应用数学统计法优化副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7固定化细胞制备和产细菌素发酵

摘要：【目的】应用数学统计法对副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7的固定细胞制备和发酵条件进行优化,以提高细菌素产量。【方法】用26?2部分因子分析法筛选对细菌素产量影响显著的因子,发现海藻酸钠浓度、接种量和发酵时间对细菌素的产生影响显著。利用最陡爬坡法逼近最大响应区域。用Box-Behnken设计确定最佳海藻酸钠浓度、接种量和发酵时间,并进行分批重复发酵。【结果】固定化生产细菌素的最佳条件是海藻酸钠浓度2.8%、CaCl2浓度5%、固定化时间4 h、菌体包埋量1/20、发酵时间63 h和固定化细胞的接种量8.2%,在此基础上用固定化细胞进行分批重复发酵,每批细菌素的发酵周期为24 h,产量为游离发酵的70%,比游离细胞发酵周期缩短1/2。【结论】通过对固定化细胞制备和发酵条件的优化,固定化细胞在327 h的分批重复发酵中细菌素的总体产量比游离细胞提高了19%,发酵液中无明显细胞渗漏现象且实现了细胞的重复利用,为细菌素的进一步研究和最终提取奠定了基础。     

应用数学统计法优化副干酪乳杆菌HDl.7固定化细胞制备和产细菌素发酵

[目的]应用数学统计法对副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7的固定细胞制备和发酵条件进行优化,以提高细菌素产量.[方法]用2(6-2)部分因子分析法筛选对细菌素产量影响显著的因子,发现海藻酸钠浓度、接种量和发酵时间对细菌素的产生影响显著.利用最陡爬坡法逼近最大响应区域.用Box-Behnken设计确定最佳海藻酸钠浓度、接种量和发酵时间,并进行分批重复发酵.[结果]固定化生产细菌素的最佳条件是海藻酸钠浓度2.8%、CaC2,浓度5%、固定化时间4 h、菌体包埋量1/20、发酵时间63 h和固定化细胞的接种量8.2%,在此基础上用固定化细胞进行分批重复发酵,每批细菌素的发酵周期为24 h.[结论]通过对固定化细胞制备和发酵条件的优化,固定化细胞在327 h的分批重复发酵中细菌素的总体产量比游离细胞提高了19%,发酵液中无明显细胞渗漏现象且实现了细胞的重复利用,为细菌素的进一步研究和最终提取奠定了基础.     

海藻酸钠固定酵母细胞如何获得成功

主要针对<生物技术实践>中"酵母细胞的固定化"这一课题,探讨了实验原理和实验操作过程中的几个注意点:控制好配制海藻酸钠溶液的火候、浓度,调节海藻酸钠与酵母细胞混合液浓度,从而不出现蝌蚪状凝胶珠,如何不出现漂浮在CaCl2溶液上的凝胶珠等,并针对该实验结果的评价进行了讨论.     

云南红豆杉内生真菌分生孢子的固定化研究

目的:建立TTC法测定红豆杉内生真菌分生孢子的固定化效果.方法:用海藻酸钠包埋云南红豆杉内生真菌12.3.2分生孢子制成固定化孢子.通过TTC法测定红豆杉内生真菌分生孢子的活力,并以此来考察海藻酸钠的浓度、CaCl2浓度、固定化时间以及温度对固定化效果的影响.结果:通过实验确定,当海藻酸钠浓度为4.0%,CaCl2浓度为2.6%,固定化时间为6h,包埋率为46%,温度为40℃时,内生真菌12.3.2活力最强,固定化效果最佳.结论:TTC法可以准确反应红豆杉内生真菌分生孢子的固定效果,固定的分生孢子具有更好的发酵特性.     

海藻酸钠包埋法制备固定化菠萝蛋白酶

以海藻酸钠为载体,包埋法固定菠萝蛋白酶,对固定化奈件进行优化,同时探讨固定化菠萝蛋白酶的部分酶学性能。结果表明：固定化菠萝蛋白酶的质量受海藻酸钠质量分数、固定化酶量、固定化时间以及CaCl2质量分数的影响,其最佳固定化条件为：海藻酸钠质量分数1．0％,CaCl2质量分数3％,固定化酶液量与海藻酸钠体积之比1：2,固定化时间60min,在此条件下,制备的固定化菠萝蛋白酶的比活力为211．8U／g（湿质量载体）,由此制得的固定化酶的最适pH为7．6,与游离酶相比,升高了0．8个pH单位,同时显示固定化菠萝蛋白酶能耐受较高的碱性环境,固定化酶最适温度与游离酶相同,均为50℃,固定化酶在较高温度范围内,仍能保持较高的相对活力。     

固定化植物乳杆菌的制备及其发酵条件优化

采用海藻酸钠包埋植物乳杆菌并通过测定固定化细胞发酵清液的抑菌效果,优化得到的固定化最佳工艺条件为:海藻酸钠浓度为3%,CaCl2浓度为1.5%,菌悬液体积为3.5 mL(4.0×108 cfu/mL).固定化细胞重复发酵多批次效果良好.固定化细胞发酵条件优化结果表明:最适pH为7.0,最适温度为36℃,培养基中添加0....     

