哈氏弧菌脂酰-ACP合成酶的体外功能

【目的】系统鉴定哈氏弧菌脂酰-ACP合成酶(Acyl-ACP synthetase,Aas S)以不同链长游离脂肪酸和非脂肪链羧酸作为底物的体外催化反应。【方法】利用非变性蛋白质凝胶电泳和紫外分光光度计法从定性和定量两个方面分析了Aas S的体外催化功能与活性。【结果】Aas S能够催化不同链长直链的自由脂肪酸合成脂酰-ACP,其中以C6–C12作为底物时活性最高;以羟基脂肪酸作为底物的情况下,Aas S催化C8–C14的羟基脂肪酸有较高的活性。非脂肪链羧酸类作为底物的反应中,20种蛋白质氨基酸、苯甲酸和水杨酸均可以作为Aas S的底物,合成相应的脂酰-ACP。【结论】本研究系统地证明了哈氏弧菌脂酰-ACP合成酶(Aas S)对不同底物的不同催化活性,为生物体内氨基酸代谢和菌黄素合成代谢的研究提供了可行性的分析依据。     

展示南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B的毕赤酵母全细胞催化合成短链芳香酯

展示酶的酵母细胞作为全细胞催化剂,既具有固定化酶的优点,又有制备简单、成本较低的特点。本研究将细胞表面展示南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B(Candida antarctica lipase B,CALB)的重组毕赤酵母用于非水相中催化合成短链芳香酯,通过滴定和气相色谱的方法测定底物酸的转化率,从底物的碳链长度、醇的结构、酵母冻干粉的添加量、底物浓度及底物的酸醇摩尔比等方面考察了展示CALB的毕赤酵母全细胞催化合成短链芳香酯的特性。研究结果表明:该全细胞催化剂可催化C10以下的酸和醇直接酯化合成多种短链芳香酯,酸的转化率达到90%以上;其中己酸和乙醇为酶的最适底物;酵母冻干粉的添加量20g/L(306.0U/g-drycell)、己酸浓度0.8mol/L、酸醇摩尔比1:1.1是合成己酸乙酯的最佳条件。在此条件下反应1.5h,己酸的转化率达到97.3%。在现有的关于脂肪酶非水相催化合成短链芳香酯的报道中,该全细胞催化剂显示出较好的底物耐受性以及较高的催化反应速率。因此,展示CALB的毕赤酵母全细胞催化剂在合成短链芳香酯方面具有较大的商业化应用潜能。     

海藻酸钠-壳聚糖固定化木瓜蛋白酶催化内吗啡肽的合成

反应体系以乙腈作为有机介质,在微水有机溶剂体系中以Boc-Trp-OH和Phe-NH2为底物,用海藻酸钠 壳聚糖固定化木瓜蛋白酶催化合成Trp-Phe-NH2时,产率为27.8%．在这一合成反应中,对pH值、离子强度、溶液含量、反应温度、酶用量和反应时间进行正交试验,证明pH是本合成过程的最重要影响因素．反应体系以乙腈为有机介质,在微水有机溶剂体系中以 Boc-Tyr-Pro-OMe和Trp-Phe-NH2为底物,用IPSAC催化合成Tyr-Pro-Trp-Phe-NH2,产率为35~2%．     

脂肪酶催化有机硅化合物的生物转化

C.cylindracea脂肪酶可催化有机介质中有机硅醇与脂肪酸的酯化反应。微水有机介质比水-水不溶有机介质更有利于酶的反应,有机硅醇是比其碳结构类似物更好的酰基受体。对不同有机硅醇底物,当其空间障碍大时,不利于酶催化酯化反应,对不同脂肪酸底物,有机硅醇未影响该脂肪酶的脂肪酸底物特异性。     

细胞外酶MnP降解聚乙烯的分子动力学研究

MnP酶(manganese peroxidase)已被鉴定为降解聚乙烯的关键酶,通过设计不同长度的碳链聚乙烯蜡为实验底物,分别与MnP结合分析.采用Auto dock分子对接软件进行结合能的预测.并用Gromacs软件模拟了水、离子环境下,底物复合物能量、空间构象的变化等情况.研究结果表明MnP酶只能催化C56以下的聚乙烯蜡,随着碳链长度的增加酶与底物结合越不稳定;能量分析表明随着碳链长度的增加,其动能逐渐降低,而总能量亦有降低的趋势.     

