六种鼠组织中过氧化物酶和酯酶变异的比较

本文研究姬鼠属（Ａｐｏｄｅｍｕｓ）２种鼠和鼠属（Ｒａｔｕｓ）４种鼠的心组织过氧化物酶和肝组织酯酶同工酶等位基因的变异。结果表明,６种鼠心组织过氧化物酶皆为４条区带,其中社鼠和白腹巨鼠的酶带泳动速度略快于褐家鼠和黄毛鼠的酶带;鼠属４种鼠的酶带间距大致相同,而姬鼠属的酶带间距略大于鼠属,这种谱型的区别就所分析的６种鼠而言,可以认为是该同工酶表现的属间区别。肝组织酯酶区带较多,其酶带数和泳动速度的差异具有明显的种间特征;泳动最快的酶带在姬鼠中是２条,在鼠属中是１条,可以认为是属间特征的区别。从９项生化指标的异同作动物配对比较,表明褐家鼠与黄毛鼠亲缘上较近,社鼠与白腹巨鼠亲缘上也较近,而且白腹巨鼠在进化上可能要比其余３种鼠属动物更接近于姬鼠属     

六种鼠苹果酸脱氢酶,血浆蛋白质和血红蛋白的变异分析

本文分析了家鼠属（Ｒａｔｔｕｓ）４种鼠和姬鼠属（Ａｐｏｄｅｍｕｓ）２种鼠的苹果酸脱氢酶、血浆中β１区和β２区蛋白质、血浆清蛋白、前清蛋白以及红细胞中血红蛋白的变异。结果表明,ＭＤＨ在进化上是比较保守的,其中ＭＤＨｍ和ＭＤＨｓ２带在各鼠间位于同一泳动线上,仅ＭＤＨｓ１带的泳动速度出现属间和种间的微小差异;血浆中β１区和β２区的蛋白质带、清蛋白带以及前清蛋白带各鼠间出现明显的变异,表现为黑线姬鼠和社鼠在β１区出现２种多态型区带,褐家鼠在β２区也有２种多态型带;各鼠间的血红蛋白变异比较明显,主要表现在区带数和主成分的泳动度显著不同,而且社鼠的Ｈｂ出现３种多态型,黄毛鼠出现２种多态型,其余各鼠的Ｈｂ皆为单态性。上述１６项生化特性按相似和相异进行配对比较,初步表明黄毛鼠与褐家鼠亲缘上比较相近,白腹巨鼠要比其他３种鼠亲缘上更接近于黑线姬鼠,而社鼠与白腹巨鼠之间进化分歧相对地较大。     

野生大家鼠和实验大白鼠血红蛋白和乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的比较研究

本文对野生大家鼠（Ｒａｔｕｓｎｏｒｖｅｇｉｃｕｓ）和Ｗｉｓｔａｒ品系实验大白鼠的血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）及组织的乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）同工酶进行了电泳分析,结果表明,两种鼠均表现了Ｈｂ的多态性,其中ＨｂＩ型都含有８个成分,各成分的泳动率相同。两种鼠的心脏ＬＤＨ同工酶都含有ＬＤＨ１,ＬＤＨ２,ＬＤＨ３和ＬＤＨ５,而且各谱带泳动率相近似,其余组织ＬＤＨ谱带泳动率有明显的差异,表现了组织和种（或品系）的特异性。从电泳图谱上发现Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠ＬＤＨ５（Ａ或Ｍ亚基纯合体）出现亚带,而ＬＤＨ１（Ｂ或Ｈ亚基纯合体）则未发现,可确定变异是由于Ａ或Ｍ亚基位点发生突变,出现等位基因而导致。对褐家鼠的ＬＤＨ４出现亚带也进行了讨论     

泰山赤鳞鱼同工酶的研究

采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳或聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）技术研究了泰山赤鳞鱼早期发育阶段（受精后０—１２０ｈ）及成体眼、脑、心、肾、肝、肌６种组织中的ＬＤＨ同工酶分化表达谱式。结果表明：（１）赤鳞鱼在胚胎发育过程中Ｌｄｈ－Ａ基因和－Ｂ基因同时表达,形成５种不同形式的四聚体（Ｂ４、ＡＢ３、Ａ２Ｂ２、Ａ３Ｂ、Ａ４）。与大多数硬骨鱼相比,赤鳞鱼ＬＤＨ同工酶具有独特的早期个体发育谱式：在整个胚胎发育时期,Ａ亚基与Ｂ亚基的活性几乎相等。（２）赤鳞鱼的ＬＤＨ同工酶谱具有明显的组织特异性。Ｌｄｈ－Ｃ基因仅在肝脏组织表达,以向阴极迁移的分子形式（ＬＤＨ－Ｃ４）特异地表达。     

