香兰素生物合成的研究进展

香兰素是一种十分重要的香料,在较多行业中用途广泛。天然来源的香兰素受诸多因素的限制,不能满足市场需求,因此化学法合成的香兰素是主要原料来源。近年来,随着自然资源的不断枯竭以及人们对环境保护意识的增强,通过微生物转化适宜的底物生物合成香兰素逐渐变为研究热点。本文综述了以丁香酚、异丁香酚和阿魏酸为底物的细菌、真菌生产香兰素的相关研究进展,阐述丁香酚、异丁香酚、阿魏酸产香兰素代谢途径的研究,以及生物技术在这一领域的运用。香兰素的生物合成具有广阔的发展和市场应用前景。     

Optimization of fermentation conditions for isoeugenol monooxygenase from Bacillus fusiformis CGMCC1347

对从土壤中筛选获得的纺锤芽孢杆菌CGMCC1347生产异丁香酚单加氧酶的发酵条件进行了单因素考察及正交实验优化,确定了最适的发酵摇瓶培养基组成和培养条件.在发酵培养基组成为尿素1 g/L,玉米浆55 g/L,K2HPO4 2g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 1 g/L,初始pH 7.5,发酵温度37℃,摇床转速180 r/min的条件下培养16h获得的细胞,能转化2％的异丁香酚生成2.49 g/L香兰素,异丁香酚单加氧酶酶活达3.79 U/L.     

纺锤芽孢杆菌CGMCC1347发酵生产异丁香酚单加氧酶的条件优化

对从土壤中筛选获得的纺锤芽孢杆菌CGMCCl347生产异丁香酚单加氧酶的发酵条件进行了单因素考察及正交实验优化,确定了最适的发酵摇瓶培养基组成和培养条件。在发酵培养基组成为尿素1g／L,玉米浆55g/L,K2HP042g／L,MgSO4·7H2O1g／L,初始pH7．5,发酵温度37℃,摇床转速180r／min的条件下培养16h获得的细胞,能转化2％的异丁香酚生成2．49g／L香兰素,异丁香酚单加氧酶酶活达3．79U／L。     

Acyl-ACPs的规模化合成

脂酰-酰基载体蛋白(fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein, acyl-ACP)是多种生物合成途径中的酰基供体。因供给限制,体外研究常用类似物acyl-CoA替代,而CoA部分和ACP有较大差异,限制了相关酶对底物识别的认识。因此稳定获得大量acyl-ACP是体外研究相关酶的催化机制及其代谢途径的关键。研究以holo-ACP和C4~C18链长脂肪酸为底物,在哈氏弧菌acyl-ACP合成酶(Vibrio harveyi acyl-ACP synthetase, VhAasS)催化下合成不同碳链长度的acyl-ACP;通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)方法,确定不同碳链长度acyl-ACP的合成产率。结果表明:碳链为C4~C14的acyl-ACP产率均高于90.0%,16:0-ACP产率为85.9%,18:1-ACP产率仅为25.7%。通过加入Li ⁺优化反应体系,16:0-ACP、18:1-ACP的产率达90.0%。进一步优化扩大反应体系可稳定获得20mg以上acyl-ACP;最后,把合成的acyl-ACP应用到甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶催化的反应体系中。不同链长acyl-ACP的规模化合成研究,为体外研究相关酶的催化机制提供重要基础。     

酶法转化异丁香酚制备香草醛的研究

研究了由大豆粗酶转化异丁香酚制备香草醛的方法,对转化条件进行了优化,并研究了H2O2、和吸附剂的影响,在优化后的条件下转化36h产物浓度达2．46g/L,摩尔转化率为13．27％。     

多粘杆菌中合成乙酰乳酸酶系的压制与诱导

多粘杆菌中合成乙酰乳酸酶系的合成,受其所催化的反应的终末产物,缬氨酸、异白氨酸和白氨酸所抑制。有些不属于合成乙酰乳酸酶系所参予催化的反应的终末产物如甲硫氨酸,赖氨酸,苏氨酸,半胱氨酸和高胱氨酸等,对该酶的合成亦有抑制作用。生长在豌豆汁营养培养基上的细菌内,测不出合成乙酰乳酸酶系的活力,当加入葡萄糖后,酶的合成速率显著增加。葡萄糖有抵制缬氨酸对合成乙酰乳酸酶系的合成的抑制作用。而葡萄糖对这个酶的去压制作用不能为甘油或丙酮酸所代替。作者对甲硫氨酸、赖氨酸和苏氨酸等对合成乙酰乳酸酶系的合成的抑制作用,以及葡萄糖对这个酶的诱导现象进行了讨论。     