恶臭假单胞菌SJTE-1中转化17β-雌二醇的3-酰基-ACP还原酶的鉴定与功能研究（英文）

【目的】假单胞菌SJTE-1可高效转化17β-雌二醇,但是催化该转化的酶尚不清楚。本文鉴定了该菌株的一个新的3-酮酰基-ACP还原酶(ANI01589.1),并对其进行了功能研究。【方法】首先,我们克隆了该3-酰基-ACP还原酶的编码基因,在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株中进行了异源表达;利用金属离子亲和层析法,纯化获得了重组蛋白。体外检测了重组蛋白的活性与酶学性质,并利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了该酶的催化产物。【结果】3-酮酰基-ACP还原酶可被17β-雌二醇诱导表达,重组蛋白纯化量可达19.6mg/L。蛋白序列比对结果表明,该蛋白包含短链脱氢酶/还原酶(SDR)的2个共有区域和多个保守残基。该酶以NAD~+为辅助因子,将17β-雌二醇转化为雌酮;其Km值为0.071 mmol/L, k_(cat)值为2.4±0.06/s~(–1),5 min内可转化超过95.8%的雌二醇。该酶的最佳反应温度为42°C,最佳pH为8.0。不同二价离子对该酶的活性影响不同,Mg~(2+)和Mn~(2+)可增强其酶活性。【结论】这一假单胞菌SJTE-1来源的3-酮酰基-ACP还原酶可高效催化17β-雌二醇的转化,该酶可能在该菌株的雌激素代谢过程中起到重要作用。     

恶臭假单胞菌SJTE-1中转化17β-雌二醇的3-酰基-ACP还原酶的鉴定与功能研究

[目的]假单胞菌SJTE-1可高效转化17β-雌二醇,但是催化该转化的酶尚不清楚。本文鉴定了该菌株的一个新的3-酮酰基-ACP还原酶（ANI01589.1）,并对其进行了功能研究。[方法]首先,我们克隆了该3-酰基-ACP还原酶的编码基因,在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）菌株中进行了异源表达;利用金属离子亲和层析法,纯化获得了重组蛋白。体外检测了重组蛋白的活性与酶学性质,并利用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定了该酶的催化产物。[结果]3-酮酰基-ACP还原酶可被17β-雌二醇诱导表达,重组蛋白纯化量可达19.6 mg/L。蛋白序列比对结果表明,该蛋白包含短链脱氢酶/还原酶（SDR）的2个共有区域和多个保守残基。该酶以NAD⁺为辅助因子,将17β-雌二醇转化为雌酮;其K_m值为0.071 mmol/L,k_cat值为2.4±0.06/s^-1,5 min内可转化超过95.8%的雌二醇。该酶的最佳反应温度为42℃,最佳pH为8.0。不同二价离子对该酶的活性影响不同,Mg²⁺和Mn²⁺可增强其酶活性。[结论]这一假单胞菌SJTE-1来源的3-酮酰基-ACP还原酶可高效催化17β-雌二醇的转化,该酶可能在该菌株的雌激素代谢过程中起到重要作用。     

