台风灾害下海岸带城市社会-生态系统脆弱性评估——大数据视角

2016年莫兰蒂台风对厦门城市社会-生态系统造成重创,该系统在灾害影响下的脆弱性成为亟待研究的重要问题。基于新浪微博平台进行大数据挖掘,结合统计年鉴及空间基础数据,建立台风灾害影响下基于暴露-敏感-应对-恢复力体系的海岸带城市社会-生态系统脆弱性指标体系,评估灾前灾后台风对厦门不同地区的影响;同时根据微博大数据的定位信息,对不同受灾信息进行灾情跟踪及分析,结果表明,在本次台风灾害中思明、湖里区表现出的脆弱性较低,而海沧、集美区表现出的脆弱性较高,主要是由于思明、湖里区的应对能力明显高于其他各区,从大数据显示的恢复情况来看,除海沧区外,其他三区在电力方面的恢复速度都较为迅速。研究成果能够为台风灾害背景下的城市脆弱性评价提供新的方法与技术,为灾前防治、灾后恢复提供决策参考。     

台风灾害经济损失评估研究进展

台风灾害对全球沿海地区社会经济系统具有重要影响, 客观地评估和预测台风灾害经济损失, 能提高区域灾前灾后决策科学性, 降低台风灾害损失。利用文献分析法梳理台风灾害经济损失评估对象, 评估视角-指标-数据源与处理, 评估方法等。研究发现: (1)直接经济损失评估对象单一, 以物质形态损失为主; 间接经济损失评估对象多元, 有待完善与体系化; (2)评估指标体系通用性低, 台风强度、台风路径、地表事物布局及自然与社会经济要素相互关系被忽略; 指标遴选忽视区域特征与典型性; 评估数据以台风、历史灾情、社会经济等截面数据为主, 新媒体、非结构化大数据等新兴数据正在被挖掘; (3)台风灾害直接经济损失评估法以回归模型、模糊、神经网络、可拓、AHP、DEA为主, 间接经济损失评估法以投入产出、比例系数为主, 社交媒体数据库损害评估模型用于物理损害和情绪损害评估。台风灾害经济损失评估视角聚焦经济社会可持续, 但是缺乏对就业、收入、劳动市场、社会秩序恢复等的关注, 其评估指标选择与权重确定、数据拓展, 以及运用地理信息技术与巨灾保险等结合亟待深入研究。     

基于GIS技术的吉林省生态灾害风险评价

基于自然灾害风险形成原理,综合考虑吉林省自然和社会经济现状,从致灾因子的危险性、承灾体的暴露性和脆弱性及防灾减灾能力4个方面选取指标,利用自然灾害风险指数法、加权综合评价法及层次分析法构建生态灾害风险评价模型,评价了各风险因子的贡献率,并运用GIS技术生成吉林省生态灾害风险区划图.评价结果对于正确认识吉林省的生态环境风险水平,有针对性地确定生态恢复与管理决策都有重要意义.     

生态恢复中生态系统服务的演变:趋势、过程与评估

经过10余年的发展,生态系统服务已经成为生态恢复研究关注的前沿和热点。生态恢复改变了生态系统格局与过程,对生态系统服务的产生和提供具有重要影响。但是目前对于生态系统服务在生态恢复过程中的演化仍缺少系统性研究。对国内外相关研究的最新成果进行综述,总结了生态系统服务评估中框架的构建和方法的选择(参数转移法、系统模型法和定量指标法),介绍了生态恢复对生态系统服务的促进作用、生态系统服务的演变过程以及不同生态系统服务间的协同与权衡关系,分析了社会经济因素对生态恢复和生态系统服务维持的影响。最后结合我国生态恢复实践,提出未来生态恢复和生态系统服务研究可以从深化作用机制研究、推动服务评估创新、增强研究成果应用3方面深化和拓展。     

地震灾害对四川省区域生态系统危害及损失评价

地震是自然灾害中最为严重的一种,其带来的生态破坏灾难巨大,区域生态系统损害估算是目前研究中的难点问题之一。对我国西部地震的生态损失特点进行了研究,系统总结国内外地震灾害的生态系统损失评估成果,提出了西部地震生态损失评估模型：Eq=Ep＋ERC＋ERL,利用指数分析法和机会成本法等构建了地震研究的基本计算模型和理论,提出用地震生态损失量和地震生态损失灾害度相结合的办法来研究具体区域生态系统的地震灾害损失。利用模型计算,四川省在本次地震中森林碳汇储备能力每年损失78．1万t,损失价值2．5×10^8元,森林释放氧气能力降低67．38万t,损失价值2．7×10^8元。直接生态系统损失（％）647．58×10^8元,生态系统恢复费用（ERC）1158．31×10^8元,全省森林生态系统生态服务价值损失达1055．88×10^8元,综合生态损失在3527．31×10^8元,灾度0．38,属于明显灾害破坏。灾害损失和灾害度的快速评估对于指导灾后生态系统重建工作和生态系统工程的防灾都具有重要的积极作用。     