中华姬鼠与大林姬鼠的同工酶差异

中华姬鼠（Ａｐｏｄｅｍｕｓｄｒａｃｏ）和大林姬鼠（Ａｐｏｄｅｍｕｓｐｅｎｉｎｓｕｌａｅ）是形态学上十分相似的两种鼠类。为了对两种姬鼠的分类提供生物化学方面的依据,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳方法比较和分析了两种姬鼠的ＬＤＨ同工酶、ＥＳＴ同工酶和ＳＯＤ同工酶的差异。结果表明,两种姬鼠的ＬＤＨ同工酶酶谱基本相似,而ＥＳＴ同工酶和ＳＯＤ同工酶酶谱则存在明显的种间差异。根据ＥＳＴ同工酶Ａ２带的有无和ＳＯＤ同工酶主带等电点的差别,能将两种姬鼠很容易区分开来。     

泰山郝鳞鱼同工酶的研究

采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳或聚丙酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳（ＰＡＧＥ）技术研究了泰赤鳞鱼早期发育阶段（受精后０－１２０ｈ）及成体眼、脑、心、肾、肝、肌６种组织中的ＬＤＨ同工酶分化表达谱式。结果表明：（１）赤鳞鱼在胚胎发育过程中Ｌｄｈ－Ａ基因和－Ｂ基因同时表达,形成５种不同形式的四聚体（Ｂ４、ＡＢ３、Ｂ３Ｂ、Ａ４）。与大多数硬骨鱼相比,赤鳞鱼ＬＤＨ同工酶具有独特的早期个体发育谱式：在整个胚胎发育时期,Ａ亚基与Ｂ亚基     

脂质体化r-HBsAg的研究

用逆相蒸发技术制备带不同表面电荷的脂质体及脂质体化的重组乙肝基因工程疫苗（ｒ－ＨＢｓＡｇ）。制备的脂质体平均粒径为１５０－４５０ｎｍ,不同电荷脂质对粒径无明显影响,加入ｒ－ＨＢｓＡｇ使粒径略有增大。ｒ－ＨＢｓＡｇ包裹率为４４－５７％,不同电荷脂质体间无明显差异。荧光染料Ｃａｌｃｅｉｎ包裹率为３－７％,明显低于ｒ－ＨＢｓＡｇ的包裹率。用准弹性光散射（ｑｕａｓｉ－ｅｌａｓｔｉｃｌｉｇｈｔｓｃａｔｔｅｒｉｎｇ,ＱＥＬＳ）技术测定脂质体的泳动速率,加入ｒ－ＨＢｓＡｇ及新型免疫佐剂ＡＳＤ系列后,对脂质体的泳动速率有明显影响。     

三种鼠科动物血浆超氧化物歧化酶和乳酸脱氢酶以及血浆蛋白成分的比较分析

本文利用SOD和LDH在一块凝胶板上同时显色的优点,电泳分析黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)、褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus),黄胸鼠(Rattus flavipectus)血浆SOD和LDH同工酶以及血浆蛋白成分。结果表明,LDH为有色区带,SOD为无色透明区带,而且SOD比LDH泳动快,两类区带互不重迭,以致3种鼠血浆中SOD和LDH的图谱清晰可辨。由于黑线姬鼠的SOD和LDH的泳动度不同于其余2种鼠,周此3种鼠的图谱各具特征。3种鼠血浆蛋白中的前清蛋白和铁传递蛋白区带数和泳动度亦具有明显差异,说明上述酶分子亚基和血浆蛋白分子的化学结构不同,成为种间差异在分子水平上典型的表现。     

鳙团移核鱼LDH,MDH同工酶的研究

对二龄鳙鱼细胞核和团头鲂细胞质配合的核质杂种鱼－－鳙团移核鱼及其亲本,供核体鳙鱼和受核体团头鲂肌组织ＬＤＨ、ＭＤＨ同工酶进行了研究试验。鳙团移核鱼和供核体鳙鱼肌组织ＬＤＨ同工酶均具有ＬｄｈＡ２Ｂ２一条谱带;受核体团头鲂的则具有ＬｄｈＡ２、ＬｄｈＡ２Ｂ１、ＬｄｈＡ２Ｂ２、ＬｄｈＡ１Ｂ３、ＬｄｈＢ４等五条谱带。移核鱼和供核体鳙鱼肌组织的ＭＤＨ同工酶都各具有二条谱带：Ｓ－ｍｄｈＡ２、Ｓ－ｍｄｈＡＢ;受核     