海藻酸钙包埋氧化亚铁硫杆菌的固定化研究

采用非稳态法测定FeSO4在包埋和未包埋氧化亚铁硫杆菌的凝胶中的有效扩散系数。结果表明,FeSO4在凝胶中的有效扩散系数De随着海藻酸钠浓度的升高而降低,当海藻酸钠浓度为2%时最优;凝胶剂CaCl2的浓度对扩散系数的影响较小。包埋的氧化亚铁硫杆菌在10h达到增殖平衡,而FeSO4在包埋细菌的凝胶内扩散系数明显减少。     

左旋麻黄素半生物合成的研究固定化酵母细胞生物合成L-PAC(L-苯基乙酰基甲醇)

本文对影响酵母菌生物合成L-PAC的主要因素进行了研究.结果表明酵母菌株Sc-5按2g鲜细胞/3.2%50ml海藻酸钠凝胶固定化后,所获固定化凝胶珠置于装有4倍体积反应液的容器中,在振荡频率220转/分、温度28-30℃、添加0.2%的Vc时,枇次生物合成L-PAC产量最高,达2.0g/L.     

包埋氧化亚铁硫杆菌的海藻酸钙凝胶扩散特性研究

采用非稳态法测定了FeSO4在未包埋氧化亚铁硫杆菌的凝胶中的有效扩散系数,分析包埋细菌的氧化情况.结果表明,FeSO4在凝胶中的有效扩散系数De随着海藻酸钠浓度的升高而降低,当海藻酸钠浓度为2%时最优;凝胶剂CaCl2的浓度对扩散系数的影响较小.包埋的氧化亚铁硫杆菌在10h达到增殖平衡,而FeSO4在包埋细菌的凝胶内扩散系数明显减少.包埋的氧化亚铁硫杆菌在初始铁浓度为5g/L时,完全氧化所需时间最短但氧化速率变化较快,当初始铁浓度为8g/L和10g/L时,完全氧化所需时间相同.     

海藻酸钙凝胶颗粒固定化抗冻酵母AFY-1的机制分析及条件优化

本文旨在开发抗冻酵母AFY-1的海藻酸钙凝胶固定化技术,探明固定化机制。在不同海藻酸钠浓度、Ca Cl2浓度和固化时间条件下制备固定化酵母,并在一定条件下进行乙醇发酵,分析发酵能力与酵母生长、凝胶颗粒通透性之间的关系,然后通过响应面实验优化固定化条件。实验结果显示,乙醇收率随凝胶颗粒通透性的增加呈线性增加,而酵母生长与固定化条件无关,基本保持不变。当固定化条件为海藻酸钠质量分数1.45%、Ca Cl2质量分数17.45%、固化时间1.09 h时,固定化酵母的乙醇收率可达24.1%,高于游离酵母的20.9%。此外,固定化酵母的生长能力明显强于游离酵母。在固定化酵母的乙醇发酵中,每个三角瓶(250 m L)内的总细胞数从5.0×10~8个增加到大约11.2×10~8个;而在游离酵母的乙醇发酵中,每个三角瓶内的总细胞数从5.0×10~8个仅增加到7.5×10~8个。     

Phosphatidylinositol, a phospholipid of ice-nucleating bacteria.