His-234是毛白杨对香豆酸 ∶ CoA连接酶的重要酶催化活性残基

对香豆酸∶CoA连接酶(4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase,4CL)是植物苯丙烷类代谢途径中的一个重要的酶．4CL以肉桂酸衍生物(香豆酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸等)、ATP和CoA为底物合成相应的酰基-CoA酯,这些酰基-CoA酯是一系列重要化合物(如木质素)的前体．4CL的酶催化反应分两步进行：第一步以肉桂酸衍生物和Mg² -ATP为底物合成酰基-AMP,第二步用CoA取代AMP,产生酰基-CoA酯,催化过程中酶的构象产生明显的变化．因为4CL在木质素的合成中所起的作用,这个酶是通过蛋白质工程方法改进林产品质量的重要靶标．我们通过X射线衍射技术,解析了毛白杨对香豆酸∶CoA连接酶1(Pt4CL1)与其中间产物对香豆酰-AMP的复合物晶体结构,与同家族成员结构比对,确定所获得的蛋白质结构为Pt4CL1催化第二步反应,即酰基-CoA酯合成的构象．结构分析表明：His-234残基在Pt4CL1的酶催化机理中起着多重作用,即通过侧链与AMP磷酸基团形成氢键,降低磷酸基团的负电荷,催化CoA的亲核取代反应;侧链可以采取两种不同的构象以调节CoA进入Pt4CL1的催化中心;His-234的侧链还可能夺取CoA巯基的质子,从而增强CoA的亲核反应活性．突变体酶活数据结果也显示His-234对Pt4CL1的活性非常重要,是Pt4CL1催化中心的活性残基．     

固定化脂肪酶合成维生素A棕榈酸酯

研究了有机溶剂中脂肪酶催化维生素A棕榈酸酯的合成工艺。采用维生素A醋酸酯和棕榈酸乙酯作为反应底物, 对催化合成维生素A棕榈酸酯反应介质进行了比较, 同时对影响合成维生素A棕榈酸酯反应的因素(温度、初始水含量、底物摩尔比、反应时间和酶量等)进行了探讨, 优化了反应条件: 在10 mL的石油醚中, 体系初始含水量0.2%(体积比V/V), 0.100 g 维生素A醋酸酯和0.433 g 棕榈酸乙酯在酶量为1.1 g的固定化酶催化下, 在30°C、190 r/min下反应12 h, 转化率可以达到83%, 固定化酶可连续使用5次以上。     

固定化脂肪酶合成维生素A棕榈酸酯

研究了有机溶剂中脂肪酶催化维生素A棕榈酸酯的合成工艺。采用维生素A醋酸酯和棕榈酸乙酯作为反应底物, 对催化合成维生素A棕榈酸酯反应介质进行了比较, 同时对影响合成维生素A棕榈酸酯反应的因素(温度、初始水含量、底物摩尔比、反应时间和酶量等)进行了探讨, 优化了反应条件: 在10 mL的石油醚中, 体系初始含水量0.2%(体积比V/V), 0.100 g 维生素A醋酸酯和0.433 g 棕榈酸乙酯在酶量为1.1 g的固定化酶催化下, 在30°C、190 r/min下反应12 h, 转化率可以达到83%, 固定化酶可连续使用5次以上。     

Preparative enzymatic synthesis and hydrophobic chromatography of acyl-acyl carrier protein.

We have used purified preparations of acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase to prepare pure, native acyl-acyl carrier proteins (acyl-ACP) ranging in chain lengths from C10:0 to C delta 9 18:1. Factors affecting yield are explored and reaction conditions are presented that yield 0.8 to 0.9 mg of C16:0-ACP/ml of reaction mix. Ohter acyl groups, such as C10:0 and C delta 9 18:1 are poorer substrates and gave correspondingly lower yields. Acyl-Acp synthetase may be recovered from the reaction mixture using blue-Sepharose CL-6B and recycled. ACP and acyl-ACP are separated by hydrophobic chromatography on octyl-Sepharose CL-4B. Mixtures of acyl-ACPs could be resolved according to acyl chain length using octyl-Sepharose CL-4B columns eluted with a 2-propanol gradient. The high resolution obtained using 2-propanol gradients to separate acyl-ACP species suggests that similar techniques would be applicable to the chromatography of protein mixtures on hydrophobic supports.     