西北干旱区山地-绿洲-荒漠系统生态恢复综合效益评估

西北干旱区目前已实施众多生态恢复举措试图修复和重建受损的生态系统,截至目前恢复效果如何我们不得而知,但生态恢复效益评估却能够检测其结果,并为未来的生态工程提供参考。在前人研究的基础上,以地面观测的气象资料、土壤调查数据、多源遥感数据和陆面模型模拟数据作为输入,对基于像元二分法的植被覆盖度估算方法、修正的风力土壤侵蚀模型、修正的通用土壤流失方程和基于光能利用率的净初级生产力模型中的参数进行本地化,更为准确的估算了西北干旱区生态恢复效益评价体系中的关键指标,并集成生态恢复效益指标,评估了1990—2015年西北干旱区14个山地-绿洲-荒漠子系统的生态恢复效益。研究发现:(1)山地-绿洲-荒漠子系统的生态系统结构、生态系统质量和生态系统功能时空分异明显:全区山地系统的生态系统结构有所改善,北疆和伊犁地区的山地-绿洲-荒漠子系统生态系统质量上升,荒漠生态系统的生态系统功能下降;(2)1990—2015年西北干旱区的荒漠子系统生态恢复效益在下降,而绿洲和山地的生态恢复效益在上升。基于多指标的生态恢复效益定量评估有助于客观认识西北干旱区的生态恢复现状和动态,评估结果可为未来生态工程提供具体的空间位置,也为我国其他生态脆弱区的生态恢复效益评价提供参考。     

岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带震后生态恢复的关键科学技术问题

作为典型的生态过渡区,岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带不仅是藏羌居民生活的重要区域,而且在抑制干旱河谷上延和延伸亚高山森林生态系统的功能等方面具有十分重要的作用。但这种脆弱生态系统极易受到人类活动干扰和自然灾害的损害,使其成为“5．12”汶川大地震中受损程度较高、灾后生态恢复与重建的重点区域之一。基于岷江干旱河谷-山地森林交错带受汶川大地震破坏的特点以及该区的生态重要性和本身的脆弱性,损毁生态系统的快速评估与生态重建规划、生产与生态双赢共建关键技术、震后残存植被保育、水源涵养地植被保护与恢复、震毁植被恢复与重建、耕地生产恢复与重建、边坡综合治理、低效薪炭林改良以及居民聚居点风景林营造等被认为是震后生态恢复的关键科学技术问题。震毁生态系统的生态恢复过程监测与评估、干旱河谷-山地森林交错带生态系统的脆弱性机制及生态学过程、震后生态系统对变化环境的响应与适应机制等可能是未来的重点研究领域。     

云南彝良“9.7”地震次生灾害的生态经济损失评价

破坏性地震往往给社会经济和自然生态环境造成极大的损失。定量化评价地震造成的损失,对灾后恢复重建具有重要意义。应用3S技术对云南省彝良县"9.7"地震的次生灾害进行空间分析,应用影子工程法和成本价值法对地震造成的破坏进行定量评价,采用生态经济学的方法对地震造成的生态系统服务价值损失进行评估。结果表明:"9.7"彝良地震共引发698处地质灾害,损失房屋4587间,直接损失和修复成本为50655.00万元。地震对洛旺乡、角奎镇和洛泽河镇的破坏最为严重,3个乡镇的经济损失占全县的48%。森林生态系统在地震中破坏严重,其受损面积占总损失面积的82.4%。森林生态系统服务价值损失为36175.09万元,农田生态系统服务价值损失2198.83万元。研究结果可以为震后恢复重建提供重要的理论依据。     

生态系统服务研究：进展、局限和基本范式

 生态系统服务是生态学研究的热点问题。该文首先从概念、分类、价值评估理论、评估案例等方面总结了目前国内外生态系统服务的研究现状。然后评述了目前生态系统服务研究存在的局限性,包括：评估结果的准确性问题、生态资产与生态系统服务的混淆、物理量评估方法的不确定性、价值量评估的不确定性以及生态系统功能与服务的复杂性。针对这些研究的局限,文章提出了生态系统服务研究的基本范式,包括：严格区分生态资产和生态系统服务、生态系统服务评估必须基于生态观测或生态模型以及区域生态系统服务评估应区分不同样元。最后,文章展望了今后生态系统服务研究的课题：生态系统服务与生态系统结构及生态过程的关联性和复杂关系的研究,人类干扰下生态系统服务的响应与反馈研究,生态系统服务变化对人类福利的影响研究,政策机制对生态系统服务的影响研究以及不同生态系统类型的各种生态服务价值研究等方面。     

生态安全评价研究述评

生态安全评价是可持续发展研究的一个新领域,也是建立生态安全预警系统及进行环境管理的基础。首先介绍了与生态安全评价相关的几个概念:生态风险评价、生态系统健康评价、生态系统服务功能评价及生态承载力分析,进而对当前生态安全评价的指标体系进行了评述,并在此基础上总结了国内外生态安全评价的方法,包括数学模型法、生态模型法、景观生态学法及数字地面模型法;最后,提出在评价实践中存在的问题及今后发展的3个方向,静态的现状评价转向动态的预测和预警、与现代科学技术相结合、与基础理论相结合。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.