The nature of the phospholipids of the various bacteria that have ice nucleation activity in supercooled water has been determined. The seven bacteria studied included Pseudomonas syringae, Erwinia herbicola, three Escherichia coli K-12 strains that are phenotypically Ice+ because they contain plasmids with different amounts of either P. syringae or E. herbicola cloned DNA, and two E. coli K-12 strains without cloned ice gene DNA. All five Ice+ bacterial strains contained small amounts (0.1 to 1.0% of the total phospholipids) of phosphatidylinositol (PI), a phospholipid not previously detected in E. coli, Pseudomonas, or Erwinia species. The Ice- E. coli strains also contained trace level of PI that amounted to 2 to 30% of the level found in the Ice+ E. coli strains. Extracts of Ice+ strains contained low but measurable activities of PI synthase, while the activities in Ice- strains amounted to only 8 to 12% or less of that found in extracts of Ice+ bacteria. The functioning of the ice gene apparently increased both the PI synthase activity and the PI content of Ice+ strains from low endogenous levels. The relative ice nucleation activity at -4 degrees C or above (class A nucleation activity) of all Ice+ strains was found to be proportional to their PI content. The addition of myo-inositol (5 x 10(-4) M) to synthetic culture media increased the class A nucleation activity of both Ice+ E. coli strains and P. syringae up to sevenfold but had no stimulating effect on ice nucleation at lower temperatures (class B and class C nucleation activities). If these cells after fusion with PI vesicles were incubated with an energy source, the class A nucleation activity increased 70-fold over that present before fusion. These results indicate that PI plays an important role in ice nucleation at warm temperatures and is a likely precursor or component of the class A structure.     

Biosorption of gold by immobilized fungal biomass

The characteristics of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and calcium alginate as immobilization matrices were examined and compared for the uptake of gold by a fungal biomass. PVA-immobilized biomass showed superior mechanical strength and chemical stability. In addition, PVA beads were also stable under a wider range of pH (1-13). The lower mass transfer resistance in PVA beads was evident from kinetic studies which showed a significantly shorter period of time for the immobilized PVA beads to achieve 80% gold removal as compared with immobilized alginate beads. Calculated rate constants and maximum rates for the uptake of gold by both immobilized PVA and immobilized alginate biosorbent revealed a much more rapid uptake phenomenon by the former. BET analyses also indicated a larger surface area and larger pore size distribution in PVA beads, further indicating a lower resistance to mass transfer. Gold biosorption in the immobilized PVA bead could be modeled by both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms.     

Immobilization of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in polyvinyl alcohol/calcium alginate matrix for production of lactic acid

Immobilization of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC7469 in poly(vinyl alcohol)/calcium alginate (PVA/Ca-alginate) matrix using “freezing–thawing” technique for application in lactic acid (LA) fermentation was studied in this paper. PVA/Ca-alginate beads were made from sterile and non-sterile PVA and sodium alginate solutions. According to mechanical properties, the PVA/Ca-alginate beads expressed a strong elastic character. Obtained PVA/Ca-alginate beads were further applied in batch and repeated batch LA fermentations. Regarding cell viability, L. rhamnosus cells survived well rather sharp immobilization procedure and significant cell proliferation was observed in further fermentation studies achieving high cell viability (up to 10.7 log CFU g⁻¹) in sterile beads. In batch LA fermentation, the immobilized biocatalyst was superior to free cell fermentation system (by 37.1%), while the highest LA yield and volumetric productivity of 97.6% and 0.8 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively, were attained in repeated batch fermentation. During seven consecutive batch fermentations, the biocatalyst showed high mechanical and operational stability reaching an overall productivity of 0.78 g L⁻¹ h⁻¹. This study suggested that the “freezing–thawing” technique can be successfully used for immobilization of L. rhamnosus in PVA/Ca-alginate matrix without loss of either viability or LA fermentation capability.

     

High-rate ferrous iron oxidation by immobilized Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans with complex of PVA and sodium alginate

By four different methods, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans cells were immobilized by the complex of PVA and sodium alginate. The beads formed by these different methods were evaluated in terms of relative mechanical strength, biological activity, dilatability, and so on. The results indicate that the technique utilizing the complex of PVA and sodium alginate crosslinked with Ca(NO(3))(2) is more appropriate for the immobilization of A. ferrooxidans than any others. So the PVA-calcium nitrate beads were used in batch and continuous culture. A maximum ferrous iron oxidation rate of 4.6 g/l/h was achieved in batch culture. Long-time performance of packed-bed bioreactor was evaluated systematically over 40 days, depending on the conversion ratio of ferrous iron and the residence time. At a residence time of 2.5 h, 96% of the initial ferrous iron was oxidized. This study shows this new immobilization technique will be a feasible and economical method for A. ferrooxidans.     

Cr(VI) reduction by Pseudomonas aeruginosa immobilized in a polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate matrix containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) was immobilized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium alginate and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MCNTs). After immobilization, the beads were subjected to freeze-thawing to enhance mechanical strength. When exposed to 80 mg/L Cr(VI), the immobilized bacteria were able to reduce 50% of them in 84 h, however the free cells were deactivated at this concentration. The beads were used to reduce 50 mg/L Cr(VI) for nine times, with the reduction efficiency above 90% in the first five times and 65% in the end.     