A high yield optimized method for the production of acylated ACPs enabling the analysis of enzymes involved in P. falciparum fatty acid biosynthesis

The natural substrates of the enzymes involved in type-II fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS-II) are acylated acyl carrier proteins (acyl-ACPs). The state of the art method to produce acyl-ACPs involves the transfer of a phosphopantetheine moiety from CoA to apo-ACP by E. coli holo-ACP synthase (EcACPS), yielding holo-ACP which subsequently becomes thioesterified with free fatty acids by the E. coli acyl-ACP synthase (EcAAS). Alternatively, acyl-ACPs can be synthesized by direct transfer of acylated phosphopantetheine moieties from acyl-CoA to apo-ACP by means of EcACPS. The need for native substrates to characterize the FAS-II enzymes of P. falciparum prompted us to investigate the potential and limit of the two methods to efficiently acylate P. falciparum ACP (PfACP) with respect to chain length and β-modification and in preparative amounts. The EcAAS activity is found to be independent from the oxidation state at the β-position and accepts fatty acids as substrates with chain lengths starting from C8 to C20, whereas EcACPS accepts very efficiently acyl-CoAs with chain lengths up to C16, and with decreasing activity also longer chains (C18 to C20). Methods were developed to synthesize and purify preparative amounts of high quality natural substrates that are fully functional for the enzymes of the P. falciparum FAS-II system.     

大肠杆菌holo-ACP的过表达、分离纯化及长链脂酰ACP的合成

[目的]获得高纯度大肠杆菌holo-ACP和多种长链脂酰ACP,为研究细菌脂肪酸、类脂A和N-酯酰高丝氨酸内脂等物质的合成提供底物.[方法和结果]采用PCR方法扩增得到大肠杆菌酰基载体蛋白基因(acpP)和holo-ACP合成酶基因(acpS).使用载体pBAD24、pBAD34和pET28b分别克隆了acpP和acpS,得到pBAD-ACP、pET-ACP和pET-ACP-ACPS 3个ACP表达质粒和一个AcpS表达质粒pBAD-ACPS.分别用3个ACP表达质粒转化大肠杆菌DH5a和BL21(DE3),构建了DH5αpBAD-ACP、BL21(DE3)/pET-ACP和BL21(DE3)/pET-ACP-ACPS 3种ACP生产菌株.与holo-ACP纯化常用菌株DK574相比,虽然三菌株在诱导时均能过量表达ACP,但是holo-ACP所占比例偏低.为了提高ACP生产菌株holo-ACP的产量,用质粒pBAD-ACPS分别转化上述3种ACP生产菌株,获得了3种携带双质粒的ACP生产菌株.表达结果显示携带pBAD-ACP和pBAD-ACPS双质粒的DH5a菌株比DK574菌株能产生更多的holo-ACP,且纯度也得到提高(纯度达99%).同时使用UNOsphere Q阴离子交换层析从这一菌株培养物中分离纯化到了高纯度的holo-ACP,并以纯化到的holo-ACP和多种长链脂肪酸为底物在哈氏弧菌脂酰ACP合成酶的催化下,合成了多种长链脂酰ACP.[结论]通过研究获得一株holo-ACP高产菌株,并证明在大肠杆菌菌株中,同时表达acpP基因和acpS基因,有利于holo-ACP的产生.     

Effects of Calpain on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities

The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase were not affected by in vitro incubation with the intracellular proteinase calpain, suggesting that these enzymes are not in vivo substrates of calpain. In contrast, the activity of another important antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, is stimulated in vitro by calpain. This may explain the correlation between elevations in glutathione peroxidase activity and calpain activity which occur in aging, exercised and dystrophic muscle. Calpain treatment in vitro caused a large decrease in the activity of carnosine synthetase which is involved in the synthesis of the putative antioxidant carnosine. This may be the reason for the in vivo correlation between elevated calpain and diminished carnosine levels in aging, hypertensive, denervated and dystrophic muscles.     

