济危害水平E（EIL）之下的脉冲存放周期．为现实的害虫管理提供一定的理论依据．     

Interactions between extrafloral nectaries, ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and other natural enemies affect biological control of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on peach (Rosales: Rosaceae)

Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are reported to benefit some plants when ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) use their secretions and fend off herbivores, but in some cases resulting competitive interactions may reduce biological control of specific herbivores. This research examined the interactions between ants and other natural enemies associated with the EFNs of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batcsh] and the implications for biological control of a key pest, the oriental fruit moth [Grapholita molesta (Busck)]. Studies using sentinel G. molesta placed on peach trees ('Lovell' cultivar) with EFNs present and absent revealed that several natural enemy groups associated with the EFNs contribute to reductions in G. molesta eggs, larvae, and pupae in peach orchards. Ants on trees with EFNs antagonized the G. molesta egg parasitoid Trichogramma minutum (Riley), but the ants were crucial in reducing G. molesta in both the larval and pupal stages. Overall, individual trees with EFNs experienced higher ant and other (nonant) natural enemy densities and subsequent pest reductions, as compared with trees without EFNs. However, the implications of EFN-natural enemy-pest interactions to orchard-level biological control will likely depend on local G. molesta population dynamics.     

A Theoretical Approach on Controlling Agricultural Pest by Biological Controls

In this paper we propose and analyze a prey-predator type dynamical system for pest control where prey population is treated as the pest. We consider two classes for the pest namely susceptible pest and infected pest and the predator population is the natural enemy of the pest. We also consider average delay for both the predation rate i.e. predation to the susceptible pest and infected pest. Considering a subsystem of original system in the absence of infection, we analyze the existence of all possible non-negative equilibria and their stability criteria for both the subsystem as well as the original system. We present the conditions for transcritical bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation in the disease free system. The theoretical evaluations are demonstrated through numerical simulations.     

在杀虫剂作用下的一类具有Allee效应的天敌-害虫模型

对一类具有Allee效应的天敌-害虫模型作了理论分析,同时对在杀虫剂作用下的此系统又作了理论分析,比较了二者之间的区别,从而从理论上获知利用杀虫剂控制虫害的利弊．     

中季稻区稻田害虫—天敌—农药系统的模拟及其优化管理的研究(英文)

本文以中季稻区稻田主要害虫稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟和捕食天敌蜘蛛的田间系统调查资料为基础,以害虫—天敌—农药系统为研究对象,应用害虫管理系统工程的原理,处理害虫、捕食天敌与农药三者之间的关系。建立了稻纵叶螟—蜘蛛—甲胺磷和稻飞虱—蜘蛛—甲胺磷两系统优化管理模型,绘制了它们的优化反馈控制策略图,利用微机对系统进行最优监控。使用时输入当前田间害虫与天敌数量,就可对系统作出即时的预测和最优决策。该策略确立的控制害虫的最优性能指标,是使害虫对农作物的为害所造成的损失与防治费用之和最小,并且使害虫和天敌的数量处于系统平衡状态。文中比较分析了该策略与基于经济阈值的常规害虫管理策略,指出了新策略在害虫综合治理中对天敌数量进行控制和管理的作用及其意义。     

SIMULATION AND OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF THE PEST-NATURAL ENEMY-INSECTICIDE SYSTEM OF PADDY FIELDS IN MIDDLE SEASON RICE CROPPING REGION*

Abstract Investigations on the pest-natural enemy-insecticide system, including rice leaf roller-spider-tamaron and planthopper-spider-tamaron system, were carried out in the paddy fields in middle season rice cropping region. The relationship among insect pest, natural enemy and insecticide were studied based on the principle of the pest management system engineering. The optimal management models of the two systems were developed. Their diagrams of optimal feedback control strategy were contoured for computer monitoring of the pest-natural enemy-insecticide system. The population densities of pest and natural enemy in the future could be forecasted and the optimal strategy could be made when the current field densities of pest and natural enemy were input into the computer. The optimal performance index, which is a combination of the total cost of using the chemical and the total cost of pest damage to crops, for pest control is minimized. The objective of the system management is to drive the state of the system towards a beneficial equilibrium of the system generally. A comparison of the new IPM strategy with the ordinary strategy based on a single economic threshold is conducted in this paper. The optimal control strategies suggest that both pest and natural enemy populations should be controlled in the integrated pest management.     

Effects of crop species richness on pest-natural enemy systems based on an experimental model system using a microlandscape

The relationship between crop richness and predator-prey interactions as they relate to pest-natural enemy systems is a very important topic in ecology and greatly affects biological control services. The effects of crop arrangement on predator-prey interactions have received much attention as the basis for pest population management. To explore the internal mechanisms and factors driving the relationship between crop richness and pest population management, we designed an experimental model system of a microlandscape that included 50 plots and five treatments. Each treatment had 10 repetitions in each year from 2007 to 2010. The results showed that the biomass of pests and their natural enemies increased with increasing crop biomass and decreased with decreasing crop biomass; however, the effects of plant biomass on the pest and natural enemy biomass were not significant. The relationship between adjacent trophic levels was significant (such as pests and their natural enemies or crops and pests), whereas non-adjacent trophic levels (crops and natural enemies) did not significantly interact with each other. The ratio of natural enemy/pest biomass was the highest in the areas of four crop species that had the best biological control service. Having either low or high crop species richness did not enhance the pest population management service and lead to loss of biological control. Although the resource concentration hypothesis was not well supported by our results, high crop species richness could suppress the pest population, indicating that crop species richness could enhance biological control services. These results could be applied in habitat management aimed at biological control, provide the theoretical basis for agricultural landscape design, and also suggest new methods for integrated pest management.     

我国森林食叶害虫种群生态控制可行性分析

我国是世界上森林病虫害发生比较严重的国家之一。建国以来 ,森林病虫害发生面积一直呈上升趋势。据资料显示 ,随着造林面积的增加 ,森林病虫害发生面积也相应增加。从 2 0世纪 50年代开始 ,全国人工林面积每 1 0年分别递增 2 2 .2 %、 8.7%、1 1 .2 %和 5.0 % ,而同期病虫害的发生面积的递增率相应为 2 2 .6%、2 .9%、1 2 .9%和 4.6% [1]。我国森林病虫害发生的特点之一是范围广、区域性灾害严重。如我国历史性森林害虫松毛虫 (Den-drolimus spp.) ,全国共有 2 9种 (含 4个亚种 ) ,发生范围达 2 4个省 (区、市 ) ,并随人工林面积迅速增加…