L615白血病鼠胸腺和脾脏淋巴细胞脱氢酶同工酶的研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对比研究了纯系６１５鼠和Ｌ６１５可移植性淋巴细胞型白血病鼠胸腺和脾脏淋巴细胞的葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶同工酶（ＥＣｌ．１．１．４９,Ｄ－葡萄糖－６－磷酸：ＮＡＤＰ氧化还原酶,Ｇ６ＰＤ）和乳酸脱氢酶同工酶（ＥＣｌ．１．１．２７,Ｌ－乳酸：ＮＡＤ氧化还原酶,ＬＤＨ）。并应用定量细胞化学法对ＬＤＨ和６ＰＤ全酶活性进行了测定。结果：在Ｌ６１５白血病鼠胸腺淋巴细胞中（白血病细胞占４０％）,Ｇ６ＰＤ同工酶谱显示异常,全酶活性明显增高、ＬＤＨ同工酶谱及全酶活性未发生明显变化。Ｌ６１５白血病鼠脾脏淋巴细胞中（白血病细胞占８４％）,Ｇ６ＰＤ和ＬＤＨ同工酶谱均显示异常,同时全酶活性也明显增强。提示：Ｇ６ＰＤ对白血病细胞的恶性增殖和浸润似乎更为敏感。     

云南老君山鼠类的垂直分布

1980年6月至8月,我们对云南老君山的鼠类进行了垂直分布的调查研究。现介绍如下。 自然概况 老君山位于云南省的剑川、丽江和兰坪三县交界处;北纬26°30′—26°52′,东经99°42′—100°26′。属于著名的横断山脉的云岭山系中的大山之一。最高峰海拔4,247m.,山麓(金坪)海拔2,500m.。山势南北走向,北高南低,有纵横交错的高山、山间峡     

Dating of divergences within the Rattus genus phylogeny using whole mitochondrial genomes

The timing and order of divergences within the genus Rattus have, to date, been quite speculative. In order to address these important issues we sequenced six new whole mitochondrial genomes from wild-caught specimens from four species, Rattus exulans, Rattus praetor, Rattus rattus and Rattus tanezumi. The only rat whole mitochondrial genomes available previously were all from Rattus norvegicus specimens. Our phylogenetic and dating analyses place the deepest divergence within Rattus at approximately 3.5 million years ago (Mya). This divergence separates the New Guinean endemic R. praetor lineage from the Asian lineages. Within the Asian/Island Southeast Asian clade R. norvegicus diverged earliest at approximately 2.9Mya. R. exulans and the ancestor of the sister species R. rattus and R. tanezumi subsequently diverged at approximately 2.2Mya, with R. rattus and R. tanezumi separating as recently as approximately 0.4Mya. Our results give both a better resolved species divergence order and diversification dates within Rattus than previous studies.     

广西崇左木榄山智人洞的鼠科化石

最近在广西崇左木榄山智人洞遗址采集到1件具有现代智人解剖特征初始状态的下颌骨和丰富的哺乳动物化石。啮齿类中的鼠科化石有锡金小鼠(Mus pahari)、中华姬鼠(Apodemus draco)、黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)、似德氏狨鼠(Hapalomys cf.H.delacouri)、笔尾树鼠(Chiropodomys gliroides)、社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)、针毛鼠(Niviventer fulvescens)、爱氏巨鼠(Leopoldamys edwardsi)、印度板齿鼠(Bandicota indica)、褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)和黄毛鼠(Rattus losea)共8属11种。这种全部由当地或邻近地区现生种类构成的组合显然比当地早更新世的三合大洞和川黔地区中更新世歌乐山期的鼠类组合进步, 而与广西田东雾云洞的鼠类组合相似, 其动物群的时代为晚更新世早期, 与不平衡铀系法得到的测年结果(距今约11万年)相吻合。智人洞鼠科动物的组合明显具有东洋界热带-亚热带动物群的特点, 其中林灌和草地型所占比例较大表明当时的森林面积可能减少、林灌和草地面积可能增加, 反映出当时的气候相对干旱。     

舟山岛东部地区小型兽类的群落组成与动态分析

１９９０年７月至１９９２年１２月在浙江舟山岛东部地区每月定点调查小型兽类的群落组成和数量动态。该地区可划分为室内、房周围、稻田区、山地和山林等五类生境的５个小兽群落。群落相似性指数以稻田区的黑线姬鼠＋黄毛鼠群落与山地的黑线姬鼠＋黄毛鼠群落最高,多样性指数和均匀性指数以房周围臭Ｑｕ＋黄毛鼠＋褐家鼠群落最高。各群落的全年数量动态可分为双峰型（室内和山地生境）与单峰型（其余３种生境）。对各群落种类组成的     