Exogenous myristic acid can be partially degraded prior to activation to form acyl-acyl carrier protein intermediates and lipid A in Vibrio harveyi.

To study the involvement of acyl carrier protein (ACP) in the metabolism of exogenous fatty acids in Vibrio harveyi, cultures were incubated in minimal medium with [9,10-3H]myristic acid, and labeled proteins were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. Labeled acyl-ACP was positively identified by immunoprecipitation with anti-V. harveyi ACP serum and comigration with acyl-ACP standards and [3H]beta-alanine-labeled bands on both sodium dodecyl sulfate- and urea-polyacrylamide gels. Surprisingly, most of the acyl-ACP label corresponded to fatty acid chain lengths of less than 14 carbons: C14, C12, C10, and C8 represented 33, 40, 14, and 8% of total [3H]14:0-derived acyl-ACPs, respectively, in a dark mutant (M17) of V. harveyi which lacks myristoyl-ACP esterase activity; however, labeled 14:0-ACP was absent in the wild-type strain. 14:0- and 12:0-ACP were also the predominant species labeled in complex medium. In contrast, short-chain acyl-ACPs (< or = C6) were the major labeled derivatives when V. harveyi was incubated with [3H]acetate, indicating that acyl-ACP labeling with [3H]14:0 in vivo is not due to the total degradation of [3H]14:0 to [3H]acetyl coenzyme A followed by resynthesis. Cerulenin increased the mass of medium- to long-chain acyl-ACPs (> or = C8) labeled with [3H]beta-alanine fivefold, while total incorporation of [3H]14:0 was not affected, although a shift to shorter chain lengths was noted. Additional bands which comigrated with acyl-ACP on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels were identified as lipopolysaccharide by acid hydrolysis and thin-layer chromatography. The levels of incorporation of [3H] 14:0 into acyl-ACP and lipopolysaccharide were 2 and 15%, respectively, of that into phospholipid by 10 min. Our results indicate that in contrast to the situation in Escherichia coli, exogenous fatty acids can be activated to acyl-ACP intermediates after partial degradation in V. harveyi and can effectively label products (i.e., lipid A) that require ACP as an acyl donor.     

Role of hydrophobic partitioning in substrate selectivity and turnover of the ricinus communis stearoyl acyl carrier protein delta(9) desaturase.

Stearoyl acyl carrier protein Delta(9) desaturase (Delta9D) uses a diiron center to catalyze the NADPH- and O(2)-dependent desaturation of stearoyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) to form oleoyl-ACP. The reaction of recombinant Ricinus communis Delta9D with natural and nonnatural chain length acyl-ACPs was used to examine the coupling of the reconstituted enzyme complex, the specificity for position of double-bond insertion, the kinetic parameters for the desaturation reaction, and the selectivity for acyl chain length. The coupling of NADPH and O(2) consumption and olefin production was found to be maximal for 18:0-ACP, and the loss of coupling observed for the more slowly desaturated acyl-ACPs was attributed to autoxidation of the electron-transfer chain. Analysis of steady-state kinetic parameters for desaturation of acyl-ACPs having various acyl chain lengths revealed that the K(M) values were similar ( approximately 2.5-fold difference) for 15:0-18:0-ACP, while the k(cat) values increased by approximately 26-fold for the same range of acyl chain lengths. A linear increase in log (k(cat)/K(M)) was observed upon lengthening of the acyl chain from 15:0- to 18:0-ACP, while no further increase was observed for 19:0-ACP. The similarity of the k(cat)/K(M) values for 18:0- and 19:0-ACPs and the retained preference for double-bond insertion at the Delta(9) position with 19:0-ACP (>98% desaturation at the Delta(9) position) suggest that the active-site channel past the diiron center can accommodate at least one more methylene group than is found in the natural substrate. The DeltaDeltaG(binding) estimated from the change in k(cat)/K(M) for increasing substrate acyl-chain length was -3 kJ/mol per methylene group, similar to the value of -3.5 kJ/mol estimated for the hydrophobic partition of long-chain fatty acids (C-7 to C-21) from water to heptane [Smith, R. , and Tanford, C. (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 289-293]. Since the K(M) values are overall similar for all acyl-ACPs tested, the progressive increase in hydrophobic binding energy available from increased chain length is apparently utilized to enhance catalytic steps, which thus provides the underlying physical mechanism for acyl chain selectivity observed with Delta9D.     