腾冲嗜热杆菌热稳定海藻糖磷酸化酶的基因表达与酶的分子生物学性质研究

分离克隆了腾冲嗜热杆菌(Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis)海藻糖磷酸化酶(TreP)的编码基因(treP), 该酶可催化以葡萄糖和α-1-磷酸葡萄糖为底物的海藻糖合成反应及其逆向的分解反应. 反向mRNA点杂交实验表明, 腾冲嗜热杆菌中treP基因在高盐胁迫条件下表达量增加, 而在海藻糖诱导条件下表达量降低. 将该基因导入不含TreP的大肠杆菌中进行诱导表达, SDS-PAGE表明, 异源表达的TreP分子量约为90 kD, 与预期值相同. 通过葡萄糖氧化酶法测定分解产物葡萄糖的产率表明: TreP催化海藻糖分解反应的最适温度是70℃, 最适pH值为7.0; 通过HPLC检测合成产物海藻糖的产率表明: TreP催化合成反应的最适温度为70℃, 最适pH值为6.0. 在最适反应条件下, 50 μg的TreP粗酶可催化25 mmol/L α-1-磷酸葡萄糖与葡萄糖在30 min合成11.6 mmol/L海藻糖; 而同量的酶在同样时间内仅能将250 mmol/L海藻糖分解生成1.5 mmol/L葡萄糖. 以上体内胁迫和诱导表达分析及体外酶学性质分析均证明该酶的主要功能是催化海藻糖的合成反应. 热稳定性实验表明, 该酶性质比较稳定, 在50℃下温育7 h还能保持77%以上的活性, 是一个有潜在工业用途的新的热稳定海藻糖合成酶.     

脂肪酶催化合成生物柴油的研究进展

环保型燃料生物柴油有望解决能源短缺的问题,脂肪酶催化动植物油脂合成生物柴油的方法具有反应条件温和、产物易分离和不污染环境等优点。综述了酶催化法在提高脂肪酸酯产率和减少生产成本等方面的研究进展。     

微生物异源合成植物异喹啉生物碱的新进展

植物异喹啉生物碱(plant isoquinoline alkaloids,PIAs)包括吗啡、可待因、加兰他敏及小糵碱等药用活性产物和其他天然活性产物。从植物中提取异喹啉生物碱,受制于低含量、种植季节及提取方法。人们开始研究利用微生物异源合成和改造天然异喹啉生物碱,从而获得低成本的药用活性物质。异喹啉生物碱合成途径长,反应复杂,为实现微生物异源合成带来了诸多挑战。随着合成途径和酶的解析和鉴定,合成生物学技术为在微生物中合成异喹啉生物碱提供了可能。综述了PIAs合成途径解析的最新进展,以及微生物异源合成PIAs的代谢工程策略,讨论了目前存在的问题和未来的发展趋势。     

长春花萜类吲哚生物碱的生物合成途径

药用植物长春花含有130余种萜类吲哚生物碱,该文对近年来国内外有关长春花生物碱合成的上游和下游阶段及其相关研究进行详细的归纳总结。长春花上游合成途径中在相应的酶促作用下由吲哚途径产生的色胺和由类萜途径产生的裂环马钱子苷在异胡豆苷合成酶的催化作用下形成了所有长春花TIAs的共同前体物质3α-异胡豆苷,3α-异胡豆苷再由下游途径的各种酶促作用下生成种类各异的长春花TIAs。通过对长春花TIAs合成途径的阐述,为萜类吲哚生物碱合成及其代谢调控的相关研究提供参考。     