微贮用植物乳杆菌固定化菌剂的制备

乳酸菌与纤维素降解菌因其可防止微贮饲料酸败、增加秸秆饲料的营养价值等优点,在秸秆微贮过程中起重要作用。但由于乳酸菌的繁殖会抑制纤维素降解菌的活性,如何实现微贮过程中两种微生物分时发挥功能是解决上述问题的关键。文中利用固定化技术将乳酸菌制备成含有玉米秸秆粉的固定化菌剂以达到缓释的目的。首先制作固定化空白小球得出复合固定化载体成球的最佳浓度,利用玉米芯吸附植物乳杆菌S1得到复合固定化载体,以对S1的包埋率、成球效果等为指标,通过对比两种固定化方法 (包埋法与包埋-交联法),得到固定化植物乳杆菌S1的最佳条件。研究表明,使用6%PVA+0.4%SA+0.3%CMC-Na进行包埋-交联时成球效果最好,使用1.2%SA+0.5%CMC-Na进行直接包埋时成球效果最好。通过对比5种固定化工艺,将1.2%SA+0.5%CMC-Na和吸附玉米粉组成的固定化载体混合物逐滴滴入4%氯化钙中直接包埋24 h得到的固定化小球其机械强度以及包埋率均优于其他工艺。因此,利用玉米芯吸附-海藻酸钠包埋的方法可以有效提高植物乳杆菌包埋效率,为使用固定化技术制备微贮饲料菌剂奠定基础。     

冰核细菌及冰核基因的应用研究进展

引起水由液态变为固态的物质称为冰核或成核剂。冰核种类繁多,目前已发现4属23种或变种的细菌、4属11种或变种的真菌和1种病毒,它们都具成冰活性。细菌冰核是一类蛋白质,也称冰蛋白,由细菌冰核基因编码。作为生物冰核领域的研究重点,冰核细菌的研究已涉及到促冻杀虫、防霜冻、植物病害等多个领域;同时冰核细菌已成功地应用于人工降雪、制冷和高敏检测等方面,具有广阔的应用前景。主要对冰核细菌的应用研究现状和发展进行综述。     

Vitrification enhancement by synthetic ice blocking agents

Small concentrations of the synthetic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were found to inhibit formation of ice in water/cryoprotectant solutions. Ice inhibition improved with decreasing molecular weight. A PVA copolymer of molecular weight 2 kDa consisting of 20% vinyl acetate was found to be particularly effective. PVA copolymer concentrations of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1% w/w decreased the concentration of glycerol required to vitrify in a 10-ml volume by 1, 3, 4, and 5% w/w, respectively. Dimethyl sulfoxide concentrations required for vitrification were also reduced by 1, 2, 2, and 3% w/w, respectively. Crystallization of ice on borosilicate glass in contact with cryoprotectant solutions was inhibited by only 1 ppm of PVA copolymer. Devitrification of ethylene glycol solutions was also strongly inhibited by PVA copolymer. Visual observation and differential scanning calorimeter data suggest that PVA blocks ice primarily by inhibition of heterogeneous nucleation. PVA thus appears to preferentially bind and inactivate heterogeneous nucleators and/or nascent ice crystals in a manner similar to that of natural antifreeze proteins found in cold-hardy fish and insects. Synthetic PVA-derived ice blocking agents can be produced much less expensively than antifreeze proteins, offering new opportunities for improving cryopreservation by vitrification.     

Ice Nucleation Activity in Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium avenaceum

Twenty fungal genera, including 14 Fusarium species, were examined for ice nucleation activity at −5.0°C, and this activity was found only in Fusarium acuminatum and Fusarium avenaceum. This characteristic is unique to these two species. Ice nucleation activity of F. avenaceum was compared with ice nucleation activity of a Pseudomonas sp. strain. Cumulative nucleus spectra are similar for both microorganisms, while the maximum temperatures of ice nucleation were −2.5°C for F. avenaceum and −1.0°C for the bacteria. Ice nucleation activity of F. avenaceum was stable at pH levels from 1 to 13 and tolerated temperature treatments up to 60°C, suggesting that these ice nuclei are more similar to lichen ice nuclei than to bacterial ones. Ice nuclei of F. avenaceum, unlike bacterial ice nuclei, pass through a 0.22-μm-pore-size filter. Fusarial nuclei share some characteristics with the so-called leaf-derived nuclei with which they might be identified: they are cell free and stable up to 60°C, and they are found in the same kinds of environment. Highly stable ice nuclei produced by fast-growing microorganisms have potential applications in biotechnology. This is the first report of ice nucleation activity in free-living fungi.