In vivo pools of free and acylated acyl carrier proteins in spinach. Evidence for sites of regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis

In order to examine potential regulatory steps in plant fatty acid biosynthesis, we have developed procedures for the analysis of the major acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) intermediates of this pathway. These techniques have been used to separate and identify acyl-ACPs with chain configurations ranging from 2:0 to 18:1 and to determine the relative in vivo concentrations of acyl-ACPs in spinach leaf and developing seed. In both leaf and seed as much as 60% of the total ACPs were nonesterified (free), with the remaining proportion consisting of acyl-ACP intermediates leading to the formation of palmitate, stearate, and oleate. In spinach leaf the proportions of the various acyl groups esterified to each ACP isoform were indistinguishable, indicating that these isoforms are utilized similarly in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in vivo. However, the acyl group distribution pattern of seed ACP-II differed significantly from that of leaf ACP-II. The malonyl-ACP levels were less than the 4:0-ACP and 6:0-ACP levels in leaf, and in contrast, the malonyl-ACP-II levels in seed were approximately 3-fold higher than the 4:0-ACP-II and 6:0-ACP-II levels. In addition, the ratio of oleoyl-ACP-II (18:1) to stearoyl-ACP-II (18:0) was higher in seed than in leaf. These data suggest that the differences in acyl-ACP patterns reflect a tissue/organ-specific difference rather than an isoform-specific difference. In extracts prepared from leaf samples collected in the dark, the levels of acetyl-ACPs were approximately 5-fold higher compared to samples collected in the light. The levels of free ACPs showed an inverse response, increasing in the light and decreasing in the dark. Notably there was no concomitant increase in the malonyl-ACP levels. The most likely explanation for the major increase in acetyl-ACP levels in the dark is that light/dark control over the rate of fatty acid biosynthesis occurs at the reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase.     

Mitochondrial acyl carrier protein (ACP) at the interface of metabolic state sensing and mitochondrial function

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a principal partner in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathways. The active form holo-ACP serves as FAS platform, using its 4′-phosphopantetheine group to present covalently attached FAS intermediates to the enzymes responsible for the acyl chain elongation process. Mitochondrial unacylated holo-ACP is a component of mammalian mitoribosomes, and acylated ACP species participate as interaction partners in several ACP-LYRM (leucine-tyrosine-arginine motif)-protein heterodimers that act either as assembly factors or subunits of the electron transport chain and Fe-S cluster assembly complexes. Moreover, octanoyl-ACP provides the C8 backbone for endogenous lipoic acid synthesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that mtFAS-generated acyl-ACPs act as signaling molecules in an intramitochondrial metabolic state sensing circuit, coordinating mitochondrial acetyl-CoA levels with mitochondrial respiration, Fe-S cluster biogenesis and protein lipoylation.     

Specificity of the action of parathyroid hormone upon mitochondrial metabolism: Cyanogen bromide-derived parathyroid-hormone peptides

The mitochondrial response to cyanogen bromide-treated parathyroid hormone was studied as a means of testing further the relationship between the structure and the effects in vitro of this hormone. The treated hormone and appropriate control hormone were tested in a standard bioassay and in a mitochondrial assay system in vitro.

Reaction of more than 90 % of the methionine residues in the hormone resulted in total inactivation of the hormone both in vivo and in vitro. This result disagrees with previously published data.