Oxidation of isoeugenol by Nocardia iowensis

Isoeugenol is a starting material for both the synthetic and biotechnological production of vanillin and vanillic acid. Nocardia iowensis DSM 45197 (formerly Nocardia species NRRL 5646) resting cells catalyze the conversion of isoeugenol to vanillic acid, vanillin, vanillyl alcohol and guaiacol. The present study used a variety of chemical, microbial and enzymatic approaches to probe the pathways used by N. iowensis in the oxidation of isoeugenol to these products. Of three possible pathways considered, initial side-chain olefin epoxidation, epoxide hydrolysis to a vicinal diol, and diol cleavage to vanillin and subsequently further oxidation to vanillic acid appears as the most likely route. Isoeugenol was not oxidized to ferulic acid, a well-known microbial transformation precursor for vanillin and vanillic acid. ¹⁸O-Labeled oxygen (one atom) and water (two oxygen atoms) were incorporated into vanillic acid during the whole-cell biotransformation reaction with isoeugenol indicating the likely involvement of oxygenase and hydrolase systems in the bioconversion reaction. Vanillin was converted to singly labeled vanillic acid in the presence of H₂¹⁸O suggesting the presence of an aldehyde oxidase. Cell extracts achieved the conversion of isoeugenol to vanillic acid and vanillin without cofactors. Partial fractionation of two enzyme activities supported the presence of isoeugenol monooxygenase and vanillin oxidase activities in N. iowensis.     

Oxidation of isoeugenol by Nocardia iowensis

Isoeugenol is a starting material for both the synthetic and biotechnological production of vanillin and vanillic acid. Nocardia iowensis DSM 45197 (formerly Nocardia species NRRL 5646) resting cells catalyze the conversion of isoeugenol to vanillic acid, vanillin, vanillyl alcohol and guaiacol. The present study used a variety of chemical, microbial and enzymatic approaches to probe the pathways used by N. iowensis in the oxidation of isoeugenol to these products. Of three possible pathways considered, initial side-chain olefin epoxidation, epoxide hydrolysis to a vicinal diol, and diol cleavage to vanillin and subsequently further oxidation to vanillic acid appears as the most likely route. Isoeugenol was not oxidized to ferulic acid, a well-known microbial transformation precursor for vanillin and vanillic acid. ¹⁸O-Labeled oxygen (one atom) and water (two oxygen atoms) were incorporated into vanillic acid during the whole-cell biotransformation reaction with isoeugenol indicating the likely involvement of oxygenase and hydrolase systems in the bioconversion reaction. Vanillin was converted to singly labeled vanillic acid in the presence of H₂¹⁸O suggesting the presence of an aldehyde oxidase. Cell extracts achieved the conversion of isoeugenol to vanillic acid and vanillin without cofactors. Partial fractionation of two enzyme activities supported the presence of isoeugenol monooxygenase and vanillin oxidase activities in N. iowensis.     

Purification,characterization and gene cloning of isoeugenol-degrading enzyme from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas putida</Emphasis> IE27

An isoeugenol-degrading enzyme was purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas putida IE27, an isoeugenol-assimilating bacterium. The purified enzyme was a 55 kDa monomer and catalyzed the initial step of isoeugenol degradation, the oxidative cleavage of the side chain double-bond of isoeugenol, to form vanillin. Another reaction product of isoeugenol degradation besides vanillin was identified to be acetaldehyde. The values of Km and k _cat for isoeugenol were 175 μM and 5.18 s^–1, respectively. The purified enzyme catalyzed the incorporation of an oxygen atom from either molecular oxygen or water into vanillin, suggesting that the isoeugenol-degrading enzyme is a kind of monooxygenase. The gene encoding the isoeugenol-degrading enzyme and its flanking regions were isolated from P. putida IE27. The amino acid sequence of the enzyme was similar to those of lignostilbene-α,β-dioxygenases, carotenoid monooxygenases and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases.     

Metabolism of isoeugenol via isoeugenol-diol by a newly isolated strain of Bacillus subtilis HS8

A bacterium designated as HS8 was newly isolated from soil based on its ability to degrade isoeugenol. The strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis according to its 16S rDNA sequence analysis and biochemical characteristics. The metabolic pathway for the degradation of isoeugenol was examined. Isoeugenol-diol, for the first time, was detected as an intermediate from isoeugenol to vanillin by a bacterial strain. Isoeugenol was converted to vanillin via isoeugenol-diol, and vanillin was then metabolized via vanillic acid to guaiacol by strain HS8. These metabolites, vanillin, vanillic acid, and guaiacol, are all valuable aromatic compounds in flavor production. At the same time, the bipolymerization of isoeugenol was observed, which produced dehydrodiisoeugenol and decreased the vanillin yield. High level of vanillic acid decarboxylase activity was detected in cell-free extract. These findings provided a detailed profile of isoeugenol metabolism by a B. subtilis strain for the first time, which would improve the production of valuable aromatic compounds by biotechnology.     