川西南地区小型兽类型体外寄生革螨群落研究

1987年7月－1988年11月在川西南地区共采集到小型兽类体外革螨32种,178只,高山姬鼠,大耳姬鼠和社鼠体外寄生革螨群落结构复杂,生物多样性指数较高,在这些革螨群落中,如厩真厉螨为高山姬鼠和大耳姬鼠的优势种,福建厉螨为社鼠的优势种,毒厉螨为褐家和阳金小鼠的优势种,松鼠真厉螨为橙腹松鼠的优势种,金氏厉螨为黑腹绒鼠的优势种,臊鼠赫刺螨为灰麝鼯的优势种,而其余12种小型兽类革螨群落的优势种不明显。     

Ectoparasites on small mammals in Iceland: Origin and population characteristics of a species-poor insular community

The Icelandic small mammal fauna is depauperated as is the associated ectoparasite fauna. Three small mammal species occur, viz. Apodemus sylvaticus L., Mus musculus L., and Rattus norvegicus Berk. ( R. rattus is probably not a regular member). The mice supposedly came to the island by settlers from the 10th century and onwards.
Apodemus and Mus from five localities altogether had seven ectoparasite species, five mites and two fleas. All species occurred on Apodemus whereas Mus was infested by four. Compared with the numbers of ectoparasite species recorded in similar studies in the Nordic countries, there are conspicuously few species in Iceland. Further, Apodemus had an overall higher infestation frequency than Mus (90% and 30%, respectively) and a higher total density of ectoparasites (3.3–20.3 and 0.5 inds/host, respectively). The density figures were high compared with those for mainland Apodemus . Especially the mite Laelaps agilis C. L. Koch and the flea Ctenophthalmus agyrtes (Heller) were common on Icelandic Apodemus . Reduced competition among parasites and/or low predator pressure on small mammals may explain the density figures obtained.
The ectoparasite species compositions on small mammals in Scandinavia and Iceland have many features in common that renders it probable that Apodemus originate from Scandinavia.     

闽东山区鼠类群落的空间配置和结构的研究

1984年3月-1985年1月对闽东山区鼠类群落的调查结果表明,根据鼠种类和数量组成,该区可划分为针毛鼠+社鼠;黑线姬鼠+黄毛鼠、黄毛鼠+黑线姬鼠;褐家鼠+小家鼠+黄胸鼠等4个鼠类群落。不同鼠类群落的组成和数量有不同的季节变化。本文比较了不同鼠类群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数和相对生物量。     

Albumin evolution and phylogenetic relationships among Greek rodents of the families Arvicolidae and Muridae

The phylogenetic relationships of seven rodent species Microtus atticus, M. thomasi, M. epiroticus (family Arvicolidae) and Mus domesticus, Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus flavicollis and A. mystacinus (family Muridae) have been studied. In order to define these relationships we study the albumin evolution using the micro-complement fixation test (MC'F). No phylogenetic (immunological) distance between M. atticus and M. thomasi was found, a fact which confirms from the biochemical point of view the opinion that the former taxon is a synonym of the latter one. A molecular time scale relating MC'F immunological distances and geological time was established based on the assumption of a rate of 100 amino acid substitutions per–20 million years. The time of divergence between M. epiroticus and M. thomasi was estimated to be 0.5–0.6 million years ago (Pleistocene). Such a recent divergence corroborates the opinion based on morphological and protein electrophoretic criteria according to which Terricola (formerly Pitymys ) must be considered as a subgenus of the genus Microtus and not as a distinct genus Pitymys , as previously had been accepted. Apodemus flavicollis and A. mystacinus were separated about 0.65–0.8 million years ago (Pleistocene). The Rattus norvegicus lineage was separated–12.5 million years ago (end of Miocene), shortly before the Mus and Apodemus divergence. Our data indicate that the common ancestor of Arvicolidae and Muridae lived–25 million years ago (early Miocene). All these results are in agreement with paleontological and some recent DNA-DNA hybridization and electrophoretic data.     

川西平原农田啮齿动物比较种群生态学Ⅰ.种群动态与繁殖

以1989至1995年在川西平原农田进行的啮齿动物标志重捕实验为基础,由种群密度、生物量以及出现频率的比较认为,大足鼠(Rattus nitidus)为此啮齿动物群落的优势种,褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)与社鼠(Rattus niviventer)为常见种,黄胸鼠(Rattus flavipectus)为稀有种.通过比较4种啮齿动物的种群动态、季节指数、变异系数发现,优势种密度变动的季节性最强,数量稳定性最大,无明显的年间变化;稀有种则相反,在种群动态上表现出最大的随机性和变动性,常见种的动态特征介于优势种与稀有种之间.优势种全年均有繁殖,稀有种的繁殖月份集中且有效性较低,常见种有较大的繁殖潜力.4种啮齿动物的种群动态及繁殖特征表明了优势种、常见种及稀有种的分化及多样性,以在同一生境的资源利用上达成共存.