生态恢复中生态系统服务的演变:趋势、过程与评估

经过10余年的发展,生态系统服务已经成为生态恢复研究关注的前沿和热点。生态恢复改变了生态系统格局与过程,对生态系统服务的产生和提供具有重要影响。但是目前对于生态系统服务在生态恢复过程中的演化仍缺少系统性研究。对国内外相关研究的最新成果进行综述,总结了生态系统服务评估中框架的构建和方法的选择(参数转移法、系统模型法和定量指标法),介绍了生态恢复对生态系统服务的促进作用、生态系统服务的演变过程以及不同生态系统服务间的协同与权衡关系,分析了社会经济因素对生态恢复和生态系统服务维持的影响。最后结合我国生态恢复实践,提出未来生态恢复和生态系统服务研究可以从深化作用机制研究、推动服务评估创新、增强研究成果应用3方面深化和拓展。

Ecosystem service evolution in ecological restoration: trend, process, and evaluation

Ecosystems provide essential goods and services to human society, such as food, water, soil retention, and carbon sequestration, which lay the foundations for human well-being. An increase in the scale and intensity of human activity alters the ecosystem services'' supply and demand pattern, and this can lead to ecological degradation. Ecological restoration has been widely regarded as an effective approach for mitigating ecological degradation and improving ecosystem services supply. Over the past few years, ecosystem service research has become an important topic in ecological restoration. Ecological restoration can change ecosystem composition, structure, and processes, which affects the provision and delivery capability of ecosystem services. However, the effects on ecosystem service evolution during ecological restoration have not been systematically researched. This review analyzes the ecosystem services evolution in ecological restoration practices based on new advances in ecological restoration and ecosystem services. Framework establishment and method choosing (including parameter transfer, systematic modeling, and quantitative, indicator-based estimation) have significant influences on ecosystem service evaluation. There is evidence that ecological restoration has positive impacts on ecosystem service increases, but the processes involved are relatively complicated. In the ecological restoration process, a trade-off and synergy interrelationship exists between different types of ecosystem service. Socio-economic factors, especially the attitudes and choices of stakeholders, may affect ecosystem service maintenance. Over the past decade, the Chinese government has implemented a series of ecological restoration projects to alleviate ecosystem degradation. The ecological restoration projects play important roles in environment protection and ecological improvement. After taking into consideration present ecological restoration implementation practices in China, future research into ecological restoration and ecosystem service should aim to improve (1) the understanding of the production and delivery mechanisms underlying ecosystem services; (2) the innovation in framework establishment and method of ecosystem service evaluation; and (3) the application of research findings to ecological restoration practice and environment management.