Biotransformation of isoeugenol to vanillin by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas putida</Emphasis> IE27 cells

The ability to produce vanillin and/or vanillic acid from isoeugenol was screened using resting cells of various bacteria. The vanillin- and/or vanillic-acid-producing activities were observed in strains belonging to the genera Achromobacter, Aeromonas, Agrobacerium, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Rhodobacter, and Rhodococcus. Strain IE27, a soil isolate showing the highest vanillin-producing activity, was identified as Pseudomonas putida. We optimized the culture and reaction conditions for vanillin production from isoeugenol using P. putida IE27 cells. The vanillin-producing activity was induced by adding isoeugenol to the culture medium but not vanillin or eugenol. Under the optimized reaction conditions, P. putida IE27 cells produced 16.1 g/l vanillin from 150 mM isoeugenol, with a molar conversion yield of 71% at 20 °C after a 24-h incubation in the presence of 10% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide.     

Isolation and Identification of a Novel Strain of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas chlororaphis</Emphasis> Capable of Transforming Isoeugenol to Vanillin<Superscript>†</Superscript>

Vanillin is undoubtedly one of the most popular and widely used flavoring agents in the world. Taking into consideration the worldwide demand for natural vanillin and its limited supply, alternative routes for its production including biotransformation are being constantly explored. In this regard, a novel soil bacterium capable of converting isoeugenol to vanillin was isolated by conventional enrichment process from soils of Ocimum field. On the basis of morphological and physiochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate was identified as Pseudomonas chlororaphis CDAE5 (EMBL # AM158279). Vanillin formation was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), and its structure was confirmed by GC-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. After 24-h reaction, the vanillin concentration reached 1.2 g L⁻¹ from 10 g L⁻¹ isoeugenol in 20-mL reaction solution at 25°C and 180 rpm. The strain showed potential to be a good candidate for biotechnological production of vanillin from isoeugenol. Further studies for standardization and optimization for higher yield of vanillin production needs to be investigated. ^†IHBT Communication No. 0676     

Biotransformation of isoeugenol to vanillin by a newly isolated Bacillus pumilus strain: identification of major metabolites

A bacterial strain S-1 capable of transforming isoeugenol to vanillin was isolated. The strain was identified as Bacillus pumilus based on biochemical tests, cellular fatty acid composition, riboprint pattern and 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. In the biotransformation of isoeugenol, vanillin was the main product. With the growing culture of B. pumilus S-1, 10 g l⁻¹ isoeugenol was converted to 3.75 g l⁻¹ vanillin in 150 h, with a molar yield of 40.5% that is the highest up to now. Dehydrodiisoeugenol, a dimer of isoeugenol, was separated by preparative thin layer chromatography and identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Based on the accurate masses obtained from gas chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry, two key intermediates, isoeugenol-epoxide (IE) and isoeugenol-diol (ID), were identified by mass spectra interpretations. The biotransformation with resting cells showed that vanillin was oxidized to vanillic acid and then to protocatechuic acid before the aromatic ring was broken. These findings suggest that isoeugenol is degraded through an epoxide-diol pathway.     

Candida galli Strain PGO6: A Novel Isolated Yeast Strain Capable of Transformation of Isoeugenol into Vanillin and Vanillic Acid

Candida galli strain PGO6 isolated from oil-contaminated water is the first isolated yeast strain which is capable to form vanillin and vanillic acid during isoeugenol biotransformation. The products were confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), changes in the UV absorption pattern and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The phenotypic and physiochemical characteristics as well as molecular phylogenetic analysis based on amplification the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA regions indicated the isolated strain PGO6 was identified as C. galli (GenBank accession number HM641231). Resting cells of C. galli PGO6 from the late-exponential of growth phase were used as biocatalysts for the biotransformation of isoeugenol. The optimal molar conversion of vanillin (48%) and vanillic acid (19%) was obtained after a 30 h incubation using 0.1% (v/v) of isoeugenol and 6 mg of dry weight of cells per ml without further optimization. Under these conditions, the total amount of vanillin and vanillic acid was 583 mg l(-1). Further biotransformation was carried out using 0.5% (v/v) of isoeugenol under the resting cells conditions, yielding a vanillin concentration of 1.12 g l(-1) (molar yield 25.7%) after 60 h incubation. This study brings the first evidence for biotransformation of isoeugenol to vanillin and vanillic acid by a yeast strain.